prEN ISO/ASTM 52900

Additive manufacturing - General principles - Terminology (ISO/ASTM DIS 52900:2018)

Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM DIS 52900:2018)

Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM DIS 52900:2018)

Aditivna proizvodnja - Splošna načela - Terminologija (ISO/ASTM DIS 52900:2018)

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• ICS: 01.040.25 - Manufacturing engineering (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 25.030 - Additive manufacturing
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 438 - Additive Manufacturing
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 438 - Additive Manufacturing
• Current Stage: 4599 - Dispatch of FV draft to CMC - Finalization for Vote
• Due Date: 01-Jul-2021
• Completion Date: 01-Jul-2021
• Ref Project: oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52900:2018 - Additive manufacturing - General principles - Terminology (ISO/ASTM DIS 52900:2018)

RELATIONS

• Revised: EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 - Additive manufacturing - General principles - Terminology (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
• Effective Date: 04-Oct-2017

Standards Content (sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52900:2018
01-julij-2018
$GLWLYQDSURL]YRGQMD6SORãQDQDþHOD7HUPLQRORJLMD,62$670',6

Additive manufacturing - General principles - Terminology (ISO/ASTM DIS 52900:2018)

Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM DIS 52900:2018)

Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM DIS 52900:2018)

Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO/ASTM 52900
ICS:
01.040.25 Izdelavna tehnika (Slovarji) Manufacturing engineering
(Vocabularies)
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52900:2018 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52900:2018
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52900:2018
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/ASTM DIS 52900
ISO/TC 261 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2018-05-10 2018-08-02
Additive manufacturing — General principles —
Terminology
Fabrication additive — Principes généraux — Terminologie
ICS: 01.040.25; 25.030
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/ASTM DIS 52900:2018(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2018
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52900:2018
ISO/ASTM DIS 52900:2018(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/ASTM International 2018

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may be

reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on

the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below

or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.

ISO copyright office ASTM International
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Phone: [phone] Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail] Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org Website: www.astm.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2018 – All rights reserved
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Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3.1 General terms ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3.2 Process categories ................................................................................................................................................................................ 2

3.3 Processing: General ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3

3.4 Processing: Data..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

3.5 Processing: Positioning, coordinates and orientation .......................................................................................... 7

3.6 Processing: Material ........................................................................................................................................................................10

3.7 Processing: Powder bed fusion ..............................................................................................................................................12

3.8 Parts: General ........................................................................................................................................................................................13

3.9 Parts: Applications ............................................................................................................................................................................14

3.10 Parts: Properties .................................................................................................................................................................................14

3.11 Parts: Evaluation.................................................................................................................................................................................16

Annex A (normative) Guideline for specification of AM processes based on process

categories and determining characteristics .........................................................................................................................17

Annex B (informative) Basic principles ..........................................................................................................................................................19

Annex C (informative) Alphabetical index ...................................................................................................................................................24

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................27

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Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity

assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical

Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information

The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation with

ASTM Committee F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a partnership agreement

between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on

Additive Manufacturing.

This second edition of ISO/ASTM 52900 replaces first edition (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015), which has been

technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— new and modified terms and definitions
— abbreviations added for seven process categories

— a normative guideline for specification of AM processes based on process categories and determining

characteristics (Annex A)
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Introduction

Additive manufacturing is the general term for those technologies that, based on a geometrical

representation, create physical objects by successive addition of material. These technologies are

presently used for various applications in engineering industry as well as other areas of society, such as

medicine, education, architecture, cartography, toys and entertainment.

During the development of additive manufacturing technology there have been numerous different

terms and definitions in use, often with reference to specific application areas and trademarks.

This is often ambiguous and confusing which hampers communication and wider application of this

technology.

It is the intention of this International Standard to provide a basic understanding of the fundamental

principles for additive manufacturing processes, and based on this, to give clear definitions for

terms and nomenclature associated with additive manufacturing technology. The objective of this

standardization of terminology for additive manufacturing is to facilitate communication between

people involved in this field of technology on a world-wide basis.

This International Standard has been developed by ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42 in close cooperation on

the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a

common set of ISO/ASTM standards on Additive Manufacturing.
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM DIS 52900:2018(E)
Additive manufacturing — General principles —
Terminology
1 Scope

This International Standard establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM)

technology, which applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical three-dimensional

(3D) geometries by successive addition of material.
The terms have been classified into specific fields of application.

New terms emerging from the future work within ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42 will be included in

upcoming amendments and overviews of this International Standard.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
3D printer
machine used for 3D printing (3.3.1).
3.1.2
additive manufacturing

process of joining materials to make parts (3.9.1) from 3D model data, usually layer (3.3.7) upon layer,

as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies

Note 1 to entry: Historical terms: additive fabrication, additive processes, additive techniques, additive layer

manufacturing, layer manufacturing, solid freeform fabrication and freeform fabrication.

Note 2 to entry: The meaning of “additive-”, “subtractive-” and “formative-” manufacturing methodologies are

further discussed in Annex A.
3.1.3
additive system
additive manufacturing system
additive manufacturing equipment
machine and auxiliary equipment used for additive manufacturing (3.1.2)
3.1.4
AM machine

section of the additive manufacturing system (3.1.3) including hardware, machine control software,

required set-up software and peripheral accessories necessary to complete a build cycle (3.3.8) for

producing parts (3.9.1)
3.1.5
AM machine user
operator of or entity using an AM machine (3.1.4)
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3.1.6
AM system user
additive system user

operator of or entity using an entire additive manufacturing system (3.1.3) or any component of an

additive system (3.1.3)
3.1.7
front

side of the machine that the

operator faces to access the user interface, or primary viewing window, or both
3.1.8
material supplier

provider of material/ feedstock (3.6.6) to be processed in additive manufacturing system (3.1.3)

3.1.9
multi-step process

type of additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which parts (3.9.1) are fabricated in two or more

operations where the first typically provides the basic geometric shape and the following consolidates

the part to the fundamental properties of the intended material (metallic, ceramic, polymer or

composite)

Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not

considered as a separate process step.

Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step (3.1.10) and multi-step processes are further discussed in Annex A.

3.1.10
single-step process

type of additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which parts (3.9.1) are fabricated in a single operation

where the basic geometric shape and basic material properties of the intended product are achieved

simultaneously

Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not

considered as a separate process step.

Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step and multi-step processes (3.1.9) are further discussed in Annex A.

3.2 Process categories
3.2.1
binder jetting
BJT

additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which a liquid bonding agent is selectively deposited to join

powder materials
3.2.2
directed energy deposition
DED

additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by

melting as they are being deposited

Note 1 to entry: “Focused thermal energy” means that an energy source (for example: laser, electron beam, or

plasma arc) is focused to melt the materials being deposited.
3.2.3
material extrusion
MEX

additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle

or orifice
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3.2.4
material jetting

MJTadditive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which droplets of feedstock material are selectively

deposited

Note 1 to entry: Example feedstock materials for material jetting include photopolymer resin and wax.

3.2.5
powder bed fusion
PBF

additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which thermal energy selectively fuses regions of a powder

bed (3.8.5)
3.2.6
sheet lamination
SHL

additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which sheets of material are bonded to form a part (3.9.1)

3.2.7
vat photopolymerization
VPP

additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which liquid photopolymer in a vat is selectively cured by

light-activated polymerization
3.3 Processing: General
3.3.1
3D printing

fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle, or another printer

technology

Note 1 to entry: Term often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (3.1.2);

until present times this term has in particular been associated with machines that are low end in price and/or

overall capability.
3.3.2
build chamber

enclosed location within the additive manufacturing system (3.1.3) where the parts (3.9.1) are fabricated

3.3.3
build space

location where it is possible for parts (3.9.1) to be fabricated, typically within the build chamber (3.3.2)

or on a build platform (3.3.5)
3.3.4
build volume
total usable volume available in the machine for building parts (3.9.1)
3.3.5
build platform

base which provides a surface upon which the building of the part/s (3.9.1) is started

and supported throughout the build process

Note 1 to entry: In some systems, the parts (3.9.1) are built attached to the build platform, either directly or

through a support (3.3.9) structure. In other systems, such as powder bed (3.8.5) systems, no direct mechanical

fixture between the build and the platform may be required.
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3.3.6
build surface

area where material is added, normally on the last deposited layer (3.3.7), which becomes the foundation

upon which the next layer is formed

Note 1 to entry: For the first layer, the build surface is often the build platform (3.3.5).

Note 2 to entry: In the case of directed energy deposition (3.2.2) processes, the build surface can be an existing

part onto which material is added.

Note 3 to entry: If the orientation of the material deposition or consolidation means, or both, is variable, it may be

defined relative to the build surface.
3.3.7
layer
material laid out, or spread, to create a surface
3.3.8
build cycle

single process cycle in which one or more components are built by successive joining of material within

the build space (3.3.3) of the additive manufacturing system (3.1.3)
3.3.9
support

structure separate from the part (3.9.1) geometry that is created to provide a base and anchor for the

part during the building process
Note 1 to entry: Supports are typically removed from the part prior to use.

Note 2 to entry: For certain processes such as material extrusion (3.2.3) and material jetting (3.2.4) the support

material can be different from the part material and deposited from a separate nozzle or print head.

Note 3 to entry: For certain processes such as metal powder bed fusion (3.2.5) processes, auxiliary supports can

be added to serve as an additional heat sink for the part during the building process.

3.3.10
process parameters

set of operating parameters and system settings used during a build cycle (3.3.8)

3.3.11
system set-up
configuration of the additive manufacturing system (3.1.3) for a build
3.3.12
manufacturing lot

set of manufactured parts (3.9.1) having commonality between feedstock (3.6.6), production run (3.3.14),

additive manufacturing system (3.1.3) and post-processing (3.6.11) steps (if required) as recorded on a

single manufacturing work order

Note 1 to entry: The additive manufacturing system could include one or several AM machines (3.1.4) and/or

post-processing machine units as agreed by AM (3.1.2) provider and customer.
3.3.13
manufacturing plan

document setting out the specific manufacturing practices, technical resources and sequences of

activities relevant to the production of a particular product including any specified acceptance criteria

at each stage

Note 1 to entry: For additive manufacturing (3.1.2), the manufacturing plan would typically include, but not be

limited to process parameters (3.3.10), pre-, and post processing (3.6.11) operations as well as relevant verification

methods.
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Note 2 to entry: Manufacturing plans are typically required under a quality management system such as ISO 9001

and ASQ C1.
3.3.14
production run

all parts (3.9.1) produced in one build cycle (3.3.8) or sequential series of build cycles using the same

feedstock (3.6.6) batch and process conditions
3.3.15
process chain

sequence of operations necessary for the part (3.9.1) to achieve desired functionality and properties

3.4 Processing: Data
3.4.1
Additive Manufacturing File Format, noun
AMF

file format for communicating additive manufacturing (3.1.2) model data including a description of the

3D surface geometry with native support for colour, materials, lattices, textures, constellations and

metadata

Note 1 to entry: Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF) can represent one of multiple objects arranged in a

constellation. Similar to STL (3.4.6), the surface geometry is represented by a triangular mesh, but in AMF the

triangles may also be curved. AMF can also specify the material and colour of each volume and the colour of each

[5]
triangle in the mesh. ISO/ASTM 52915 gives the standard specification of AMF.
3.4.2
AMF consumer

software reading (parsing) the AMF (3.4.1) file for fabrication, visualization or analysis

Note 1 to entry: AMF files are typically imported by additive manufacturing equipment (3.1.3), as well as viewing,

analysis and verification software
3.4.3
AMF editor
software reading and rewriting the AMF (3.4.1) file for conversion

Note 1 to entry: AMF editor applications are used to convert an AMF from one form to another, for example,

convert all curved triangles to flat triangles or convert porous material specification into an explicit mesh

surface.
3.4.4
AMF producer
software writing (generating) the AMF (3.4.1) file from original geometric data

Note 1 to entry: AMF files are typically exported by CAD software, scanning software, or directly from

computational geometry algorithms.
3.4.5
STEP
standard for the exchange of product model data

Note 1 to entry: ISO standard that provides a representation of product information along with the necessary

[3]

mechanisms and definitions to enable product data to be exchanged. ISO 10303 applies to the representation

of product information, including components and assemblies, the exchange of product data, including storing,

transferring, accessing and archiving.
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3.4.6
STL

file format for model data describing the surface geometry of an object as a tessellation of triangles

used to communicate 3D geometries to machines in order to build physical parts (3.9.1)

Note 1 to entry: The STL file format was originally developed as part of the CAD package for the early

STereoLithography Apparatus, thus referring to that process. It is sometimes also described as “Standard

Triangulation Language” or “Standard Tessellation Language”, though it has never been recognized as an official

standard by any standards developing organization.
3.4.7
IGES
initial graphics exchange specification

platform neutral CAD data exchange format intended for exchange of product geometry and geometry

annotation information

Note 1 to entry: IGES is the common name for a United States National Bureau of Standards standard NBSIR 80–

1978, Digital Representation for Communication of Product Definition Data, which was approved by ANSI first

[3]

as ANS Y14.26M-1981 and later as ANS USPRO/IPO-100–1996. IGES version 5.3 was superseded by ISO 10303

STEP (3.4.5) in 2006.
3.4.8
PDES
Product Data Exchange Specification or Product Data Exchange using STEP (3.4.5)

Note 1 to entry: Originally, a product data exchange specification developed in the 1980s by the IGES/PDES

Organization, a program of US Product Data Association (USPRO). It was adopted as the basis for and subsequently

[3]
superseded by ISO 10303 STEP.
3.4.9
extensible markup language
XML

standard from the WorldWideWeb Consortium (W3C) that provides for tagging of information content

within documents offering means for representation of content in a format that is both human and

machine readable

Note 1 to entry: Through the use of customizable style sheets and schemas, information can be represented in a

uniform way, allowing for interchange of both content (data) and format (metadata).

3.4.10
attribute

characteristic representing one or more aspects, descriptors, or elements of the data

Note 1 to entry: In object-oriented systems, attributes are characteristics of objects. In XML (3.4.9), attributes are

characteristics of elements.
3.4.11
comment
remark in source code which does not affect the behaviour of the program

Note 1 to entry: Comments are used for enhancing human readability of the file and for debugging purposes.

3.4.12
element

information unit within an XML (3.4.9) document consisting of a start tag, an end tag, the content

between the tags, and any attributes (3.4.10).

Note 1 to entry: In the XML framework, an element can contain data, attributes, and other elements.

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3.4.13
facet

typically a three- or four-sided polygon that represents an element of a 3D polygonal mesh surface

or model

Note 1 to entry: Triangular facets are used in the file formats most significant to AM (3.1.2): AMF (3.4.1) and STL

(3.4.6); however, AMF files permits a triangular facet to be curved.
3.4.14
surface model

mathematical or digital representation of an object as a set of planar or curved surfaces, or both, that

can, but does not necessarily have to represent a closed volume
3.4.15
3D scanning
3D digitizing

method of acquiring the shape and size of an object as a 3-dimensional representation by recording x,

y, z coordinates on the object’s surface and through software the collection of points is converted into

digital data

Note 1 to entry: Typical methods use some amount of automation, coupled with a touch probe, optical sensor, or

other device.
3.5 Processing: Positioning, coordinates and orientation
3.5.1
bounding box

orthogonally oriented minimum perimeter cuboid that can span the maximum extents of

the points on the surface of a 3D part (3.6.1)

Note 1 to entry: Where the manufactured part includes the test geometry plus additional external features (for

example, labels, tabs or raised lettering), the bounding box may be specified according to the test part geometry

excluding the additional external features if noted. Different varieties of bounding boxes are illustrated in

[6]
ISO/ASTM 52921.
3.5.2
arbitrarily oriented bounding box

bounding box (3.5.1) calculated without any constraints on the resulting orientation of the box

3.5.3
machine bounding box

bounding box (3.5.1) for which the surfaces are parallel to the machine coordinate system

(3.5.11)
3.5.4
master bounding box
bounding box (3.5.1) which encloses all of the parts (3.9.1) in a single build
3.5.5
geometric centre
centroid

, location at the arithmetic middle of the bounding box (3.5.1) of the part (3.9.1)

Note 1 to entry: The geometric centre of the bounding box could lie outside the part.

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3.5.6
orthogonal orientation notation

description of the orientation of the bounding box (3.5.1) according to overall length in decreasing

magnitude, parallel to the axes of the machine coordinate system (3.5.11)

Note 1 to entry: Notation typically consists of a combination of X, Y, and Z –axis as defined by the machine

coordinate system.

Note 2 to entry: Orthogonal orientation notation requires that the bounding box be aligned with the machine

coordinate system. Machine coordinate system and different bounding boxes are illustrated in ISO/ASTM

[6]
52921 .
3.5.7
initial build orientation

orientation of the part as it is first placed in the build volume (3.3.4)

[6]
Note 1 to entry: Initial build orientation is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921 .
3.5.8
part reorientation

rotation around the geometric centre (3.5.5) of the part’s bounding box (3.5.1) from the specified initial

build orientation (3.5.7) of that part (3.9.1)
[6]
Note 1 to entry: Part reorientation is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
3.5.9
build envelope

largest external dimensions of the x-, y-, and z-axes (3.5.16, 3.5.17 and 3.5.18) within the build space

(3.3.3) where parts (3.9.1) can be fabricated
Note 1 t
...