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ASTM E2194-12

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented Materials

Standard Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Instrumental Measurement Angles—This practice is designed to provide color data at specific measurement angles that can be utilized for quality control, color matching, and formulating in the characterization of metal flake pigmented materials.
Materials—This practice provides meaningful color information for metal flake pigmented materials. This practice has been tested and verified on paint and coatings, and the same principles should apply to plastics containing metallic flake. For materials containing pearlescent materials refer to Practice E2539.
Utilization—This practice is appropriate for measurement and characterization of metal flake pigmented materials. These data may be used for quality control, incoming inspection, or color correction purposes.
Specimen Requirements—Even though a pair of specimens have the same color values at three angles, if there are differences in gloss, orange peel, texture, or flake orientation, they may not be a visual match.
Note 2—Information presented in this practice is based upon data taken on metallic materials coatings. Applicability of this practice to other materials should be confirmed by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, and parameters needed to make precise instrumental measurements of the colors of gonioapparent materials. This practice is designed to encompass gonioapparent materials; such as, automotive coatings, paints, plastics, and inks.
1.2 This practice addresses measurement of materials containing metal flake and pigments. The measurement of materials containing metal flakes requires three angles of measurement to characterize the colors of the specimen. The optical characteristics of materials containing pearlescent and interference materials are not covered by this practice.
Note 1—Data taken by utilizing this practice are for gonio-appearance quality control purposes. This procedure may not necessarily supply appropriate data for spatial-appearance or pigment identification.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2012
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.12 - Gonioapparent Color
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2194-09 - Standard Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented Materials
Effective Date
01-Apr-2012
Replaced By
ASTM E2194-14 - Standard Test Method for Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2014
Referred By
ASTM E2539-14(2021) - Standard Test Method for Multiangle Color Measurement of Interference Pigments
Effective Date
01-Apr-2012
Referred By
ASTM E805-22 - Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
Effective Date
01-Apr-2012
Referred By
ASTM E1164-12(2023)e1 - Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
Effective Date
01-Apr-2012
Referred By
ASTM E179-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
Effective Date
01-Apr-2012

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2194 − 12
StandardPractice for
Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented
1
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2194; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Surfaces that exhibit different colors depending on the angles of illumination or sensing are said to
be “gonioapparent.” Colorimetric values of reflecting gonioapparent materials are derived from
spectrometric (narrow band) or colorimetric (broad band) measurements of reflectance factor, at
various aspecular angles. When using spectral values, tristimulus values are computed using the CIE
Standard Observer and the spectrum of the illuminant, as described in Practice E308. This practice,
E2194, specifies the measurement of color observed at various aspecular angles.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice covers the instrumental requirements,
E284Terminology of Appearance
standardization procedures, material standards, and parameters
E308PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
needed to make precise instrumental measurements of the
the CIE System
colors of gonioapparent materials. This practice is designed to
E805Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
encompass gonioapparent materials; such as, automotive
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
coatings, paints, plastics, and inks.
E1345Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of
1.2 This practice addresses measurement of materials con-
Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
taining metal flake and pigments. The measurement of mate-
E1708Practice for Electronic Interchange of Color and
rials containing metal flakes requires three angles of measure-
Appearance Data
ment to characterize the colors of the specimen. The optical E2539Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of Inter-
characteristics of materials containing pearlescent and interfer- ference Pigments
3
ence materials are not covered by this practice.
2.2 CIE Document:
NOTE 1—Data taken by utilizing this practice are for gonio-appearance
Publication No. 15:2004Colorimetry
quality control purposes. This procedure may not necessarily supply
4
2.3 NIST (NBS) Publication:
appropriate data for spatial-appearance or pigment identification.
LC-1017StandardsforCheckingtheCalibrationofSpectro-
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
photometers
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
5
2.4 ISO Publication:
only.
ISO InternationalVocabulary of Basic and GeneralTerms in
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Metrology (VIM)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
AvailablefromU.S.NationalCommitteeoftheCIE(InternationalCommission
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E12 on Color and on Illumination), http://www.cie.co.at/index_i.e.html.
4
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.12 on Gonioap- Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
parent Color. Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
5
Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally ISO/IDE/OIML/BIPM,InternationalVocabularyofBasicandGeneralTermsin
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E2194-09. DOI: Metrology, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva Switzerland,
10.1520/E2194-12. 1984.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2194 − 12
3. Terminology 6.2 Standardization—A standardization plaque with as-
signedspectralreflectancefactorortristimulusvaluestraceable
3.1 Terms and definitions in Terminology E284 are appli-
to a national standardizing laboratory for each specified as-
cabletothispractice.SeeSection“SpecializedTerminologyon
pecular angle is required to standardize the instrument. The
Gonioapparent Phenomena.”
instrument manufacturer typically assigns the values to this
3.2 Definitions:
plaque.
3.2.1 Usually the term metallic refers to a metal material.
H
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E2194–09 Designation: E2194 – 12
Standard Practice for
Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented
1
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2194; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Surfaces that exhibit different colors depending on the angles of illumination or sensing are said to
be “gonioapparent.” Colorimetric values of reflecting gonioapparent materials are derived from
spectrometric (narrow band) or colorimetric (broad band) measurements of reflectance factor, at
various aspecular angles. When using spectral values, tristimulus values are computed using the CIE
Standard Observer and the spectrum of the illuminant, as described in Practice E308. This practice,
E2194, specifies the measurement of color observed at various aspecular angles.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, and parameters needed
to make precise instrumental measurements of the colors of gonioapparent materials. This practice is designed to encompass
gonioapparent materials; such as, automotive coatings, paints, plastics, and inks.
1.2 This practice addresses measurement of materials containing metal flake and pigments. The measurement of materials
containing metal flakes requires three angles of measurement to characterize the colors of the specimen.The optical characteristics
of materials containing pearlescent and interference materials are not covered by this practice.
NOTE 1—Datatakenbyutilizingthispracticeareforgonio-appearancequalitycontrolpurposes.Thisproceduremaynotnecessarilysupplyappropriate
data for spatial-appearance or pigment identification.
1.3
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E284 Terminology of Appearance
E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
E1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
E1708 Practice for Electronic Interchange of Color and Appearance Data
E2539 Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of Interference Pigments
3
2.2 CIE Document:
Publication No. 15:2004 Colorimetry
4
2.3 NIST (NBS) Publication:
LC-1017 Standards for Checking the Calibration of Spectrophotometers
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.12 on Gonioapparent
Color.
Current edition approved JuneApril 1, 2009.2012. Published June 2009.May 2012. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 as
E2194 - 039. DOI: 10.1520/E2194-09.10.1520/E2194-12.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from U.S. National Committee of the CIE (International Commission on Illumination), http://www.cie.co.at/index_i.e.html.
4
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2194 – 12
5
2.4 ISO Publication:
ISO International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM)
3. Terminology
3.1 Terms and definitions in Terminology E284 are applicable to this practice. See Section “Specialized Terminology on
Gonioapparent Phenomena.”
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 Usually the term metallic refers to a metal material. However, this standard employs the alternative definition given in
Terminology E284 as:
3.2.2 metallic, adj—p
...

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4.1 Several standards, including Practices E991, E1164, and Test Methods E1331, E1348 and E1349, require either the presence or absence of fluorescence exhibited by the specimen for correct application. This practice provides spectrophotometric procedures for identifying the presence of fluorescence in materials.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides spectrophotometric methods for detecting the presence of fluorescence in object-color specimens.
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SCOPE
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5.1 Acoustical materials are often used as the entire ceiling of rooms and are therefore an important component of the lighting system. The luminous reflectance of all important components must be known in order to predict the level of illumination that will be obtained.  
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SCOPE
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Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or spectrocolorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by spectrophotometry using a bidirectional (0:45 or 45:0) optical measuring system. The method for color and color difference measurement using filter colorimeters is contained in Test Method E1347.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (see also Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 Object-color specimens of any gloss level for color assessment.  
5.2.2 Object-color specimens with physically flat, smooth surfaces from which to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.2.3 Retroreflective specimens.
Note 1: To ensure inter-instrument agreement in the measurement of specimens with intermediate gloss, for formulation, or of retroreflective specimens, significantly tighter tolerances than those given in Practice E1164, Influx and Efflux Conditions, 45°:Normal (45:0) and Normal:45° (0:45) Reflectance Factor section, may be required for the instrument angles of illumination and viewing. Information on the required tolerances is being developed.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment, for which the use of hemispherical measurement geometry, as with an integrating-sphere type instrument, is preferable (see Guide E179).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular, circumferential, or uniplanar 45:0 or 0:45 geometry.  
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for any non-fluorescent, flat object-color specimen. It is especially recommended for measuring retroreflective specimens and specimens of intermediate gloss.  
1.3 Procedures required for the measurement of fluorescent object color are given in Practice E991 and Practice E2153.  
1.4 Procedures required for the measurement of color using filter colorimeters are contained in Test Method E1347 and this standard does not address those instruments.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2301-12(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for High Visibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety Applications Using 45°:Normal Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides procedures for obtaining tristimulus values, luminance factors and chromaticity coordinates of fluorescent-retroreflective materials by bispectral colorimetry using a 45:0 or 0:45 optical measuring system.  
5.2 The CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer is used to calculate the colorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and markings used in daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications because in practice these materials are primarily viewed from a distance where they subtend less than 4° of the visual field.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to object-color specimens of any gloss level.  
5.4 Due to the retroreflective properties of these materials the colorimetric data may not be suitable for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.5 This test method is suitable for quality control testing of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials.
Note 1: Separation of the fluorescence and reflectance components from the total colorimetric properties provides useful and meaningful information to evaluate independently the luminescent and diffuse reflective efficiency and consistency of these materials.  
5.6 This test method is the referee method for determining the conformance of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials to standard daytime colorimetric specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the colorimetric properties (CIE tristimulus values, luminance factors, and chromaticity coordinates) of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials when illuminated by daylight.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to any sheeting or marking material having combined fluorescent and retroreflective properties used for daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E179-17(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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