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ASTM E1349-90(1998)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional Geometry

Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional Geometry

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular, circumferential, or uniplanar 45/0 or 0/45 geometry.
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for any flat object-color specimen. It is especially recommended for measuring retroreflective specimens, fluorescent specimens, and specimens of intermediate gloss.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1997
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.02 - Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E1349-06 - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45) Geometry
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6628-16 - Standard Specification for Color of Pavement Marking Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-1998
Referred By
ASTM D2205-20 - Standard Guide for Selection of Tests for Traffic Paints
Effective Date
01-Jan-1998
Referred By
ASTM D2805-11(2023) - Standard Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflectometry
Effective Date
01-Jan-1998
Referred By
ASTM D6578/D6578M-13(2018) - Standard Practice for Determination of Graffiti Resistance
Effective Date
01-Jan-1998
Referred By
ASTM E179-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-1998
Referred By
ASTM D6131-17(2023) - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Relative Tint Undertone of Titanium Dioxide Pigments
Effective Date
01-Jan-1998
Referred By
ASTM D4303-10(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Lightfastness of Colorants Used in Artists' Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-1998
Referred By
ASTM D6531-00(2019) - Standard Test Method for Relative Tinting Strength of Aqueous Ink Systems by Instrumental Measurement
Effective Date
01-Jan-1998
Referred By
ASTM D5382-02(2017) - Standard Guide to Evaluation of Optical Properties of Powder Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jan-1998
Referred By
ASTM D5531-17(2023) - Standard Guide for Preparation, Maintenance, and Distribution of Physical Product Standards for Color and Geometric Appearance of Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jan-1998
Referred By
ASTM D8163-18(2023) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Strength of Colorants and Bases for Architectural, Marine, Maintenance, Commercial, and Industrial Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jan-1998
Referred By
ASTM D5215-93(2021) - Standard Test Method for Instrumental Evaluation of Staining of Vinyl Flooring by Adhesives
Effective Date
01-Jan-1998
Referred By
ASTM D3451-06(2017) - Standard Guide for Testing Coating Powders and Powder Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jan-1998
Referred By
ASTM D4960-20 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Color for Thermoplastic Pavement Marking Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-1998

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ASTM E1349-90(1998) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional GeometryASTM E1349-90(1998) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional Geometry
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ASTM E1349-90(1998) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional Geometry
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 1349 – 90 (Reapproved 1998)
Standard Test Method for
Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using
Bidirectional Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1349; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 The definitions contained in Guide E 179, Terminol-
ogy E 284, and Practice E 1164 are applicable to this test
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measure-
method.
ment of the reflection properties and color of object-color
specimens by use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter
4. Summary of Test Method
with a bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular,
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for measuring the
circumferential, or uniplanar 45/0 or 0/45 geometry.
reflectance factors of reflecting object-color specimens by
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for any flat
usingaspectrophotometerorspectrocolorimeterequippedwith
object-color specimen. It is especially recommended for mea-
a bidirectional optical measuring system.
suring retroreflective specimens, fluorescent specimens, and
4.2 When the specimens exhibit directionality, and an in-
specimens of intermediate gloss.
strument with uniplanar geometry is used, information on
1.3 . This standard does not purport to address all of the
directionality may be obtained by measuring the specimens at
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
more than one rotation angle, typically at two angles 90° apart.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
When such information is not required, these measurements
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
may be averaged, or an instrument with annular or circumfer-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ential geometry may be used.
2. Referenced Documents 4.3 This test method includes procedures for calibrating the
instrument or verifying its calibration, and for selecting speci-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
mens suitable for precision measurement.
D 2244 Test Method for Calculation of Color Differences
4.4 Most modern spectrophotometers have the capacity to
from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
compute the color coordinates of the specimen immediately
E 179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
following the measurement. When this is the case, the user
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of
must preselect the color system, observer, and illuminant (see
Materials
2 Practice E 308, Section 6).
E 284 Terminology Relating to Appearance of Materials
E 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by
5. Significance and Use
Using the CIE System
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining
E 805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
2 the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with
E 991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent
2 either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring sys-
Specimens
tems. This method provides procedures for such measurement
E 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrophotometric Data for
by spectrophotometry using a bidirectional optical measuring
Object-Color Evaluation
system.
3. Terminology 5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement
of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (see
3.1 Definitions:
also Guide E 179, Practice E 805):
5.2.1 Object-color specimens of any gloss level for color
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-12 on
assessment.
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on Spectro-
5.2.2 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for
photometry and Colorimetry.
use in computer colorant formulation.
Current edition approved March 30, 1990. Published May 1990.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01. 5.2.3 Retroreflective specimens.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 1349 – 90 (1998)
NOTE 1—To ensure inter-instrument agreement in the measurement of
8.3 Verifytheaccuracyoftheinstrumentaldatabymeasure-
specimens with intermediate gloss, for formulation, or of retroreflective
ment of a series of verification standards (recommended). (See
specimens, significantly tighter tolerances than those given in Practice
Practice E 1164, 9.5.)
E 1164, 8.1.1, may be required for the instrument angles of illumination
and viewing. Information on the required tolerances is being developed.
9. Procedure
5.2.4 Fluorescent specimens (see Practice E 991).
9.1 When required, select the color scales, observer, and
illuminant for the computation of color coordinates (see
NOTE 2—For the accurate measurement of fluorescent specimens, it is
Method E 308, Section 6).
mandatory that the specimen be illuminated by polychromatic light,
9.2 Select other options, such as wavelength range and
usually by direct illumination from a daylight simulator. The monochro-
mator must be located between the specimen and the detector system. interval, when required. Follow instrument manufacturer’s
instructions or specified procedures.
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement
9.3 If the specimen is translucent, select specified black or
of specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment
...

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5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.  
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5.1 Many competent measurement laboratories comply with accepted quality system requirements such as ISO 9001, QS 9000, or ISO 17025. When using standard test methods, the measurement results should agree with those from other similar laboratories within the combined uncertainty limits of the laboratories’ measurement systems. It is for this reason that quality system requirements demand that a statement of the uncertainty of the test results accompany every test result.  
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1.1 This practice describes a protocol to be utilized by measurement laboratories for estimating and reporting the uncertainty of a measurement result when the result is derived from a measurand that has been obtained by spectrophotometry.  
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1.3 The procedures defined here are not intended to be applicable to national standardizing laboratories or transfer laboratories.  
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Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

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5.1 The original CIE color scales based on tristimulus values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y are not uniform visually. Each subsequent color scale based on CIE values has had weighting factors applied to provide some degree of uniformity so that color differences in various regions of color space will be more nearly comparable. On the other hand, color differences obtained for the same specimens evaluated in different color-scale systems are not likely to be identical. To avoid confusion, color differences among specimens or the associated tolerances should be compared only when they are obtained for the same color-scale system. There is no simple factor that can be used to convert accurately color differences or color tolerances in one system to difference or tolerance units in another system for all colors of specimens.  
5.2 Color differences calculated in ΔE00 units (6) are highly recommended for use with color-differences in the range of 0.0 to 5.0 ΔE*ab units. This color-difference equation is appropriate for and widely used in industrial and commercial applications including, but not limited to, automobiles, coatings, cosmetics, inks, packaging, paints, plastics, printing, security, and textiles.  
5.3 Users of color tolerance equations have found that, in each system, summation of three, vector color-difference components into a single scalar value is very useful for determining whether a specimen color is within a specified tolerance from a standard. However, for control of color in production, it may be necessary to know not only the magnitude of the departure from standard but also the direction of this departure. It is possible to include information on the direction of a small color difference by listing the three instrumentally determined components of the color difference.  
5.4 Selection of color tolerances based on instrumental values should be carefully correlated with a visual appraisal of the acceptability of differences in hue, lig...
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1.1 This practice covers the calculation, from instrumentally measured color coordinates based on daylight illumination, of color tolerances and small color differences between opaque specimens such as painted panels, plastic plaques, or textile swatches. Where it is suspected that the specimens may be metameric, that is, possess different spectral curves though visually alike in color, Practice D4086 should be used to verify instrumental results. The tolerances and differences determined by these procedures are expressed in terms of approximately uniform visual color perception in CIE 1976 CIELAB opponent-color space (1),2 CMC tolerance units (2), CIE94 tolerance units (3), the DIN99o color difference formula given in DIN 6176  (4), or the CIEDE2000 color difference units (5).  
1.2 For product specification, the purchaser and the seller shall agree upon the permissible color tolerance between test specimen and reference and the procedure for calculating the color tolerance. Each material and condition of use may require specific color tolerances because other appearance factors, (for example, specimen proximity, gloss, and texture), may affect the correlation between the magnitude of a measured color difference and its commercial acceptability.  
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Standard Guide for Modeling the Colorimetric Properties of a CRT-Type Visual Display Unit

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The color displayed on a VDU is an important aspect of the reproduction of colored images. The VDU is often used as the design, edit, and approval medium. Images are placed into the computer by some sort of capture device, such as a camera or scanner, modified by the computer operator, and sent on to a printer or color separation generator, or even to a paint dispenser or textile dyer. The color of the final product is to have some well-defined relationship to the original. The most common medium for establishing the relationship between input, edit, and output color (device-independent color space) is the CIE tristimulus space. This guide identifies the procedures for deriving a model that relates the digital computer settings of a VDU to the CIE tristimulus values of the colored light emitted by the primaries.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    6 pages
    English language
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