ASTM F1720-06(2011)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Thermal Insulation of Sleeping Bags Using a Heated Manikin
Standard Test Method for Measuring Thermal Insulation of Sleeping Bags Using a Heated Manikin
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method can be used to quantify and compare the insulation provided by sleeping bags or sleeping bag systems. It can be used for material and design evaluations.
The measurement of the insulation provided by clothing (see Test Method F1291) and sleeping bags is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method may lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature and air motion measurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Any departures should be reported with the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the insulation value of a sleeping bag or sleeping bag system. It measures the resistance to dry heat transfer from a constant skin temperature manikin to a relatively cold environment. This is a static test that generates reproducible results, but the manikin cannot simulate real life sleeping conditions relating to some human and environmental factors, examples of which are listed in the introduction.
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the sleeping bag, as tested, and for the specified thermal and environmental conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air movement past the manikin.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: F1720 − 06(Reapproved 2011) An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Thermal Insulation of Sleeping Bags Using a
Heated Manikin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1720; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Sleeping bags are used by people in outdoor environments to insulate them from the cold (that is,
reduce their body heat loss to the environment). Sleeping bags often are used with ground pads and
clothing inside tents that provide additional protection from the environment. The amount of
insulation needed in a sleeping bag depends upon the air temperature and a number of other
environmental factors (for example, wind speed, radiant temperature, moisture in the air), human
factors(forexample,aperson’smetabolicheatproductionthatisaffectedbygender,age,fitnesslevel,
bodytype,size,position,andmovement),andphysicalfactors(forexample,amountofbodycoverage
and the quality of the insulating materials). The insulation value, expressed in clo units, can be used
tocharacterizesleepingbagsandsleepingbagsystems.Insulationvaluescanbeusedinbodyheatloss
models to predict the temperature ratings for comfort.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers determination of the insulation 2.1 ASTM Standards:
valueofasleepingbagorsleepingbagsystem.Itmeasuresthe F1291TestMethodforMeasuringtheThermalInsulationof
resistancetodryheattransferfromaconstantskintemperature Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
manikin to a relatively cold environment. This is a static test 2.2 ISO Standards:
that generates reproducible results, but the manikin cannot ISO 135372002 Requirements for Sleeping Bags
simulate real life sleeping conditions relating to some human ISO 15831 2004 Clothing—Physiological Effects—
and environmental factors, examples of which are listed in the Measurement of Thermal Insulation by Means of a Ther-
introduction. mal Manikin
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the sleep-
3. Terminology
ing bag, as tested, and for the specified thermal and environ-
3.1 Definitions:
mental conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air
3.1.1 auxiliary products, n—items used with a sleeping bag
movement past the manikin.
to create a sleeping bag system such as clothing, ground pad,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and bivy sack.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2 clo, n—unit of thermal resistance (insulation) equal to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
0.155°C·m /W.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Aheavymen’sbusinesssuitprovides1
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
clo of insulation.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F08 on Sports For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
EquipmentandFacilitiesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeF08.22on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Camping Softgoods. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published February 2012. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F1720–06. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/F1720-06R11. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1720 − 06 (2011)
3.1.3 dry heat loss, n—heat transferred from the body 6.1.1 Size and Shape—Construct the manikin to simulate
surface to a cooler environment by means of conduction, the body of a human being, that is, construct a head, chest/
convection, and radiation.
back, abdomen/buttocks, arms, hands, legs, and feet. Total
surface area shall be 1.8 6 0.3 m , and height shall be 180 6
3.1.4 manikin, n—a life-size model of the human body with
10 cm. Any departures from this description should be re-
a surface temperature similar to that of a human being.
ported.
3.1.5 sleeping bag, n—a structure made of down, synthetic
6.1.2 Surface Temperature—Construct the manikin so as to
fiberfill, shell fabrics, or other materials, or a combination
thereof, that is designed for people to use for thermal protec- maintain a constant temperature distribution over the entire
tion when sleeping (for example, outdoors, tent, cabin). nude body surface with no local hot or cold spots. Ensure that
the mean skin temperature of the manikin is 32 to 34°C. It is
3.1.6 sleeping bag system, n—sleeping bag used with aux-
recommended that the average temperature of the hands and
iliary products such as clothing, ground pad, and bivy sack.
feet be lower (26 to 29°C). Do not allow local deviations from
3.1.7 thermal insulation, n—resistance to dry heat transfer
the mean skin temperature to exceed 63°C, except in the
by way of conduction, convection, and radiation.
extremities. Evaluate temperature uniformity of the nude
3.1.8 total insulation (I
), n—the resistance to dry heat loss
T
manikin at least once annually using an infrared thermal
from the manikin that includes the resistance provided by the
imaging system, a surface (contact) temperature probe, or
sleeping bag, auxiliary products (if used) and the air layer
equivalent method. This procedure also should be repeated
around the manikin.
after repairs or alterations are completed that could affect
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Total insulation values (I ) are mea-
T
temperature uniformity, for example, replacing a heating ele-
sured directly with a manikin. They can be used to compare
ment.
different sleeping bags, as long as each test is conducted using
the same experimental procedures and test conditions.
6.2 Power-Measuring Instruments—Measure the power to
the manikin so as to give an accurate average over the period
4. Summary of Test Method
of a test. If time proportioning or phase proportioning is used
4.1 A heated manikin is placed inside a sleeping bag or
for power control, then devices that are capable of averaging
sleeping bag system in a cold environmental chamber.
over the control cycle are required. Integrating devices (watt-
4.2 Thepowerneededtomaintainaconstantbodytempera-
hour metres) are preferred over instantaneous devices (watt
ture is measured.
metres). Overall accuracy of the power monitoring equipment
4.3 The total thermal insulation of the sleeping bag or must be within 62% of the reading for the average power for
sleepingbagsystem(includingtheresistanceoftheexternalair the test period. Since there are a variety of devices and
layer) is calculated based on the skin temperature and surface
techniques used for power measurement, do not provide
area of the manikin, the air temperature, and the power level. specific calibration procedures. Develop and document an
appropriate power calibration procedure.
5. Significance and Use
6.3 Equipment Measuring the Manikin’s Skin
5.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare
Temperature—The mean skin temperature may be measured
the insulation provided by sleeping bags or sleeping bag
with point sensors or distributed temperature sensors.
systems. It can be used for material and design evaluations.
6.3.1 Point Sensors—Point sensors may be thermocouples,
5.2 Themeasurementoftheinsulationprovidedbyclothing
resistance temperature devices (RTDs), thermistors, or equiva-
(see Test Method F1291) and sleeping bags is complex and
lentsensors.Ensurethattheyarenomorethan3-mmthickand
dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not
are well bonded, both mechanically and thermally, to the
practical in a test method of this scope to establish details
manikin’s surface. Bond lead wires to the surface or pass
sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the
through the interior of the manikin, or both. Distribute the
instructions in this test method may lead to significantly
different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the sensors so that each one represents the same surface area or
area-weight each sensor temperature when calculating the
theory of heat transfer, temperature and air motion
measurement,andtestingpracticesisneededtoevaluatewhich mean skin temperature for the body. A minimum of 15 point
departures from the instructions given in this test method are sensorsarerequired.Itisrecommendedthatasensorbeplaced
significant.Standardizationofthemethodreduces,butdoesnot onthehead,chest,back,abdomen,buttocks,andboththeright
eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Any depar- and left upper arm, lower arm, hand, thigh, calf, and foot.
tures should be reported with the results.
6.3.2 Distributed Sensors—If distributed sensors are used
(for example, resistance wire), then the sensors must be
6. Apparatus
distributed over the surface so that all areas are equally
6.1 Manikin —Use a supine manikin that is formed in the
weighted. If several such sensors are used to measure the
shape and size of an adult male or female and is capable of
temperature of different parts of the body, then their respective
being heated to a constant temperature of 32 to 34°C.
temperatures should be area-weighted when calculating the
mean skin temperature. Distributed sensors must be small in
Information on laboratories with heated manikins can be obtained from the
diameter (that is, less than 1 mm) and firmly bonded to the
Institute for Environmental Research, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
66506. manikin surface at all points.
F1720 − 06 (2011)
6.4 Controlled Environmental Chamber—Placethemanikin 8.2 Bags normally should not be laundered or dry cleaned
in a chamber at least 3 by 2 by 2.6 m in dimension that can prior to testing because the procedures may affect the results.
provide uniform conditions, both spatially and temporally.
8.3 If auxiliary products are used, the correct size should be
6.4.1 Spatial Variations—D
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