CEN ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020

Additive manufacturing - Design - Functionally graded additive manufacturing (ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020)

The use of Additive Manufacturing (AM) enables the fabrication of geometrically complex components by accurately depositing materials in a controlled way. Technological progress in AM hardware, software, as well as the opening of new markets demand for higher flexibility and greater efficiency in today's products, encouraging research into novel materials with functionally graded and high-performance capabilities. This has been termed as Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing (FGAM), a layer-by-layer fabrication technique that involves gradationally varying the ratio of the material organization within a component to meet an intended function. As research in this field has gained worldwide interest, the interpretations of the FGAM concept requires greater clarification. The objective of this document is to present a conceptual understanding of FGAM. The current-state of art and capabilities of FGAM technology will be reviewed alongside with its challenging technological obstacles and limitations. Here, data exchange formats and some of the recent application is evaluated, followed with recommendations on possible strategies in overcoming barriers and future directions for FGAM to take off.

Technischer Bericht für die Gestaltung von additiv gefertigten, gradierten Bauteilen (ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020)

Fabrication additive - Conception - Fabrication additive à gradient fonctionnel (ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020)

L'utilisation de la fabrication additive (FA) permet la fabrication de composants géométriquement complexes en déposant des matériaux avec exactitude et de manière contrôlée. Les progrès technologiques dans le domaine du matériel, des logiciels de FA, ainsi que l'ouverture de nouveaux marchés exigent une plus grande flexibilité et une plus grande efficacité des produits actuels, ce qui encourage la recherche de matériaux nouveaux dotés de capacités à gradient fonctionnel et de hautes performances. Cela a été désigné par la fabrication additive à gradient fonctionnel (FGAM), une technique de fabrication couche par couche qui consiste à faire varier graduellement le rapport de l'organisation du matériau au sein d'un composant pour répondre à une fonction prévue. Comme la recherche dans ce domaine a gagné en intérêt dans le monde entier, les interprétations du concept de FGAM exigent une plus grande clarification. L'objectif du présent document est de présenter une compréhension conceptuelle de la FGAM. L'État de l'Art actuel et les capacités actuelles de la technologie de FGAM seront examinés, ainsi que ses obstacles et limites technologiques. Les formats d'échange de données et certaines applications récentes sont ici évalués, suivis de recommandations sur les stratégies possibles pour surmonter les obstacles et les orientations futures pour le décollage de la FGAM.

Aditivna proizvodnja - Konstruiranje - Proizvodnja delov s funkcijsko porazdeljenimi lastnostmi (ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020)

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 06-Oct-2020
• ICS: 25.030 - Additive manufacturing
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 438 - Additive Manufacturing
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 438 - Additive Manufacturing
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 07-Oct-2020
• Completion Date: 07-Oct-2020
• Ref Project: SIST-TP CEN/TR/ISO/ASTM 52912:2020 - Additive manufacturing - Design - Functionally graded additive manufacturing (ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020)

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2020
Aditivna proizvodnja - Konstruiranje - Proizvodnja delov s funkcijsko
porazdeljenimi lastnostmi (ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020)
Additive manufacturing - Design - Functionally graded additive manufacturing
(ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020)
Technischer Bericht für die Gestaltung von additiv gefertigten, gradierten Bauteilen
(ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020)
Fabrication additive - Conception - Fabrication additive à gradient fonctionnel
(ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR/ISO/ASTM 52912:2020
ICS:
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

CEN/TR/ISO/ASTM
TECHNICAL REPORT
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
October 2020
ICS 25.030
English Version
Additive manufacturing - Design - Functionally graded
additive manufacturing (ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020)
Fabrication additive - Conception - Fabrication additive Technischer Bericht für die Gestaltung von additiv
à gradient fonctionnel (ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020) gefertigten, gradierten Bauteilen (ISO/ASTM/TR
52912:2020)
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 31 August 2020. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 438.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR/ISO/ASTM 52912:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

CEN/TR/ISO/ASTM 52912:2020 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3

CEN/TR/ISO/ASTM 52912:2020 (E)
European foreword
This document (CEN/TR/ISO/ASTM 52912:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC
261 "Additive manufacturing" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 438 “Additive
Manufacturing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020 has been approved by CEN as CEN/TR/ISO/ASTM 52912:2020
without any modification.
TECHNICAL ISO/ASTM TR
REPORT 52912
First edition
2020-09
Additive manufacturing — Design
— Functionally graded additive
manufacturing
Fabrication additive — Conception — Fabrication additive à gradient
fonctionnel
Reference number
ISO/ASTM TR 52912:2020(E)
©
ISO/ASTM International 2020
ISO/ASTM TR 52912:2020(E)
© ISO/ASTM International 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may be
reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Phone: [phone] Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail] Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org Website: www.astm.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO/ASTM TR 52912:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abreviations . 1
5 Concept of Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing (FGAM) .3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Homogeneous compositions — Single Material FGAM. 3
5.3 Heterogeneous compositions — Multi-material FGAM . 4
6 Advances of functionally graded additive manufacturing . 8
6.1 General . 8
6.2 AM and FGAM process . 8
6.3 Material extrusion . 9
6.4 Powder bed fusion .12
6.5 Directed energy deposition .13
6.6 Sheet lamination .14
7 Current limitations of FGAM .16
7.1 General .16
7.2 Material limitations . .16
7.2.1 General.16
7.2.2 Defining the optimum material property distribution .17
7.2.3 Predicting the material properties of manufactured components .17
7.2.4 Material selection .17
7.2.5 Understanding differences and defining tolerances .17
7.3 Limitations of current additive manufacturing technologies .17
7.4 CAD Software limitations .18
7.4.1 General.18
7.4.2 Data exchange formats .19
8 Potential applications of FGAM .20
8.1 General .20
8.2 Biomedical applications .21
8.3 Aerospace applications .21
8.4 Consumer markets.21
9 Summary .22
Bibliography .23
© ISO/ASTM International 2020 – All rights reserved iii

ISO/ASTM TR 52912:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation with ASTM F 42,
Additive manufacturing technologies, on the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM
International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on additive manufacturing
and in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 438, Additive manufacturing, in accordance with the agreement on technical cooperation
between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO/ASTM International 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO/ASTM TR 52912:2020(E)
Introduction
Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) were developed in 1984 for a space plane project to sustain high
thermal barriers to overcome the shortcom
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2020
Aditivna proizvodnja - Snovanje - Funkcijsko razvrščena aditivna proizvodnja
(ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020)
Additive manufacturing - Design - Functionally graded additive manufacturing
(ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020)
Technischer Bericht für die Gestaltung von additiv gefertigten, gradierten Bauteilen
(ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020)
Fabrication additive - Conception - Fabrication additive à gradient fonctionnel
(ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR/ISO/ASTM 52912:2020
ICS:
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

CEN/TR/ISO/ASTM
TECHNICAL REPORT
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
October 2020
ICS 25.030
English Version
Additive manufacturing - Design - Functionally graded
additive manufacturing (ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020)
Fabrication additive - Conception - Fabrication additive Technischer Bericht für die Gestaltung von additiv
à gradient fonctionnel (ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020) gefertigten, gradierten Bauteilen (ISO/ASTM/TR
52912:2020)
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 31 August 2020. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 438.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR/ISO/ASTM 52912:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

CEN/TR/ISO/ASTM 52912:2020 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3

CEN/TR/ISO/ASTM 52912:2020 (E)
European foreword
This document (CEN/TR/ISO/ASTM 52912:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC
261 "Additive manufacturing" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 438 “Additive
Manufacturing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/ASTM/TR 52912:2020 has been approved by CEN as CEN/TR/ISO/ASTM 52912:2020
without any modification.
TECHNICAL ISO/ASTM TR
REPORT 52912
First edition
2020-09
Additive manufacturing — Design
— Functionally graded additive
manufacturing
Fabrication additive — Conception — Fabrication additive à gradient
fonctionnel
Reference number
ISO/ASTM TR 52912:2020(E)
©
ISO/ASTM International 2020
ISO/ASTM TR 52912:2020(E)
© ISO/ASTM International 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may be
reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Phone: [phone] Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail] Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org Website: www.astm.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO/ASTM TR 52912:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abreviations . 1
5 Concept of Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing (FGAM) .3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Homogeneous compositions — Single Material FGAM. 3
5.3 Heterogeneous compositions — Multi-material FGAM . 4
6 Advances of functionally graded additive manufacturing . 8
6.1 General . 8
6.2 AM and FGAM process . 8
6.3 Material extrusion . 9
6.4 Powder bed fusion .12
6.5 Directed energy deposition .13
6.6 Sheet lamination .14
7 Current limitations of FGAM .16
7.1 General .16
7.2 Material limitations . .16
7.2.1 General.16
7.2.2 Defining the optimum material property distribution .17
7.2.3 Predicting the material properties of manufactured components .17
7.2.4 Material selection .17
7.2.5 Understanding differences and defining tolerances .17
7.3 Limitations of current additive manufacturing technologies .17
7.4 CAD Software limitations .18
7.4.1 General.18
7.4.2 Data exchange formats .19
8 Potential applications of FGAM .20
8.1 General .20
8.2 Biomedical applications .21
8.3 Aerospace applications .21
8.4 Consumer markets.21
9 Summary .22
Bibliography .23
© ISO/ASTM International 2020 – All rights reserved iii

ISO/ASTM TR 52912:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation with ASTM F 42,
Additive manufacturing technologies, on the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM
International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on additive manufacturing
and in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 438, Additive manufacturing, in accordance with the agreement on technical cooperation
between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO/ASTM International 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO/ASTM TR 52912:2020(E)
Introduction
Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) were developed in 1984 for a space plane project to sustain high
thermal barriers to overcome the shortcomings of traditional
...