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ASTM D6591-19

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection

Standard Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The aromatic hydrocarbon content of motor diesel fuel is a factor that can affect exhaust emissions and fuel combustion characteristics, as measured by cetane number.  
5.2 The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) regulates the aromatic content of diesel fuels. California Air Resources Board (CARB) regulations place limits on the total aromatics content and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content of motor diesel fuel, thus requiring an appropriate analytical determination to ensure compliance with the regulations.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to materials in the same boiling range as motor diesel fuels and is unaffected by fuel coloration. Test Method D1319, which has been mandated by the US EPA for the determination of aromatics in motor diesel fuel, excludes materials with final boiling points greater than 315 °C (600 °F) from its scope. Test Method D2425 is applicable to the determination of both total aromatics and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel fuel, but is much more costly and time consuming to perform. Test Method D5186, currently specified by CARB, is also applicable to the determination of both total aromatics and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel fuel. Test Method D5186, however, specifies the use of supercritical fluid chromatography equipment that may not be readily available.
Note 2: Test Method D5186 was previously specified by CARB as an alternative to Test Method D1319.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a high performance liquid chromatographic test method for the determination of mono-aromatic, di-aromatic, tri+-aromatic, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents in diesel fuels and petroleum distillates boiling in the range from 150 °C to 400 °C. The total aromatic content in % m/m is calculated from the sum of the corresponding individual aromatic hydrocarbon types.
Note 1: Aviation fuels and petroleum distillates with a boiling point range from 50 °C to 300 °C are not determined by this test method and should be analyzed by Test Method D6379 or other suitable equivalent test methods.  
1.2 The precision of this test method has been established for diesel fuels and their blending components, containing from 4 % to 40 % (m/m) mono-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0 % to 20 % (m/m) di-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0 % to 6 % (m/m) tri+-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0 % to 26 % (m/m) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and 4 % to 65 % (m/m) total aromatic hydrocarbons.  
1.3 Compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen are possible interferents. Mono-alkenes do not interfere, but conjugated di- and poly-alkenes, if present, are possible interferents.  
1.4 By convention, this standard defines the aromatic hydrocarbon types on the basis of their elution characteristics from the specified liquid chromatography column relative to model aromatic compounds. Quantification is by external calibration using a single aromatic compound, which may or may not be representative of the aromatics in the sample, for each aromatic hydrocarbon type. Alternative techniques and methods may classify and quantify individual aromatic hydrocarbon types differently.  
1.5 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), if present, interfere with tri+-aromatic hydrocarbons. If this method is used for diesel containing FAME, the amount of tri+-aromatics will be over estimated.  
1.6 This test method includes a Relative Bias section for Test Method D6591 versus Test Method D1319 and Test Method D5186 versus Test Method D6591 for diesel fuels only. The applicable concentration ranges of the correlations are presented in the Relative Bias section. The correlations are applicable only in the stated ranges.  
1.7 This test method and correlations were developed for diesel samples not containing biodiesel; the presence of biodiesel will interfere with the results. The correlation equations are only applicable between these concentration ranges and to diesel fuels that do not ...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-May-2019
ICS
71.040.50 - Physicochemical methods of analysis
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0C - Liquid Chromatography
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D6708-15 - Standard Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Refers
ASTM D6708-16 - Standard Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material
Effective Date
01-Jan-2016
Refers
ASTM D6708-16a - Standard Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material
Effective Date
01-Apr-2016
Refers
ASTM D2425-17 - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates by Mass Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Oct-2017
Refers
ASTM D6708-18 - Standard Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material
Effective Date
01-Apr-2018
Refers
ASTM D6708-19 - Standard Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material
Effective Date
01-May-2019
Refers
ASTM D1319-14 - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014

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ASTM D6591-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index DetectionASTM D6591-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection
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ASTM D6591-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection
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REDLINE ASTM D6591-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index DetectionREDLINE ASTM D6591-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection
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REDLINE ASTM D6591-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6591 − 19
Designation: 548/06
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Middle
Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography
1
Method with Refractive Index Detection
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6591; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This test method has the same title as IP 548-06 and is intended to be technically equivalent. The
ASTM format for test methods has been used, and where possible, equivalent ASTM test methods
have replaced the IP or ISO standards.
The test method is intended to be used as one of several possible alternative instrumental test
methods that are aimed at quantitative determination of hydrocarbon types in fuels. This does not
implythatacorrelationnecessarilyexistsbetweenthisandanyothertestmethodintendedtogivethis
information, and it is the responsibility of the user to determine such correlation if necessary.
1. Scope* 1.3 Compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen are
possible interferents. Mono-alkenes do not interfere, but con-
1.1 This test method covers a high performance liquid
jugated di- and poly-alkenes, if present, are possible interfer-
chromatographic test method for the determination of mono-
ents.
aromatic, di-aromatic, tri+-aromatic, and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon contents in diesel fuels and petroleum distillates
1.4 By convention, this standard defines the aromatic hy-
boiling in the range from 150°C to 400°C.The total aromatic
drocarbon types on the basis of their elution characteristics
content in % m/m is calculated from the sum of the corre-
from the specified liquid chromatography column relative to
sponding individual aromatic hydrocarbon types.
model aromatic compounds. Quantification is by external
calibration using a single aromatic compound, which may or
NOTE 1—Aviation fuels and petroleum distillates with a boiling point
may not be representative of the aromatics in the sample, for
range from 50°C to 300°C are not determined by this test method and
shouldbeanalyzedbyTestMethodD6379orothersuitableequivalenttest each aromatic hydrocarbon type. Alternative techniques and
methods.
methods may classify and quantify individual aromatic hydro-
carbon types differently.
1.2 The precision of this test method has been established
for diesel fuels and their blending components, containing
1.5 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), if present, interfere
from 4% to 40% (m/m) mono-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0% to
with tri+-aromatic hydrocarbons. If this method is used for
20% (m/m) di-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0% to 6% (m/m)
diesel containing FAME, the amount of tri+-aromatics will be
tri+-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0% to 26 % (m/m) polycyclic
over estimated.
aromatic hydrocarbons, and 4% to 65% (m⁄m) total aromatic
1.6 This test method includes a Relative Bias section for
hydrocarbons.
Test Method D6591 versus Test Method D1319 and Test
Method D5186 versus Test Method D6591 for diesel fuels
only. The applicable concentration ranges of the correlations
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
are presented in the Relative Bias section.The correlations are
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.04.0C on Liquid Chromatography. applicable only in the stated ranges.
This test method is based on material published in IP Standard Methods for
1.7 This test method and correlations were developed for
Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products and British Standard 2000
Parts, copyright The Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish Street, London
diesel samples not containing biodiesel; the presence of bio-
W1M 8AR. Adapted with permission of The Institute of Petroleum.
diesel will interfere with the results. The correlation equations
Current edition approved June 1, 2019. Published August 2019. Originally
are only applicable between these concentration ranges and to
approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D6591–18. DOI:
10.1520/D6591-19. diesel fuels that do not contain biodiesel.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6591 − 19
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.3 non-aromatic hyd
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6591 − 18 D6591 − 19
Designation: 548/06
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Middle
Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography
1
Method with Refractive Index Detection
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6591; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This test method has the same title as IP 548-06 and is intended to be technically equivalent. The
ASTM format for test methods has been used, and where possible, equivalent ASTM test methods
have replaced the IP or ISO standards.
The test method is intended to be used as one of several possible alternative instrumental test
methods that are aimed at quantitative determination of hydrocarbon types in fuels. This does not
imply that a correlation necessarily exists between this and any other test method intended to give this
information, and it is the responsibility of the user to determine such correlation if necessary.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers a high performance liquid chromatographic test method for the determination of mono-aromatic,
di-aromatic, tri+-aromatic, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents in diesel fuels and petroleum distillates boiling in the
range from 150 °C to 400 °C. The total aromatic content in % m/m is calculated from the sum of the corresponding individual
aromatic hydrocarbon types.
NOTE 1—Aviation fuels and petroleum distillates with a boiling point range from 50 °C to 300 °C are not determined by this test method and should
be analyzed by Test Method,Method D6379 or other suitable equivalent test methods.
1.2 The precision of this test method has been established for diesel fuels and their blending components, containing from 4 %
to 40 % (m/m) mono-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0 % to 20 % (m/m) di-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0 % to 6 % (m/m) tri+-aromatic
hydrocarbons, 0 % to 26 % (m/m) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and 4 % to 65 % (m ⁄m) total aromatic hydrocarbons.
1.3 Compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen are possible interferents. Mono-alkenes do not interfere, but conjugated
di- and poly-alkenes, if present, are possible interferents.
1.4 By convention, this standard defines the aromatic hydrocarbon types on the basis of their elution characteristics from the
specified liquid chromatography column relative to model aromatic compounds. Quantification is by external calibration using a
single aromatic compound, which may or may not be representative of the aromatics in the sample, for each aromatic hydrocarbon
type. Alternative techniques and methods may classify and quantify individual aromatic hydrocarbon types differently.
1.5 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), if present, interfere with tri+-aromatic hydrocarbons. If this method is used for diesel
containing FAME, the amount of tri+-aromatics will be over estimated.
1.6 This test method includes a Relative Bias section for Test Method D6591 versus Test Method D1319 and Test Method
D5186 versus Test Method D6591 for diesel fuels only. The applicable concentration ranges of the correlations are presented in
the Relative Bias section. The correlations are applicable only in the stated ranges.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.04.0C on Liquid Chromatography.
This test method is based on material published in IP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products and British Standard 2000 Parts,
copyright The Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish Street, London W1M 8AR. Adapted with permission of The Institute of Petroleum.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018June 1, 2019. Published December 2018August 2019. Originally approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 20172018 as
D6591 – 11 (2017).D6591 – 18. DOI: 10.1520/D6591-18.10.1520/D6591-19.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6591 − 19
1.7 This test method and correlations were developed for diesel samples not containing biodiesel; the presence of biodiesel will
...

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SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides for the quantitative determination of total olefins in the C4 to C10 range in spark-ignition engine fuels or related hydrocarbon streams, such as naphthas and cracked naphthas. Olefin concentrations in the range from 0.2 % by liquid-volume or mass to 5.0 % by liquid-volume or mass, or both, can be determined directly on the as-received sample whereas olefins in samples containing higher concentrations are determined after appropriate sample dilution prior to analysis.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to samples containing alcohols and ethers; however, samples containing greater than 15 % alcohol must be diluted. Samples containing greater than 5.0 % ether must also be diluted to the 5.0 % or less level, prior to analysis. When ethyl-tert-butylether is present, only olefins in the C4 to C9 range can be determined.  
1.3 This test method can not be used to determine individual olefin components.  
1.4 This test method can not be used to determine olefins having higher carbon numbers than C10.
Note 1: Precision was determined only on samples containing MTBE and ethanol.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6379-21e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Accurate quantitative information on aromatic hydrocarbon types can be useful in determining the effects of petroleum processes on production of various finished fuels. This information can also be useful for indicating the quality of fuels and for assessing the relative combustion properties of finished fuels.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a high performance liquid chromatographic test method for the determination of mono-aromatic and di-aromatic hydrocarbon contents in aviation kerosenes and petroleum distillates boiling in the range from 50 °C to 300 °C, such as Jet A or Jet A-1 fuels. The total aromatic content is calculated from the sum of the individual aromatic hydrocarbon-types.  
Note 1: Samples with a final boiling point greater than 300 °C that contain tri-aromatic and higher polycyclic aromatic compounds are not determined by this test method and should be analyzed by Test Method D6591 or other suitable equivalent test methods.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to distillates containing from 0.8 % to 44.0 % by mass mono-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0.23 % to 6.20 % by mass di-aromatic hydrocarbons, and 0.7 % to 50 % by mass total aromatics. Although this method generates results in m/m, results may also be quoted in v/v.  
1.3 The precision of this test method has been established for kerosene boiling range distillates containing from 0.40 % to 44.0 % by mass mono-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0.02 % to 6.20 % by mass di-aromatic hydrocarbons, and 0.40 % to 50.0 % by mass total aromatics. If results are quoted in volume, the precision is 0.3 % to 41.4 % by volume mono-aromatics, 0.01 % to 5.00 % by volume di-aromatics, and 0.30 % to 46.3 % by volume total aromatics. As calculated by IP 367-1.  
1.4 Compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen are possible interferents. Mono-alkenes do not interfere, but conjugated di- and poly-alkenes, if present, are possible interferents.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8369-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis by High Resolution Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy (GC-VUV)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of class group composition of hydrocarbon streams and automotive spark-ignition fuels as well as quantification of various individual species such as oxygenates and aromatics is useful for evaluating quality and expected performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of gas chromatography and vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy (GC-VUV) for the determination of individual compounds and compound classes by percent mass or percent volume with a final boiling point as defined by Test Method D86 up to 225 °C.  
1.1.1 Typical products encountered in petroleum refining or biofuel operations, such as blend stocks; naphthas, reformates, alkylates, FCC gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), alcohols and ethers may be analyzed.  
1.1.2 Spark-ignition engine fuels including those with commonly blended oxygenates may also be analyzed.  
1.2 Individual compounds are spectrally verified and speciated. Compounds that are not spectrally verified and speciated are identified by carbon number, based on retention index, and by class type, based on spectral response. The resulting verified hydrocarbon analysis therefore identifies, classifies, and reports 100 % of the spectral responses.  
1.2.1 This test method may not be applicable to all concentrations of individual hydrocarbons; the user must evaluate the spectral response of the hydrocarbon of interest, the amount and proximity of co-eluting hydrocarbons, and detector saturation. Quantitation of individual hydrocarbons with concentrations less than 0.1 % or greater than 30 % by mass may require validation.  
1.2.2 This test method can be used to determine methanol in the range of 0.05 % to 3 % by mass, ethanol in the range of 0.05 % to 25 % by mass, butanols in the range of 0.5 % to 10 % by mass, methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) in the range of 0.5 % to 22 % by mass, ethyl t-butyl ether (ETBE) in the range of 0.5 % to 22 % by mass, and t-amyl methyl ether (TAME) in the range of 0.5 % to 22 % by mass in spark-ignition engine fuels.  
Note 1: Applicable ranges of individual components and precision will ultimately be defined by an interlaboratory study.  
1.2.3 Other compounds containing oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and so forth, may also be present, and may co-elute with the hydrocarbons. If determination of other specific compounds is required, supplementation of the spectral library may be necessary.  
1.3 Class-type composition – paraffins, iso-paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics and oxygenates are reported. The class composition totals are the sum of speciated individual compounds and spectrally classed compounds.  
1.3.1 The class types may optionally be sub classed by carbon number.  
1.3.2 Olefins may optionally be sub classed into mono-olefins, non-conjugated diolefins, conjugated diolefins, and cyclic olefins.  
1.3.3 Aromatics may optionally be sub classed into mono-aromatics, diaromatics, and naphtheno-aromatics (indans and indenes).
Note 2: Interim precision for optional sub class reporting is not determined.  
1.4 Individual compounds may not be baseline-separated by the procedure described in this method; that is, some compounds will coelute. The coelutions are resolved at the detector using VUV absorbance spectra and deconvolution algorithms.  
1.5 This test method is intended as a type of detailed hydrocarbon analysis (DHA). Incorporation of the GC-VUV data report into commercial DHA software packages with subsequent physical and chemical property calculations and correlations is the responsibility of the DHA software vendor.  
1.6 Temporary precision has been determined on a limited subset of samples and compounds given in Table 6 and Table 7.  
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It ...

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ASTM
ASTM D6304-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the water content is important in the manufacturing, purchase, sale, or transfer of petroleum products to help in predicting their quality and performance characteristics.  
5.2 The presence of moisture could lead to premature corrosion and wear, an increase in the debris load resulting in diminished lubrication and premature plugging of filters, an impedance in the effect of additives, and undesirable support of deleterious bacterial growth.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the direct determination of entrained water in petroleum products and hydrocarbons using automated instrumentation. This test method also covers the indirect analysis of water thermally removed from samples and swept with dry inert gas into the Karl Fischer titration cell. Mercaptan, sulfide (S– or H2S), sulfur, and other compounds are known to interfere with this test method (see Section 6). The precision statement of this method covers the nominal range of 20 mg/kg to 25 000 mg/kg for Procedure A, 30 mg/kg to 2100 mg/kg for Procedure B, and 20 mg/kg to 360 mg/kg for Procedure C.  
1.2 This test method is intended for use with commercially available coulometric Karl Fischer reagents and for the determination of water in additives, lube oils, base oils, automatic transmission fluids, hydrocarbon solvents, and other petroleum products. By proper choice of the sample size, this test method may be used for the determination of water from mg/kg to percent level concentrations.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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