ASTM D4751-16

Standard Test Methods for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Using a geotextile as a medium to retain soil particles necessitates compatibility between it and the adjacent soil. This test method is used to indicate the apparent opening size in a geotextile, which reflects the approximate largest opening dimension available for soil to pass through.  
5.2 Test Methods D4751 for the determination of opening size of geotextiles is acceptable for testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles. Current estimates of precision, between laboratories, have been established.  
5.3 Apparent Opening Test results obtained using Method A may differ from test results obtained with Method B. It is the intent of this test method to confirm the equivalency of the Method B results before permitting the use of this alternative. Laboratories electing the use of Method B must first determine any bias that exists between the two methods and document a reliable correlation in accordance with this test method.  
5.3.1 The correlation between the Method B results and the Method A results must be established and meet the requirements of this test method for every different geotextile product type tested with Method B. Geotextiles from different manufacturers or with different nominal unit weights are considered different products. A minimum of three test results must be compared with all three satisfying the established correlation.
Note 1: The correlation should be confirmed for a particular product by comparing a minimum of three test results when there are changes in the manufacturing of a specific pre-qualified geotextile.  
5.4 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4751 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of t...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the apparent opening size (AOS) of a geotextile either by dry-sieving glass beads through a geotextile (Method A) or by using a capillary porometer (Method B).  
1.2 Method B will not be used in lieu of Method A unless the prequalification procedure specified in this standard is followed.  
1.3 These test methods show the values in both SI units and inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values in inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2016
• ICS: 59.080.70 - Geotextiles
• Technical Committee: D35 - Geosynthetics
• Drafting Committee: D35.03 - Permeability and Filtration

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D4751-12 - Standard Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Replaced By: ASTM D4751-20 - Standard Test Methods for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Referred By: ASTM E2777-20 - Standard Guide for Vegetative (Green) Roof Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D8102-17 - Standard Practice for Manufacturing Quality Control of Geotextiles
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D8490-23a - Standard Test Method for Determining the Pore Size Characteristics of Geotextiles Using an Optical Method
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D6685-01(2015) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Fabrics Used for Fabric Formed Concrete (FFC)
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D7351/D7351M-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Sediment Retention Device (SRD) Effectiveness in Sheet Flow Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D7001-20 - Standard Specification for Geocomposites for Pavement Edge Drains and Other High-Flow Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D5101-12(2017) - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D6461/D6461M-22 - Standard Specifications for Silt Fence Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D6389-17 - Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geotextiles to Liquids
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D7273/D7273M-08(2020) - Standard Guide for Acceptance Testing Requirements for Geonets and Geonet Drainage Geocomposites
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D4439-23b - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D6707/D6707M-06(2019) - Standard Specification for Circular-Knit Geotextile for Use in Subsurface Drainage Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D7178-22 - Standard Practice for Determining the Number of Constrictions “<emph type="ital" >m</emph>” of Non-Woven Geotextiles
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4751 − 16
Standard Test Methods for
1
Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4751; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope D6767 Test Method for Pore Size Characteristics of Geotex-
tiles by Capillary Flow Test
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
apparent opening size (AOS) of a geotextile either by dry-
Sieves
sieving glass beads through a geotextile (Method A) or by
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
using a capillary porometer (Method B).
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.2 Method B will not be used in lieu of Method A unless
3. Terminology
the prequalification procedure specified in this standard is
followed.
3.1 Definitions: For general geosynthetics terms used in this
standard, refer to Terminology D4439.
1.3 These test methods show the values in both SI units and
inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for
3.2 Definitions:
thesystemofmetricunitsknownastheInternationalSystemof
3.2.1 apparent opening size(AOS),O , n—for a geotextile,
95
Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the
a property that indicates the approximate largest particle that
customary units used in the United States. The values in
would effectively pass through the geotextile.
inch-pound units are provided for information only.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—While the same “O95” symbol is used
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
both in these test methods for defining theAOS of a geotextile
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
as well as in Test Method D6767 for determining the pore size
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of geotextiles by capillary flow, they are not necessarily
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
equivalent. The O95 values are defined in terms of their
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
respective test methods.Therefore theAOS version of the O95
value that is determined with Method B may not be identical to
2. Referenced Documents
the O95 value determined per Test Method D6767.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Methods
C136/C136M Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and
Coarse Aggregates
4.1 Glass Bead Dry-Sieving Method A—A geotextile speci-
D1331 Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension of
menisplacedinasieveframe,andsizedglassbeadsareplaced
Solutions of Paints, Solvents, Solutions of Surface-Active
on the geotextile surface. The geotextile and frame are shaken
Agents, and Related Materials
laterallysothatthejarringmotionwillinducethebeadstopass
D1776/D1776M Practice for Conditioning and Testing Tex-
through the test specimen. The procedure is repeated on the
tiles
same specimen with various size glass beads until its apparent
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
opening size has been determined. This method is considered
Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing
the referee method in the case of inter-laboratory disputes
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
involving Method B.
4.2 Capillary Porometer Method B—A geotextile specimen
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
is subject first to an air flow test, where the air flow rate and
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme-
pressure are measured. Then the same specimen is wetted with
ability and Filtration.
mineral oil and subject to an increasing air pressure while
Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originally
measuring the resulting flow rate. The opening sizes are
approved in 1993. Last previous version approved in 2012 as D4751-12. DOI:
10.1520/D4751-16.
calculated from this data using standard capillary theory and
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
the specific algorithm defined in these test methods.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.2.1 The apparent opening size of a geotextile is defined in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. terms of the dry-sieving test method. This method includes a
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D4751 −
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4751 − 12 D4751 − 16
Standard Test MethodMethods for
1
Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4751; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination the apparent opening size (AOS) of a geotextile by sieving glass beads through
a geotextile.
1.2 This test method shows the values in both SI units and inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for the
system of metric units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the
customary units used in the United States. The values in inch-pound units are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
requirements prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
3
D4238 Test Method for Electrostatic Propensity of Textiles (Withdrawn 1996)
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products(RECPs) for Testing
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions: For general geosynthetics terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D4439.
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 apparent opening size (AOS),O , n—for a geotextile, a property that indicates the approximate largest particle that would
95
effectively pass through the geotextile.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A geotextile specimen is placed in a sieve frame, and sized glass beads are placed on the geotextile surface. The geotextile
and frame are shaken laterally so that the jarring motion will induce the beads to pass through the test specimen. The procedure
is repeated on the same specimen with various size glass beads until its apparent opening size has been determined.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Using a geotextile as a medium to retain soil particles necessitates compatibility between it and the adjacent soil. This test
method is used to indicate the apparent opening size in a geotextile, which reflects the approximate largest opening dimension
available for soil to pass through.
1
ThisThese test method ismethods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on
Permeability and Filtration.
Current edition approved July 1, 2012July 1, 2016. Published August 2012August 2016. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous version approved in 20042012 as
D4751 – 04.D4751-12. DOI: 10.1520/D4751-12.10.1520/D4751-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4751 − 16
5.2 Test Method D4751 for the determination of opening size of geotextiles is acceptable for testing of commercial shipments
of geotextiles. Current estimates of precision, between laboratories, are being established.
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4751 for acceptance testing
of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias
between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two
parties should take a group of test specimens that are homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in
question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results
from the two laboratori
...