EN ISO 8996:2004
(Main)Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Determination of metabolic rate (ISO 8996:2004)
Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Determination of metabolic rate (ISO 8996:2004)
The metabolic rate, as a conversion of chemical into mechanical and thermal energy, measures the energetic cost of muscular load and gives a numerical index of activity. Metabolic rate is an important determinant of the comfort or the strain resulting from exposure to a thermal environment. In particular, in hot climates, the high levels of metabolic heat production associated with muscular work aggravate heat stress, as large amounts of heat need to be dissipated, mostly by sweat evaporation.
ISO 8996:2004 specifies different methods for the determination of metabolic rate in the context of ergonomics of the climatic working environment. It can also be used for other applications -- for example, the assessment of working practices, the energetic cost of specific jobs or sport activities, the total cost of an activity, etc.
Ergonomie der thermischen Umgebung - Bestimmung des körpereigenen Energieumsatzes (ISO 8996:2004)
Der (körpereigene) Energieumsatz bzw. die körpereigene Energieerzeugung, als Umwandlung von chemischer in mechanische und thermische Energie, ist ein Maß für den Energieaufwand der Muskelarbeit und ermöglicht es, Tätigkeiten eine numerische Kennziffer zuzuordnen. Der Energieumsatz ist eine wichtige Größe bei der Bestimmung des Wohlbefindens oder der Belastung, die sich durch ein warmes Umgebungsklima ergeben können. Besonders in einem sehr warmen Umgebungsklima wird die Wärmebelastung durch das bei der Muskelarbeit auftretende hohe Maß an körpereigener Wärmeerzeugung erhöht, da große Mengen an Wärme hauptsächlich durch das Verdunsten von Schweiß abgegeben werden müssen.
Diese Internationale Norm legt unterschiedliche Verfahren die Bestimmung des Energieumsatzes im Bereich der Ergonomie der klimatischen Arbeitsumgebung fest. Die Internationale Norm kann auch für andere Anwendungsgebiete, zum Beispiel für die Bewertung von Arbeitsverfahren, des Energieaufwands für spezielle Aufgaben oder Sportaktivitäten sowie des Gesamtenergieaufwands einer Tätigkeit usw., angewendet werden.
Die in dieser Internationalen Norm enthaltenen Abschätzungen, Tabellen und anderen Daten beziehen sich auf eine "Durchschnittsperson":
- einen 30-jährigen Mann mit einem Gewicht von 70 kg und 1,75 m Körpergröße (Körperoberfläche: 1,8 m2);
- eine 30-jährige Frau mit einem Gewicht von 60 kg und 1,70 m Körpergröße (Körperoberfläche: 1,6 m2).
Die Anwender sollten in Bezug auf besondere Gruppen, Kinder, ältere Personen, Personen mit Körperbehinderungen usw. einbegriffen, entsprechende Korrekturen vornehmen.
Ergonomie de l'environnement thermique - Détermination du métabolisme énergétique (ISO 8996:2004)
Le métabolisme énergétique, transformation d'énergie chimique potentielle en énergie thermique et en énergie mécanique, mesure le coût énergétique de la charge musculaire et constitue un indice quantitatif de l'activité. Le métabolisme énergétique représente un facteur important pour déterminer le confort ou la contrainte résultant de l'exposition à un environnement thermique. Dans les climats chauds notamment, les niveaux élevés de production de chaleur métabolique, associés au travail musculaire, aggravent la contrainte thermique dans la mesure où de grandes quantités de chaleur doivent être dissipées, principalement par évaporation de la sueur.
L'ISO 8996:2004 spécifie différentes méthodes visant à déterminer le métabolisme énergétique dans le domaine de l'ergonomie de l'environnement de travail climatique. Elle peut cependant être également utilisée en vue d'autres applications -- par exemple: l'évaluation des pratiques de travail, le coût énergétique de travaux ou d'activités sportives spécifiques, le coût global de l'activité, etc.
Ergonomija toplotnega okolja – Ugotavljanje presnovne toplote (ISO 8996:2004)
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2005
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 28996:2001
Ergonomija toplotnega okolja – Ugotavljanje presnovne toplote (ISO 8996:2004)
Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Determination of metabolic rate (ISO
8996:2004)
Ergonomie der thermischen Umgebung - Bestimmung des körpereigenen
Energieumsatzes (ISO 8996:2004)
Ergonomie de l'environnement thermique - Détermination du métabolisme énergétique
(ISO 8996:2004)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 8996:2004
ICS:
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 8996
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
October 2004
ICS 13.180 Supersedes EN 28996:1993
English version
Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Determination of
metabolic rate (ISO 8996:2004)
Ergonomie de l'environnement thermique - Détermination Ergonomie der thermischen Umgebung - Bestimmung des
du métabolisme énergétique (ISO 8996:2004) körpereigenen Energieumsatzes (ISO 8996:2004)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 26 August 2004.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
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© 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 8996:2004: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 8996:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159
"Ergonomics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 "Ergonomics", the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of
an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2005, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2005.
This document supersedes EN 28996:1993.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of
the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 8996:2004 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 8996:2004 without any
modifications.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8996
Second edition
2004-10-01
Ergonomics of the thermal
environment — Determination of
metabolic rate
Ergonomie de l'environnement thermique — Détermination du
métabolisme énergétique
Reference number
ISO 8996:2004(E)
©
ISO 2004
ISO 8996:2004(E)
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ii © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved
ISO 8996:2004(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Principle and accuracy. 1
4 Level 1, screening . 3
4.1 Table for the estimation of metabolic rate by occupation. 3
4.2 Classification of metabolic rate by categories .3
5 Level 2, observation. 3
5.1 Estimation of metabolic rate by task requirements . 3
5.2 Metabolic rate for typical activities . 4
5.3 Metabolic rate for a work cycle. 4
5.4 Influence of the length of rest periods and work periods. 5
5.5 Obtaining values by interpolation . 6
5.6 Requirements for the application of metabolic-rate tables . 6
6 Level 3, analysis. 6
6.1 Estimation of metabolic rate using heart rate. 6
6.2 Relationship between heart rate and metabolic rate. 7
7 Level 4, expertise . 8
7.1 Determination of metabolic rate by measurement of oxygen consumption rate. 8
7.2 The doubly labelled water method for long-term measurements. 14
7.3 Direct calorimetry — Principle. 14
Annex A (informative) Evaluation of the metabolic rate at level 1, screening . 15
Annex B (informative) Evaluation of the metabolic rate at level 2, observation. 17
Annex C (informative) Evaluation of the metabolic rate at level 3, analysis . 20
Annex D (informative) Evaluation of the metabolic rate at level 4, expertise — Examples of the
calculation of metabolic rate based on measured data . 21
ISO 8996:2004(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 8996 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 5, Ergonomics
of the physical environment.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8996:1990), which has been technically revised.
iv © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8996:2004(E)
Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Determination of
metabolic rate
1 Scope
The metabolic rate, as a conversion of chemical into mechanical and thermal energy, measures the energetic
cost of muscular load and gives a numerical index of activity. Metabolic rate is an important determinant of the
comfort or the strain resulting from exposure to a thermal environment. In particular, in hot climates, the high
levels of metabolic heat production associated with muscular work aggravate heat stress, as large amounts of
heat need to be dissipated, mostly by sweat evaporation.
This International Standard specifies different methods for the determination of metabolic rate in the context of
ergonomics of the climatic working environment. It can also be used for other applications — for example, the
assessment of working practices, the energetic cost of specific jobs or sport activities, the total cost of an
activity, etc.
The estimations, tables and other data included in this International Standard concern an “average” individual:
a man 30 years old weighing 70 kg and 1,75 m tall (body surface area 1,8 m );
a woman 30 years old weighing 60 kg and 1,70 m tall (body surface area 1,6 m ).
Users should make appropriate corrections when they are dealing with special populations including children,
aged persons, people with physical disabilities, etc.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 9886, Ergonomics — Evaluation of thermal strain by physiological measurements
ISO 15265, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Risk assessment strategy for the prevention of stress
or discomfort in thermal working conditions
3 Principle and accuracy
The mechanical efficiency of muscular work — called the “useful work”, W — is low. In most types of industrial
work, it is so small (a few percent) that it is assumed to be nil. This means that the total energy consumption
while working is assumed equal to the heat production. For the purposes of this International Standard, the
metabolic rate is assumed to be equal to the rate of heat production.
Table 1 lists the different approaches presented in this International Standard for determining the metabolic
rate.
These approaches are structured following the philosophy exposed in ISO 15265 regarding the assessment of
exposure. Four levels are considered here:
ISO 8996:2004(E)
Level 1, screening: Two methods simple and easy to use are presented to quickly characterize the mean
workload for a given occupation or for a given activity:
method 1A is a classification according to occupation;
method 1B is a classification according to the kind of activity.
Both methods provide only a rough estimate and there is considerable scope for error. This limits their
accuracy considerably. At this level, an inspection of the work place is not necessary.
Level 2, observation: Two methods are presented for people with full knowledge of the working conditions
but without necessarily a training in ergonomics, to characterize, on average, a working situation at a specific
time:
in method 2A, the metabolic rate is determined by adding to the baseline metabolic rate the metabolic
rate for body posture, the metabolic rate for the type of work and the metabolic rate for body motion
related to work speed (using group assessment tables);
in method 2B, the
...
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