prEN ISO/ASTM 52928

Additive manufacturing of metals - Feedstock materials - Powder life cycle management (ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022)

This document specifies requirements and describes aspects for the lifecycle management of metal feedstock materials for powder based additive manufacturing processes. Those aspects include:
• Powder properties,
• Powder lifecycle,
• Test methods and
• Powder quality assurance.
Note : This document can be used by manufacturers of metal powders, purchasers of powder feedstock for additive manufacturing, those responsible for the quality assurance of additively manufactured parts and suppliers of measurement and testing equipment for characterizing metal powders for use in powder-based additive manufacturing processes

Additive Fertigung von Metallen - Ausgangsmaterialien - Steuerung des Lebenszyklus von Pulvern (ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022)

Fabrication additive de métaux - Matières premières - Gestion du cycle de vie de la poudre (ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022)

Aditivna proizvodnja kovin - Surovine - Obvladovanje življenskega cikla prahu (ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022)

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Publication Date: 10-Dec-2024
• ICS: 25.030 - Additive manufacturing
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 438 - Additive Manufacturing
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 438 - Additive Manufacturing
• Current Stage: 4060 - Closure of enquiry - Enquiry
• Start Date: 09-Feb-2023
• Due Date: 21-Jun-2022
• Completion Date: 09-Feb-2023
• Ref Project: oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52928:2023 - Additive manufacturing of metals - Feedstock materials - Powder life cycle management (ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022)

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52928:2023
01-januar-2023
[Not translated]

Additive manufacturing of metals - Feedstock materials - Powder life cycle management

(ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022)

Additive Fertigung von Metallen - Ausgangsmaterialien - Steuerung des Lebenszyklus

von Pulvern (ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022)

Fabrication additive de métaux - Matières premières - Gestion du cycle de vie de la

poudre (ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO/ASTM 52928
ICS:
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52928:2023 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52928:2023
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52928:2023
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/ASTM DIS 52928
ISO/TC 261 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2022-11-17 2023-02-09
Additive manufacturing of metal — Feedstock materials —
Powder life cycle management
ICS: 25.030
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
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BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
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USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO/ASTM International 2022
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52928:2023
ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022(E)
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/ASTM DIS 52928
ISO/TC 261 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
Additive manufacturing of metal — Feedstock materials —
Powder life cycle management
ICS: 25.030
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/ASTM International 2022 THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS

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NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Website: www.iso.org Website: www.astm.org ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
Published in Switzerland
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
© ISO/ASTM International 2022 – All rights reserved
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO/ASTM International 2022
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52928:2023
ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Symbols and abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................................................2

5 Powder properties ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2

5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

5.2 Particle size distribution ............................................................................................................................................................... 3

5.2.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 3

5.2.2 Dynamic image analysis .............................................................................................................................................. 3

5.2.3 Laser diffraction ................................................................................................................................................................. 4

5.2.4 Dry sieving ............................................................................................................................................................................... 4

5.2.5 Light or scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images ..................................................................... 4

5.3 Chemical composition ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4

5.3.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 4

5.3.2 Combustion methods...................................................................................................................................................... 5

5.3.3 Flame AAS ................................................................................................................................................................................ 6

5.3.4 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) ........................................................................................................ 6

5.3.5 Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) ........................... 6

5.3.6 Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) .......................................................................................... 6

5.4 Characteristic densities .................................................................................................................................................................. 7

5.4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

5.4.2 Apparent density ................................................................................................................................................................ 7

5.4.3 Tap density .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7

5.4.4 Skeletal (true) density ................................................................................................................................................... 7

5.4.5 Packing behaviour ............................................................................................................................................................ 7

5.5 Determination of powder density (closed porosity of particles) ............................................................... 8

5.5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 8

5.5.2 Gas pycnometry................................................................................................................................................................... 8

5.5.3 Metallographic section with porosity analysis ....................................................................................... 8

5.6 Apparent and tap density.............................................................................................................................................................. 8

5.6.1 Tap density .............................................................................................................................................................................. 8

5.6.2 Apparent density ................................................................................................................................................................ 8

5.7 Morphology ...................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 8

5.7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 8

5.7.2 Dynamic image analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 10

5.7.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images ....................................................................................... 10

5.7.4 Light microscopy images ......................................................................................................................................... 10

5.7.5 Determination of specific surface area ....................................................................................................... 10

5.8 Flowability .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 11

5.8.1 General ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 11

5.8.2 Determination of flow rate .....................................................................................................................................12

5.8.3 Measuring the angle of repose ............................................................................................................................12

5.8.4 Ring shear test method ..............................................................................................................................................12

5.8.5 Revolving powder cylinder with dynamic image analysis ........................................................12

5.8.6 Powder rotational rheometer ..............................................................................................................................12

5.8.7 Hausner ratio (ratio of tapped to bulk density) ...................................................................................12

5.9 Contamination .....................................................................................................................................................................................12

5.9.1 Moisture content .............................................................................................................................................................12

5.9.2 Impurities ..............................................................................................................................................................................13

5.9.3 O/H content .......................................................................................................................................................................... 14

iii
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52928:2023
ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022(E)

5.9.4 N content................................................................................................................................................................................. 14

5.10 Absorption rate of the powder .............................................................................................................................................. 14

5.10.1 General ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

5.10.2 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFTS)........................................................ 14

6 Powder life cycle ........................................................................................................................................... .....................................................14

6.1 Batch requirement ........................................................................................................................................................................... 14

6.1.1 General ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

6.1.2 Specification ........................................................................................................................................................................ 14

6.1.3 Batch ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

6.1.4 Blend ........................................................................................................................................... ................................................ 15

6.1.5 Powder mix ........................................................................................................................................................................... 15

6.1.6 Combine ................................................................................................................................................................................... 15

6.1.7 Reuse metric ................................... ..................................................................................................................................... 15

6.2 Traceability ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 15

6.2.1 Event history ....................................................................................................................................................................... 15

6.2.2 Powder state ................................... ..................................................................................................................................... 16

6.2.3 Labelling ................................................................................................................................................................................. 16

6.3 Handling .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

6.3.1 Storage ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

6.3.2 Transfer ................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

6.3.3 Repacking .............................................................................................................................................................................. 17

6.4 Recycling/reuse of feedstock ................................................................................................................................................. 17

6.5 Disposal ......... ............................................................. ................................................................................................................................ 18

7 Powder Quality Assurance .....................................................................................................................................................................18

7.1 Documentation requirements ............................................................................................................................................... 18

7.2 Sampling .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

7.2.1 General remarks .............................................................................................................................................................. 18

7.2.2 Characterization of virgin powder and powder blends ................................................................ 19

7.2.3 Characterization of used powder ..................................................................................................................... 20

7.3 Powder analysis test methods ............................................................................................................................................... 20

7.4 Monitoring & control of the environment ................................................................................................................... 20

7.5 Test frequency ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

7.6 Certificate of Analysis (CoA) ................................................................................................................................................... 21

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................22

© ISO/ASTM International 2022 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52928:2023
ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to

the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation

with ASTM Committee F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a partnership

agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM

standards on Additive Manufacturing.
This is the first edition of this document.
© ISO/ASTM International 2022 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52928:2023
ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022(E)
Introduction

Metal powders represent the feedstock for numerous additive manufacturing processes. Specifications

and quality of metal powder feedstock are directly related to the quality and performance of

components fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM).

During their usage in additive manufacturing processes as well as during storage and handling,

powders can be subject to various quality-relevant influencing factors.
These may include:
— cross-contamination and impurities;
— changes in particle size distribution;
— reactions with ambient gases;
— changes in moisture content of powder;
— changes in flow properties;
— changes of particle morphology;
— absorption of welding fumes and spatters;

— changes in chemical composition due to selective evaporation of individual alloying elements.

Quality assurance of the powder materials over the entire service life from receiving, over storage and

handling to reuse and disposal is therefore decisive for qualified additive manufacturing processes in

any relevant industry.

This standard aims to raise awareness of powder quality issues and to describe measures and

procedures for quality assurance, batch identification and traceability of powder materials. The

proposed measures are derived from best practices in the processing industry with a main emphasis

on how frequently and at which stages of the process chain to document certain properties.

© ISO/ASTM International 2022 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52928:2023
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022(E)
Additive manufacturing of metal — Feedstock materials —
Powder life cycle management
1 Scope

This document specifies requirements and describes aspects for the lifecycle management of metal

feedstock materials for powder based additive manufacturing processes. Those aspects include:

— Powder properties;
— Powder lifecycle;
— Test methods;
— Powder quality assurance.

NOTE This document can be used by manufacturers of metal powders, purchasers of powder feedstock

for additive manufacturing, those responsible for the quality assurance of additively manufactured parts and

suppliers of measurement and testing equipment for characterizing metal powders for use in powder-based

additive manufacturing processes.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO/ASTM 52900, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Fundamentals and vocabulary

ISO 3953, Metallic powders — Determination of tap density

ISO 9277, Determination of the specific surface area of solids by gas adsorption — BET method

ISO 12154, Determination of density by volumetric displacement — Skeleton density by gas pycnometry

EN 10204, Metallic products — Types of inspection documents
ASTM B 527, Standard Test Method for Tap Density of Metal Powders and Compounds

ASTM B 923, Standard Test Method for Metal Powder Skeletal Density by Helium or Nitrogen Pycnometry

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/ASTM 52900 and the

following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
© ISO/ASTM International 2022 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52928:2023
ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022(E)
3.1
split

action of physically or systematically splitting a batch into one or more smaller volumes of powder

Note 1 to entry: It is possible that such action is taken in order to differentiate between volumes of powder used

for individual machines but which originate from a single large batch.
3.2
sub-batch
quantity of powder which has been split from a larger batch
Note 1 to entry: A sub-batch can also designated as a new single batch.
3.3
combine

two or more powder batches of the same nominal specification are brought together in the same

container or AM system without blending

EXAMPLE An AM machine feedstock hopper is topped up with powder whilst an existing volume of powder

remains in the hopper.
3.4
reuse metric
quantitative measure of the exposure or use of a powder batch in an AM process

Note 1 to entry: This may be expressed iteratively, for example a number of builds or exposures, or with a

continuous scale such as total laser exposure time (laser-on time) or total incident energy.

4 Symbols and abbreviations
The following symbols are used throughout this standard:
Symbol Designation Unit
D 10 % quantile of particle size based on the sample volume μm
v10
D 50 % quantile of particle size based on the sample volume µm
v50
D 90 % quantile of particle size based on the sample volume µm
v90
H Hausner ratio —
V bulk volume ml
V tapped volume ml
ρ bulk density g/ml
ρ tapped density g/ml
5 Powder properties
5.1 General

Powder properties are critical to the manufacturing process and the quality of the formed material in

the final product. To help with the repeatability of the process and the quality and consistency of the

products produced, certain powder properties require measurement and monitoring on receipt and re-

use of the feedstock.

The following sub-clauses provide further information on these properties and the effects they have

on the AM process and final product. Measurement techniques for each property are provided in each

sub-clause.
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52928:2023
ISO/ASTM DIS 52928:2022(E)

For all parameters discussed in the following sub-clauses, properties shall be determined by examining

a representative sample of the powder, ensuring homogeneity when split. Refer to 7.2 for detailed

information on sampling methods.

Procedures should be included for equipment cleanliness prior to sampling to prevent cross

contamination of powder.
5.2 Particle size distribution
5.2.1 General

The particle size distribution of a powder is a set of characteristic values or a mathematical function

that describes the relative amount of particles (typically by mass or number) of a certain size class or

category.

During processing in additive manufacturing machines, the particle size distribution typically shifts to

higher (coarser) values as small particles tend to be carried away by the inert gas flow and collected in

ultra-fine filters, particles melt together to form larger particles, and reactions with ambient gases lead

to surface layers on the particles, which increases their volume and mass.
The
...