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ASTM C16-81(2001)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Brick at High Temperatures

Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Brick at High Temperatures

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory brick when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
27-Dec-1981
ICS
81.080 - Refractories
Technical Committee
C08 - Refractories
Drafting Committee
C08.01 - Strength
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C16-81(1996)e1 - Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Brick at High Temperatures
Effective Date
28-Dec-1981
Replaced By
ASTM C16-02 - Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM C865-22 - Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
Effective Date
28-Dec-1981
Referred By
ASTM C467-14(2023) - Standard Classification of Mullite Refractories
Effective Date
28-Dec-1981
Referred By
ASTM C27-98(2022) - Standard Classification of Fireclay and High-Alumina Refractory Brick
Effective Date
28-Dec-1981

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ASTM C16-81(2001) - Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Brick at High TemperaturesASTM C16-81(2001) - Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Brick at High Temperatures
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ASTM C16-81(2001) - Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Brick at High Temperatures
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: C 16 – 81 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Method for
Load Testing Refractory Brick at High Temperatures
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationC16;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory mate-
rials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-
are provided to protect the specimens.
tance to deformation or shear of refractory brick when sub-
jected to a specified compressive load at a specified tempera-
4. Apparatus
ture for a specified time.
4.1 The apparatus shall consist essentially of a furnace and
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
a loading device. It may be constructed in accordance with Fig.
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
1 or Fig. 2 or their equivalent.
information only.
4.1.1 The furnace shall be so constructed that the tempera-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ture is substantially uniform in all parts of the furnace. The
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
temperature as measured at any point on the surface of the test
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
specimens shall not differ by more than 10°F (5.5°C) during
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the holding period of the test or, on test to failure, above
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2370°F (1300°C). To accomplish this, it may be necessary to
2. Referenced Documents install and adjust baffles within the furnace.Aminimum of two
burners shall be used. If difficulty is encountered in following
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the low-temperature portion of the schedule (particularly for
E 220 Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by Com-
silica brick), a dual-burner system is recommended, one to
parison Techniques
supply heat for low temperatures and another for the higher
3. Significance and Use
temperatures.
4.2 The temperature shall be measured either with cali-
3.1 The ability of a refractory brick to withstand prescribed
, ,
4 5 6
brated platinum - platinum - rhodium thermocouples, each
loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-
encased in a protection tube with the junction not more than 1
temperature service potential of the material. By definition,
in. (25 mm) from the center of the side or edge of each
refractory brick must resist change due to high temperature;
4,5,6
specimen or with a calibrated pyrometer.Arecording form
and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when
of temperature indicator is recommended. If the optical pyrom-
subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is
eter is used, observations shall be made by sighting on the face
clearly demonstrated when refractory brick are subjected to
of the specimens and in the same relative positions as those
this test method.The test method is normally run at sufficiently
specified for the thermocouples.
high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test
brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result
5. Test Specimen
is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the
5.1 The test specimen shall consist of a minimum of two 9
applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular
1 1
by 4 ⁄2 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76-mm) straight
to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur.
refractory brick, or specimens of this size cut from larger
Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimen-
shapes, utilizing as far as possible existing plane surfaces.
sions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method
has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test
method has often been used in the establishment of written
Blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and 2 are
specifications between producers and consumers.
available from ASTM. Request ADJC0016.
Method E 220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.
The National Institutes of Standards andTechnology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899,
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermo-
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommiteee C08.01 on Strength. couples.
Current edition approved Dec. 28, 1981. Published March 1982. Originally All temperatures specified in this test conform to the International Practical
e1
published as C 16 – 17 T. Last previous edition C 16 – 81 (1996) . Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS 1968) as described in Metrologia, Vol 5, No. 2,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03. 1969, pp. 35–44.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
C 16 – 81 (2001)
SI Equivalents
in. mm
18 460
24 610
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches.
FIG. 1 Direct-Load Type Test Furnace
5.2 Ifnecessary,theendsofthespecimenshallbegroundso sieve (equivalent to a 20-mesh Tyler Standard Series). At the
that they are approximately perpendicular to the vertical axis. top of the test specimen a block of similar highly refractory
5.3 The test specimen shall be measured before testing, four material should be placed, extending through the furnace top to
observations being made on each dimension (length, width, receive the load.
and thickness), at the center of the faces to within 60.02 in.
NOTE 1—Recommended designs for the furnace and loading device are
(0.5 mm). The average dimensions shall be recorded, and the
shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Inside dimensions may vary between those
cross section calculated.
shown on these drawings. The dimensions of the framework will be
determined by the selection made on inside dimensions, thickness of
6. Setting the Test Specimen
refractory wall etc. The framework for either the direct loading or lever
type are shown in sufficient detail so detailed drawings for furnace
6.1 The test specimen, set on end, shall occupy a position in
construction can easily be made. The use of a flue system with either
the furnace so that the center line of the applied load coincides
design is optional.
with the vertical axis of the specimen as indicated in Fig. 1 and
NOTE 2—Gross errors which may more than double the deformation
Fig. 2 and shall rest on a block of some highly refractory
will result if the specimen is not set perpendicular to the base of the
material,neutraltothespecimen,havingaminimumexpansion
support or if the load is applied eccentrically.
or contraction (Note 1). There shall be placed between the
7. Procedure
specimen and the refractory blocks a thin layer of highly
refractory material such as fused alumina, silica, or chrome 7.1 Loading—Calculate the gross load to be applied
...

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2.3 The degree of correlation between this test method and service performance is not fully determinable. This is intended to be an accelerated test method that generates a substantial degree of reaction in a relatively short amount of time. This acceleration may be accomplished by changing the composition and/or concentration of the reactants, increasing temperatures, or by performing the test in an isothermal environment.  
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2.5 It is incumbent upon the user to understand that this is an aggressive, accelerated test method and to be careful in interpreting the results. If, for example, the reaction species have never been found in a real-world furnace, then this test method should not necessarily be considered valid to evaluate the refractory in question.
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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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