EN 1995-1-1:2004

Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules for buildings

General rules for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works made of timber and/or wood-based panels, either singly or compositely with concrete, steel or other materials. Detailed rules for structural design of buildings.

Eurocode 5: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Holzbauten - Teil 1-1: Allgemeines - Allgemeine Regeln und Regeln für den Hochbau

(1)P   EN 1995 gilt für die Bemessung und Konstruktion von Hochbauten und Ingenieurbauwerken aus Holz (Vollholz, gesägt, gehobelt oder als Rundholz, Brettschichtholz oder andere Bauprodukte aus Holz für tragende Zwecke, wie z. B. Furnierschichtholz) oder Holzwerkstoffen, die mit Klebstoffen oder mechanischen Verbindungsmitteln zusammengefügt sind. Er erfüllt die Grundsätze und Anforderungen nach EN 1990:2002 an die Sicherheit und die Gebrauchstauglichkeit der Bauwerke und die Bemessungs- und Nachweisverfahren.
(2)P   EN 1995 behandelt nur die Anforderungen an die Tragfähigkeit, die Gebrauchstauglichkeit, die Dauerhaftigkeit und den Feuerwiderstand von Holzbauten. Andere Anforderungen, z. B. hinsichtlich des Wärme- und Schallschutzes, werden nicht behandelt.
(3)   EN 1995 ist vorgesehen für die Verwendung in Verbindung mit den folgenden Normen:
EN 1990:2002, Grundlagen der Tragwerksplanung
EN 1991, Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke
ENs für Bauprodukte für Holzbauten
EN 1998, Auslegung von Bauwerken gegen Erdbeben, wenn die Bauten in Erdbebengebieten liegen.
(4)   EN 1995 ist in mehrere Teile gegliedert:
EN 1995-1, Allgemeine Regeln
EN 1995-2, Brücken
(5)   EN 1995-1, Allgemeine Regeln umfasst:
EN 1995-1-1, Allgemeines  Allgemeine Regeln und Regeln für den Hochbau
EN 1995-1-2, Allgemeine Regeln  Tragwerkbemessung für den Brandfall
(6)   EN 1995-2 nimmt Bezug auf die Allgemeinen Regeln in EN 1995-1-1. Die Abschnitte in EN 1995-2 ergänzen die Abschnitte in EN 1995-1-1.

Eurocode 5: Conception et calcul des structures en bois - Partie 1-1 : Généralités - Règles communes et règles pour les bâtiments

1.1   Domaine d’application
1.1.1   Domaine d’application d’EN 1995
(1) EN 1995 s’applique au calcul des bâtiments et ouvrages de génie civil en bois (bois massif, scié, raboté ou sous forme de poteau, bois lamellé collé ou produits structuraux à base de bois, par exemple LVL) ou panneaux à base de bois assemblés avec des adhésifs ou des organes mécaniques. Il est conforme aux principes et exigences relatifs à la sécurité et l’aptitude au service des structures, ainsi qu’aux bases de calcul et vérification données dans EN 1990 :2002.
(2) EN 1995 traite uniquement des exigences relatives à la résistance mécanique, l’aptitude au service, la durabiblité et la résistance au feu des structures en bois. D’autres exigences, par exemple concernant l’isolation thermique ou acoustique, ne sont pas considérées.
(3) EN 1995 est destiné à être utilisé conjointement avec :
EN 1990 :2002 "Eurocode - Bases de calcul des structures"
EN 1991 "Actions sur les structures"
Les EN pour les produits de construction relatifs aux structures en bois
EN 1998 "Calcul des structures pour la résistance aux tremblements de terre », lorsque les structures en bois sont construites dans des régions sismiques.
(4) EN 1995 est divisé en deux parties :
-   EN 1995-1   Généralités
-   EN 1995-2   Ponts
(5) EN 1995-1 "Règles générales" comprend :
-   EN 1995-1-1   Généralités - Règles communes et règles pour les bâtiments
-   EN 1995-1-2   Généralités - Calcul des structures au feu
(6) EN 1995-2 se réfère aux règles communes de EN 1995-1-1. Les articles de EN 1995-2 sont complémentaires aux articles de EN 1995-1.
1.1.2   Domaine d’application d’EN 1995-1-1
(1) EN 1995-1-1 donne des règles générales de calcul pour les structures en bois ainsi que des règles de calcul spécifiques aux bâtiments.
(2) Les sujets suivants sont traités dans EN 1995-1-1:
-   Section 1 :   Généralités
-   Section 2:   Bases de calcul
-   Section 3:   Propriétés des matériaux
-   Section 4:   Durabilité
-   Section 5 :   Bases de l’analyse de structure
-   Section 6 :   Etats limites ultimes
-   Section 7 :   Etats limites de service
-   Section 8:   Assemblages par organes métalliques
-   Section 9:   Composants et sous-systèmes
-   Section 10:   Détails structuraux et contrôle
(3)P EN 1995-1-1 ne traite pas des structures exposées durablement à des températures supérieures à 60°C.

Evrokod 5: Projektiranje lesenih konstrukcij - 1-1. del: Splošna pravila in pravila za stavbe

1.1.1   Področje uporabe EN 1995-1-1
(1)   EN 1995-1-1 podaja splošna pravila projektiranja za lesene konstrukcije skupaj z dodatnimi pravili projektiranja za stavbe.
(2)   EN 1995-1-1 vsebuje naslednja poglavja:
Poglavje 1:   Splošno
Poglavje 2:   Osnove projektiranja
Poglavje 3:   Lastnosti materiala
Poglavje 4:   Trajnost
Poglavje 5:   Osnove analize konstrukcij
Poglavje 6:   Mejna stanja nosilnosti
Poglavje 7:   Mejna stanja uporabnosti
Poglavje 8:   Zveze s kovinskimi veznimi sredstvi
Poglavje 9:   Komponente in sestavi
Poglavje 10:   Konstrukcijske zahteve in nadzor
(3)P   EN 1995-1-1 ne obsega projektiranja konstrukcij, ki so dolgotrajno izpostavljene temperaturam nad 60 °C.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 23-Nov-2004
• Withdrawal Date: 30-Mar-2010
• ICS: 91.010.30 - Technical aspects
• ICS: 91.080.20 - Timber structures
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 250 - Structural Eurocodes
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 250/SC 5 - Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 24-Nov-2004
• Completion Date: 24-Nov-2004
• Directive: 305/2011 - Regulation (eu) No 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 march 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing council directive 89/106/eec
• Directive: 89/106/EEC - Construction products
• Mandate: M/265 - Mandate to CEN for the conversion of the Eurocodes from ENV into EN concerning the structural and geotechnical design of buildings and civil engineering works
• Mandate: M/BC/CEN/89/11 - Framework mandate to CEN on Eurocode work : execution of a standardization programme on Eurocodes for the structural design of building and civil engineering works
• Ref Project: SIST EN 1995-1-1:2005 - Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules for buildings

Relations

• Replaces: ENV 1995-1-1:1993/AC:1994 - Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
• Effective Date: 22-Dec-2008
• Amended By: EN 1995-1-1:2004/A2:2014 - Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules for buildings
• Effective Date: 03-Jul-2013
• Amended By: EN 1995-1-1:2004/A1:2008 - Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules for buildings
• Effective Date: 22-Dec-2008
• Corrected By: EN 1995-1-1:2004/AC:2006 - Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules for buildings
• Effective Date: 22-Dec-2008
• Revised: prEN 1995-1-1 - Eurocode 5 - Design of timber structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
• Effective Date: 18-Jan-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2005
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ENV 1995-1-1:1998
Evrokod 5: Projektiranje lesenih konstrukcij - 1-1. del: Splošna pravila in pravila za
stavbe
Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules for
buildings
Eurocode 5: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Holzbauten - Teil 1-1: Allgemeines -
Allgemeine Regeln und Regeln für den Hochbau
Eurocode 5: Conception et calcul des structures en bois - Partie 1-1 : Généralités -
Regles communes et regles pour les bâtiments
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1995-1-1:2004
ICS:
91.010.30 7HKQLþQLYLGLNL Technical aspects
91.080.20 Lesene konstrukcije Timber structures
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1995-1-1

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2004
ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.20 Supersedes ENV 1995-1-1:1993
English version
Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1-1: General -
Common rules and rules for buildings
Eurocode 5: Conception et calcul des structures en bois - Eurocode 5: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Holzbauten
Partie 1-1 : Généralités - Règles communes et règles pour - Teil 1-1: Allgemeines - Allgemeine Regeln und Regeln für
les bâtiments den Hochbau
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 April 2004.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1995-1-1:2004: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword 7
SECTION 1 GENERAL 10
1.1 SCOPE 10
1.1.1 Scope of EN 1995 10
1.1.2 Scope of EN 1995-1-1 10
1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES 11
1.3 ASSUMPTIONS 13
1.4 DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION RULES 13
1.5 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 13
1.5.1 General 13
1.5.2 Additional terms and definitions used in this present standard 13
1.6 SYMBOLS USED IN EN 1995-1-1 14
SECTION 2 BASIS OF DESIGN 19
2.1 REQUIREMENTS 19
2.1.1 Basic requirements 19
2.1.2 Reliability management 19
2.1.3 Design working life and durability 19
2.2 PRINCIPLES OF LIMIT STATE DESIGN 19
2.2.1 General 19
2.2.2 Ultimate limit states 19
2.2.3 Serviceability limit states 20
2.3 BASIC VARIABLES 21
2.3.1 Actions and environmental influences 21
2.3.1.1 General 21
2.3.1.2 Load-duration classes 21
2.3.1.3 Service classes 22
2.3.2 Materials and product properties 22
2.3.2.1 Load-duration and moisture influences on strength 22
2.3.2.2 Load-duration and moisture influences on deformations 22
2.4 VERIFICATION BY THE PARTIAL FACTOR METHOD 24
2.4.1 Design value of material property 24
2.4.2 Design value of geometrical data 25
2.4.3 Design resistances 25
2.4.4 Verification of equilibrium (EQU) 25
SECTION 3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES 26
3.1 GENERAL 26
3.1.1 Strength and stiffness parameters 26
3.1.2 Stress-strain relations 26
3.1.3 Strength modification factors for service classes and load-duration classes 26
3.1.4 Deformation modification factors for service classes 26
3.2 SOLID TIMBER 26
3.3 GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER 27
3.4 LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (LVL) 28
3.5 WOOD-BASED PANELS 29
3.6 ADHESIVES 29
3.7 METAL FASTENERS 29
SECTION 4 DURABILITY 30
4.1 RESISTANCE TO BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS 30
4.2 RESISTANCE TO CORROSION 30
SECTION 5 BASIS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 31
5.1 GENERAL 31
5.2 MEMBERS 31
5.3 CONNECTIONS 31
5.4 ASSEMBLIES 32
5.4.1 General 32
5.4.2 Frame structures 32
5.4.3 Simplified analysis of trusses with punched metal plate fasteners 33
5.4.4 Plane frames and arches 34
SECTION 6 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES 36
6.1 DESIGN OF CROSS-SECTIONS SUBJECTED TO STRESS IN ONE PRINCIPAL DIRECTION 36
6.1.1 General 36
6.1.2 Tension parallel to the grain 36
6.1.3 Tension perpendicular to the grain 36
6.1.4 Compression parallel to the grain 36
6.1.5 Compression perpendicular to the grain 36
6.1.6 Bending 41
6.1.7 Shear 41
6.1.8 Torsion 42
6.2 DESIGN OF CROSS-SECTIONS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED STRESSES 43
6.2.1 General 43
6.2.2 Compression stresses at an angle to the grain 43
6.2.3 Combined bending and axial tension 43
6.2.4 Combined bending and axial compression 43
6.3 STABILITY OF MEMBERS 44
6.3.1 General 44
6.3.2 Columns subjected to either compression or combined compression and bending44
6.3.3 Beams subjected to either bending or combined bending and compression 45
6.4 DESIGN OF CROSS-SECTIONS IN MEMBERS WITH VARYING CROSS-SECTION OR CURVED
SHAPE 47
6.4.1 General 47
6.4.2 Single tapered beams 47
6.4.3 Double tapered, curved and pitched cambered beams 48
6.5 NOTCHED MEMBERS 52
6.5.1 General 52
6.5.2 Beams with a notch at the support 52
6.6 SYSTEM STRENGTH 53
SECTION 7 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES 55
7.1 JOINT SLIP 55
7.2 LIMITING VALUES FOR DEFLECTIONS OF BEAMS 55
7.3 VIBRATIONS 56
7.3.1 General 56
7.3.2 Vibrations from machinery 56
7.3.3 Residential floors 56
SECTION 8 CONNECTIONS WITH METAL FASTENERS 59
8.1 GENERAL 59
8.1.1 Fastener requirements 59
8.1.2 Multiple fastener connections 59
8.1.3 Multiple shear plane connections 59
8.1.4 Connection forces at an angle to the grain 59
8.1.5 Alternating connection forces 61
8.2 LATERAL LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY OF METAL DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS 61
8.2.1 General 61
8.2.2 Timber-to-timber and panel-to-timber connections 61
8.2.3 Steel-to-timber connections 63
8.3 NAILED CONNECTIONS 65
8.3.1 Laterally loaded nails 65
8.3.1.1 General 65
8.3.1.2 Nailed timber-to-timber connections 67
8.3.1.3 Nailed panel-to-timber connections 70
8.3.1.4 Nailed steel-to-timber connections 70
8.3.2 Axially loaded nails 70
8.3.3 Combined laterally and axially loaded nails 72
8.4 STAPLED CONNECTIONS 72
8.5 BOLTED CONNECTIONS 74
8.5.1 Laterally loaded bolts 74
8.5.1.1 General and bolted timber-to-timber connections 74
8.5.1.2 Bolted panel-to-timber connections 75
8.5.1.3 Bolted steel-to-timber connections 76
8.5.2 Axially loaded bolts 76
8.6 DOWELLED CONNECTIONS 76
8.7 SCREWED CONNECTIONS 77
8.7.1 Laterally loaded screws 77
8.7.2 Axially loaded screws 77
8.7.3 Combined laterally and axially loaded screws 78
8.8 CONNECTIONS MADE WITH PUNCHED METAL PLATE FASTENERS 78
8.8.1 General 78
8.8.2 Plate geometry 78
8.8.3 Plate strength properties 79
8.8.4 Plate anchorage strengths 80
8.8.5 Connection strength verification 80
8.8.5.1 Plate anchorage capacity 80
8.8.5.2 Plate capacity 82
8.9 SPLIT RING AND SHEAR PLATE CONNECTORS 83
8.10 TOOTHED-PLATE CONNECTORS 86
SECTION 9 COMPONENTS AND ASSEMBLIES 89
9.1 COMPONENTS 89
9.1.1 Glued thin-webbed beams 89
9.1.2 Glued thin-flanged beams 91
9.1.3 Mechanically jointed beams 92
9.1.4 Mechanically jointed and glued columns 93
9.2 ASSEMBLIES 93
9.2.1 Trusses 93
9.2.2 Trusses with punched metal plate fasteners 94
9.2.3 Roof and floor diaphragms 95
9.2.3.1 General 95
9.2.3.2 Simplified analysis of roof and floor diaphragms. 95
9.2.4 Wall diaphragms 96
9.2.4.1 General 96
9.2.4.2 Simplified analysis of wall diaphragms – Method A 96
9.2.4.3 Simplified analysis of wall diaphragms – Method B 99
9.2.4.3.1 Construction of walls and panels to meet the requirements of the simplified analysis99
9.2.4.3.2 Design procedure 100
9.2.5 Bracing 102
9.2.5.1 General 102
9.2.5.2 Single members in compression 102
9.2.5.3 Bracing of beam or truss systems 103
SECTION 10 STRUCTURAL DETAILING AND CONTROL 105
10.1 GENERAL 105
10.2 MATERIALS 105
10.3 GLUED JOINTS 105
10.4 CONNECTIONS WITH MECHANICAL FASTENERS 105
10.4.1 General 105
10.4.2 Nails 105
10.4.3 Bolts and washers 105
10.4.4 Dowels 106
10.4.5 Screws 106
10.5 ASSEMBLY 106
10.6 TRANSPORTATION AND ERECTION 106
10.7 CONTROL 107
10.8 SPECIAL RULES FOR DIAPHRAGM STRUCTURES 107
10.8.1 Floor and roof diaphragms 107
10.8.2 Wall diaphragms 108
10.9 SPECIAL RULES FOR TRUSSES WITH PUNCHED METAL PLATE FASTENERS 108
10.9.1 Fabrication 108
10.9.2 Erection 108
ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE): BLOCK SHEAR AND PLUG SHEAR FAILURE AT
MULTIPLE DOWEL-TYPE STEEL-TO-TIMBER CONNECTIONS 110
ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE): MECHANICALLY JOINTED BEAMS 112
B.1 SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS 112
B.1.1 Cross-sections 112
B.1.2 Assumptions 112
B.1.3 Spacings 112
B.1.4 Deflections resulting from bending moments 112
B.2 EFFECTIVE BENDING STIFFNESS 114
B.3 NORMAL STRESSES 114
B.4 MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS 114
B.5 FASTENER LOAD 114
ANNEX C (INFORMATIVE): BUILT-UP COLUMNS 116
C.1 GENERAL 116
C.1.1 Assumptions 116
C.1.2 Load-carrying capacity 116
C.2 MECHANICALLY JOINTED COLUMNS 116
C.2.1 Effective slenderness ratio 116
C.2.2 Load on fasteners 116
C.2.3 Combined loads 117
C.3 SPACED COLUMNS WITH PACKS OR GUSSETS 117
C.3.1 Assumptions 117
C.3.2 Axial load-carrying capacity 118
C.3.3 Load on fasteners, gussets or packs 119
C.4 LATTICE COLUMNS WITH GLUED OR NAILED JOINTS 119
C.4.1 Assumptions 119
C.4.2 Load-carrying capacity 120
C.4.3 Shear forces 122
ANNEX D  (INFORMATIVE): BIBLIOGRAPHY 123

Foreword
This European Standard EN 1995-1-1 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC250
“Structural Eurocodes”, the Secretariat of which is held by BSI.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a National Standard, either by publication
of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2005, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2010.

This European Standard supersedes ENV 1995-1-1:1993.

CEN/TC250 is responsible for all Structural Eurocodes.

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of
the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

Background of the Eurocode programme

In 1975, the Commission of the European Community decided on an action programme in the
field of construction, based on article 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the programme was the
elimination of technical obstacles to trade and the harmonisation of technical specifications.

Within this action programme, the Commission took the initiative to establish a set of
harmonised technical rules for the design of construction works which, in a first stage, would
serve as an alternative to the national rules in force in the Member States and, ultimately, would
replace them.
For fifteen years, the Commission, with the help of a Steering Committee with Representatives
of Member States, conducted the development of the Eurocodes programme, which led to the
first generation of European codes in the 1980s.

In 1989, the Commission and the Member States of the EU and EFTA decided, on the basis of
an agreementTPPT between the Commission and CEN, to transfer the preparation and the
publication of the Eurocodes to CEN through a series of Mandates, in order to provide them
with a future status of European Standard (EN). This links de facto the Eurocodes with the
provisions of all the Council’s Directives and/or Commission’s Decisions dealing with European
standards (e.g. the Council Directive 89/106/EEC on construction products – CPD – and
Council Directives 93/37/EEC, 92/50/EEC and 89/440/EEC on public works and services and
equivalent EFTA Directives initiated in pursuit of setting up the internal market).

The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standards generally consisting of
a number of Parts:
EN 1990:2002 Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design
EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design

TPPT Agreement between the Commission of the European Communities and the European Committee for
Standardisation (CEN) concerning the work on EUROCODES for the design of building and civil
engineering works (BC/CEN/03/89).
EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures

Eurocode standards recognise the responsibility of regulatory authorities in each Member State
and have safeguarded their right to determine values related to regulatory safety matters at
national level where these continue to vary from State to State.

Status and field of application of Eurocodes

The Member States of the EU and EFTA recognise that Eurocodes serve as reference
documents for the following purposes:

– as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essential
requirements of Council Directive 89/106/EEC, particularly Essential Requirement N°1 –
Mechanical resistance and stability – and Essential Requirement N°2 – Safety in case of fire ;

– as a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services ;

– as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specification
...


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