ASTM E2290-07a
(Guide)Standard Guide for Examination of Handwritten Items (Withdrawn 2016)
Standard Guide for Examination of Handwritten Items (Withdrawn 2016)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures outlined here are grounded in the generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the field of forensic document examination. By following these procedures, a forensic document examiner can reliably reach an opinion concerning whether two or more handwritten items were written by the same person(s).
Note 2—The phrase “written by the same person(s)” refers to physical generation of the writing, not to intellectual ownership of the content.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used by forensic document examiners (E 444) for examinations and comparisons involving handwritten items and related procedures.
1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examination and comparison is of questioned and known items or of exclusively questioned items.
1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiency of the material (questioned, or known, or both) available for examination.
1.4 The particular methods employed in a given case will depend upon the nature of the material available for examination.
1.5 This guide may not cover all aspects of unusual or uncommon examinations of handwritten items.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide provides procedures that should be used by forensic document examiners (Guide E444) for examinations and comparisons involving handwritten items and related procedures.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences, this guide was withdrawn in January 2016 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2290 − 07a
StandardGuide for
1
Examination of Handwritten Items
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2290; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of terms in this guide, refer to Termi-
1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used by
nologies E1732 and E2195.
forensic document examiners (Guide E444) for examinations
and comparisons involving handwritten items and related
3.2 Definitions:
procedures.
3.2.1 known, n/adj——of established origin associated with
the matter under investigation. E1732
1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examina-
tion and comparison is of questioned and known items or of
3.2.2 questioned, n/adj——associated with the matter under
exclusively questioned items.
investigation about which there is some question, including,
but not limited to, whether the questioned and known items
1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiency
have a common origin. E1732
of the material (questioned, or known, or both) available for
examination. 3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.3.1 absent character, n—a character or character combi-
1.4 The particular methods employed in a given case will
nationwhichispresentinonebodyofwritingbutisnotpresent
depend upon the nature of the material available for examina-
(for example, does not have a corresponding character) in
tion.
another body of writing.
1.5 This guide may not cover all aspects of unusual or
3.3.2 character, n—any language symbol (for example,
uncommon examinations of handwritten items.
letter, numeral, punctuation mark, or other sign), other symbol,
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
or ornament.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.3.3 characteristic, n—a feature, quality, attribute, or prop-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
erty of writing.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.3.4 comparable, n/adj——pertaining to handwritten items
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
that contain the same type(s) of writing and similar characters,
words, and combinations. Contemporaneousness and writing
2. Referenced Documents
instruments may also be factors.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.3.5 distorted writing, n—writing that does not appear to
E444 Guide for Scope of Work of Forensic Document
be, but may be natural. This appearance can be due to either
Examiners
voluntary factors (for example, disguise, simulation) or invol-
E1658 Terminology for Expressing Conclusions of Forensic
untary factors (for example, physical condition of the writer,
Document Examiners
writing conditions).
E1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
E2195 Terminology Relating to the Examination of Ques-
3.3.6 handwritten item, n—an item bearing something writ-
tioned Documents
ten by hand (for example, cursive writing, hand printing,
signatures).
NOTE 1—As used in this standard “handwriting” and “handwritten” are
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic
generic terms. Writing is generally, but not invariably, produced using the
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90 on Executive.
hand, and may be the result of some other form of direct manipulation of
Current edition approved April 15, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally
a writing or marking instrument by an individual.
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E2290 – 07. DOI:
10.1520/E2290-07A. 3.3.7 individualizing characteristics, n—marksorproperties
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
that serve to uniquely characterize writing.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.3.7.1 Discussion—Both class characteristics (marks or
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. properties that associate individuals as members of a group)
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E2290 − 07a
and individual characteristics (marks or properties that differ- submitted, and include absent characters, dissimilarities, or
entiate the individual members in a group) are individualizing limited individualizing characteristics. Such features are taken
characteristics. into account in this guide.
3.3.8 item, n—an object or quantity of material on which a
5.3 The results of prio
...
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