CEN/TR 15371:2014

Safety of toys - Replies to requests for interpretation of EN 71-1, EN 71-2 and EN 71-8

The purpose of this Technical Report is to provide replies to requests for interpretations of EN 71-1:2011, Safety of toys – Part 1: Mechanical and physical properties, EN 71-2:2011, Safety of toys – Part 2: Flammability and EN 71-8:2011, Safety of toys – Part 8: Activity toys for domestic use.

Sicherheit von Spielzeug - Antworten auf Anfragen zur Interpretation von EN 71-1, EN 71-2 und EN 71-8

Der Zweck dieses Technischen Berichtes ist, Antworten auf Anfragen zur Interpretation von EN 71 1:2011, Sicherheit von Spielzeug — Teil 1: Mechanische und physikalische Eigenschaften, EN 71 2:2011, Sicherheit von Spielzeug — Teil 2: Entflammbarkeit und EN 71 8:2011, Sicherheit von Spielzeug — Teil 8: Aktivitätsspielzeug für den häuslichen Gebrauch bereitzustellen.

Sécurité des jouets - Réponses aux demandes d'interprétation de l'EN 71-1, l'EN 71-2 et l'EN 71-8

Varnost igrač - Odgovori na zahteve po interpretaciji standardov EN 71-1, EN 71-2 in EN 71-8

Namen tehničnega poročila CEN/TR 15371 je zagotoviti odgovore na zahteve po interpretaciji standarda EN 71-1:2011, Varnost igrač - 1. del: Mehanske in fizikalne lastnosti, EN 71-2:2011, Varnost igrač - 2. del: Vnetljivost in EN 71-8:2011, Varnost igrač - 8. del: Igrače za prostočasne aktivnosti za domačo uporabo.

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 06-May-2014
• Withdrawal Date: 20-Oct-2015
• ICS: 97.200.50 - Toys
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 52 - Safety of toys
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 52/WG 11 - Interpretations and proposals for improvements of EN 71-1, EN 71-2 and EN 71-8
• Current Stage: 9960 - Withdrawal effective - Withdrawal
• Completion Date: 21-Oct-2015
• Ref Project: SIST-TP CEN/TR 15371:2014 - Safety of toys - Replies to requests for interpretation of EN 71-1, EN 71-2, and EN 71-8

Relations

• Replaces: CEN/TR 15371:2013 - Safety of toys - Replies to requests for interpretation of EN 71-1, EN 71-2, and EN 71-8
• Effective Date: 08-Jun-2022
• Replaced By: CEN/TR 15371-1:2015 - Safety of toys - Interpretations - Part 1: Replies to requests for interpretation of EN 71-1, EN 71-2, EN 71-8 and EN 71-14
• Effective Date: 25-Feb-2015

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15371:2014
01-julij-2014
1DGRPHãþD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15371:2013

9DUQRVWLJUDþ2GJRYRULQD]DKWHYHSRLQWHUSUHWDFLMLVWDQGDUGRY(1(1

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Safety of toys - Replies to requests for interpretation of EN 71-1, EN 71-2, and EN 71-8

Sicherheit von Spielzeug - Antworten auf Anfragen zur Interpretation von EN 71-1, EN 71

-2 and EN 71-8

Sécurité des jouets - Réponses aux demandes d'interprétation de l'EN 71-1, l'EN 71-2 et

l'EN 71-8
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 15371:2014
ICS:
97.200.50 ,JUDþH Toys
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15371:2014 en

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 15371
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
May 2014
ICS 97.200.50 Supersedes CEN/TR 15371:2013
English Version
Safety of toys - Replies to requests for interpretation of EN 71-1,
EN 71-2 and EN 71-8

Sécurité des jouets - Réponses aux demandes Sicherheit von Spielzeug - Antworten auf Anfragen zur

d'interprétation de l'EN 71-1, l'EN 71-2 et l'EN 71-8 Interpretation von EN 71-1, EN 71-2 und EN 71-8

This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 20 April 2014. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 52.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,

Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United

Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 15371:2014 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page

Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................4

0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................5

0.1 Interpretations and no-action decisions .............................................................................................5

0.2 Requests for interpretation ...................................................................................................................5

0.3 Answers to requests for interpretations .............................................................................................6

1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................7

2 EN 71-1:2011 – Safety of toys – Part 1: Mechanical and physical properties .................................7

2.1 3.11 Cord (no action decision) .............................................................................................................7

2.2 3.28 Fuzz (no action decision) ..............................................................................................................7

2.3 3.31 Large and bulky toy (interpretation) ............................................................................................8

2.4 3.41 and 3.42 Projectile toys (no action decision) ........................................................................... 10

2.5 3.41, 3.42 and 7.7 Projectile toys (no action decision) ................................................................... 11

2.6 4.3 Flexible plastic sheeting (no action decision) ........................................................................... 12

2.7 4.4 Toy bags (no action decision) ..................................................................................................... 13

2.8 4.5 Glass (no action decision) ........................................................................................................... 13

2.9 4.9 Protruding parts (interpretation) ................................................................................................. 14

2.10 4.10.1 c) folding and sliding mechanisms (no action decision) .................................................... 15

2.11 4.10.3 Hinges and rationale A.13 (interpretation) ............................................................................ 15

2.12 4.11 Mouth-actuated toys and other toys intended to be put in the mouth (interpretation) ....... 16

2.13 4.14.2 Masks and helmets (no action decision) ............................................................................... 17

2.14 4.15.1.2 Warnings and instructions for use (no action decision) .................................................. 18

2.15 4.15.1.4 Stability (interpretation) ....................................................................................................... 19

2.16 4.15.1.4; 8.23.1 Stability (interpretation) ........................................................................................... 19

2.17 4.15.1.6 c) Transmission and wheel arrangement (no action decision)........................................ 21

2.18 4.15.1.6 d) Transmission and wheel arrangement (no action decision) ....................................... 22

2.19 4.15.5.7 Toy scooters – protruding parts (interpretation) .............................................................. 23

2.20 4.17 Projectiles (no action decision)................................................................................................. 23

2.21 4.18 Aquatic toys and inflatable toys (no action decision) ............................................................ 26

2.22 4.18 Aquatic toys and inflatable toys (interpretation) ..................................................................... 26

2.23 4.19 Percussion caps (no action decision) ...................................................................................... 26

2.24 4.20 Acoustics (Re: Squeeze toys) (no action decision) ................................................................ 27

2.25 5 Toys intended for children under 36 months (re: inflatable toys) (interpretation) ................... 27

2.26 5.1 General requirements (re: small parts) (interpretation) ............................................................ 27

2.27 5.1 General requirements (re: small parts) (interpretation) ............................................................ 28

2.28 5.1 General requirements (re: fuzz) (no action decision) ............................................................... 28

2.29 5.1 General requirements (re: plastic whiskers) (interpretation) ................................................... 28

2.30 5.1 General requirements (no action decision) ............................................................................... 29

2.31 5.1 General requirements (no action decision) ............................................................................... 30

2.32 5.1 General requirements (no action decision) ............................................................................... 31

2.33 5.1 e) General requirements (re: glued wooden toys) (no action decision) ................................. 31

2.34 5.1 e) General requirements (re: paper, varnish) (interpretation) .................................................. 31

2.35 5.1 e) General requirements (re: stickers, varnish, coating) (interpretation) ............................... 32

2.36 5.2 Soft-filled toys and soft-filled parts of a toy (no action decision) ........................................... 32

2.37 5.4 Cords, chains and electrical cables in toys (no action decision) ............................................ 33

2.38 5.4 Cords, chains and electrical cables in toys (interpretation) .................................................... 33

2.39 5.4 g) Cords, chains and electrical cables in toys (interpretation) ................................................ 34

2.40 5.7 Glass and porcelain (interpretation) ........................................................................................... 36

2.41 5.8 Shape and size of certain toys (re: accessibility) (interpretation) ........................................... 36

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2.42 5.8 Shape and size of certain toys (interpretation) .......................................................................... 37

2.43 5.8 Shape and size of certain toys (re: squeeze toys) (no action decision) .................................. 37

2.44 5.10 Small balls (no action decision) ................................................................................................. 37

2.45 5.12 Hemispheric-shaped toys (no action decision) ....................................................................... 41

2.46 6 Packaging (no action decision) ...................................................................................................... 42

2.47 7.1 Warnings, markings and instructions for use – General (no action decision) ....................... 42

2.48 7.1 Warnings, markings and instructions for use – General (no action decision) ....................... 42

2.49 7.2 Toys not intended for children under 36 months & 7.3 latex balloons (re: warning) (no

action decision) ................................................................................................................................... 43

2.50 8.4.2.2 Seams and materials (interpretation) .................................................................................... 44

2.51 8.13 Flexibility of metallic wires (no action decision) ...................................................................... 44

2.52 8.23.1 Stability – Toys intended to bear the mass of a child (no action decision) ....................... 44

2.53 8.25.1.1 Plastic sheeting - apparatus (interpretation) ...................................................................... 45

2.54 8.28.1.3 Mounting (re: acoustics) (no action decision) ................................................................... 47

2.55 8.28.1.4 Operating conditions (re: acoustics) (interpretation) ........................................................ 47

2.56 8.28.2.4.3 Measurement results (re: acoustics) (interpretation) ..................................................... 47

3 EN 71-2:2011 - Safety of toys – Part 2: Flammability ....................................................................... 48

3.1 Applicability of clauses 4.1 to 4.2.5 (supporting document to the revised version of EN 71-

2: 2011) ................................................................................................................................................. 48

3.2 4.2.2 Beards, moustaches, wigs etc., ... (interpretation) ................................................................. 53

3.3 4.2.5 Flowing elements of toys ... and 4.3 Toy disguise costumes ... (interpretation) ................. 53

3.4 4.3 Toys disguise costumes and toys intended to be worn by a child in play

(interpretation) ..................................................................................................................................... 54

3.5 4.4 Toys intended to be entered by a child (interpretation) ............................................................ 54

3.6 5.4.1 Preparation of test sample (no action decision) ..................................................................... 56

3.7 5.4.1 Preparation of test sample (interpretation) ............................................................................. 57

3.8 5.4.1 Preparation of test sample (interpretation) ............................................................................. 58

4 EN 71-8:2011 - Safety of toys – Part 8: Activity toys for domestic use ......................................... 59

4.1 3.7 Forced movement (no action decision) ...................................................................................... 59

4.2 4.2.1 Barriers and handrails preventing the child from falling down (no action decision) ......... 59

4.3 4.3.1 Head and neck entrapment ....................................................................................................... 60

4.4 4.3.1 a) Head and neck entrapment (no action decision) ................................................................ 60

4.5 4.3.2 Entrapment of clothing and hair (no action decision) ............................................................ 61

4.6 4.6.7 Suspension connectors and swing devices (no action decision) ........................................ 61

4.7 4.6.8.3 Geometry and design of swing elements (no action decision) .......................................... 62

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Foreword

This document (CEN/TR 15371:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 52 “Safety of

toys”, the secretariat of which is held by DS.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent

rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document supersedes CEN/TR 15371:2013.
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0 Introduction
0.1 Interpretations and no-action decisions

This Technical Report contains replies to requests for interpretations concerning the understanding of clauses

in EN 71-1:2011, EN 71-2:2011 and EN 71-8:2011. The replies concern those requests that have resulted in

an interpretation or a decision that no action is required as the standard is sufficiently clear.

An interpretation does not have the same status as the text of the standard, nor can it overrule the text of the

standard. However, following an interpretation should give assurance that the relevant clause of the standard

has been correctly applied. An interpretation should only be regarded as a clarification of the meaning of the

standard.
Disclaimer

The interpretations have been derived by expert groups of CEN/TC 52. The information contained herein is for

guidance only and does not reflect the formal approval by CEN or CEN member bodies. It should be noted

that the interpretations are neither part of any standard nor have been referenced in the Official Journal of the

European Union.
0.2 Requests for interpretation

Requests for interpretations may be submitted by a CEN member body through its national committee or by a

CEN/TC 52 liaison (but not directly by an individual or a company) - in accordance with the interpretation

protocols agreed by CEN/TC 52. The requests are then channelled to the relevant TC 52 working party, which

will then deal with the request.
A request for an interpretation may lead to
a) An interpretation of the standard

This should reflect a reasonable interpretation of how the standard should be used, taking into account

— the wording of the standard;
— the rationale of the standard;
— the history of the standard.
b) A no-action decision

This is applicable when it is agreed that the standard appropriately specifies how a toy shall be assessed.

c) A proposal for an amendment of the standard
This is applicable when it is agreed that the standard is deficient in some way.

NOTE Interpretation and no-action decisions are published in CEN/TR 15371, which will be updated on a regular

basis.

Proposals for amendments will be progressed as new work item proposals in accordance with CEN rules.

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0.3 Answers to requests for interpretations

Since requests for interpretations are submitted through a CEN member body or a CEN TC 52 liaison, it is

assumed that they will keep themselves informed about decisions concerning the request and its progress

and will themselves inform the originator of the request as appropriate.
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1 Scope

The purpose of this Technical Report is to provide replies to requests for interpretations of EN 71-1:2011,

Safety of toys – Part 1: Mechanical and physical properties, EN 71-2:2011, Safety of toys – Part 2:

Flammability and EN 71-8:2011, Safety of toys – Part 8: Activity toys for domestic use.

2 EN 71-1:2011 – Safety of toys – Part 1: Mechanical and physical properties
2.1 3.11 Cord (no action decision)
Question
The question relates to 3.11 “cord” of EN 71-1.
The standard defines cord as:

“length of flexible textile or non-textile material including elastic material, monofilament polymeric material,

tape, ribbon, rope, strap, woven and twisted material and string as well as certain weak and long springs”

Soft filled parts of a soft filled toy are not included by the definition of cord. Therefore, the requirements of 5.4

shall not be applied to those parts.

In the example provided, the tail of Figure 1 and the toy of Figure 3 are soft filled, while the tail of Figure 2 is

not soft filled, therefore 5.4 is applicable only to the tail of Figure 2. Is it correct?

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
Reply

Standard is clear. Soft-filled parts of toys are not cords as defined in the standard. The tail of the toy in Figure

2 is considered a cord because there is not stuffing material inside.
REQ 104-12 (UNI, Italy)
2.2 3.28 Fuzz (no action decision)
Question
The question relates to 3.28 “fuzz” of EN 71-1.

Some soft filled toys may have fur with long hairs, even longer than 50 mm. We do know that such hairs are

not to be considered as monofilament fibres.

If the toy loses these hairs when pet (as per foreseeable use), as in the attached picture, even in great

amount, is it correct to consider these hairs included in the definition of fuzz, therefore excluding them from

the requirements of 5.1?
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Reply

Standard is clear. It is correct to consider the described fibres as fuzz (which is excluded from 5.1

requirements).
REQ 105-12 (UNI, Italy)
2.3 3.31 Large and bulky toy (interpretation)
Question

How do you measure the volume of large and bulky toys as defined in 3.31 of EN 71-1?

Here are two possible ways. Option A or Option B (see drawings below)?
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OPTION A: GLOBAL VOLUME CALCULATION
OPTION B : follow the shape to calculate volume
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Interpretation

The volume is considered to be smallest imaginary box that would contain the toy after having removed minor

appendages which actually is option A above.
Minor appendages would be the wooden elements on the sides of toy 1.
REQ 134-13 (BSI, United Kingdom)
2.4 3.41 and 3.42 Projectile toys (no action decision)
Question
EN 71-1 has the below definitions of projectiles with or without stored energy:
3.41
projectile toy with stored energy

toy with a projectile propelled by means of a discharge mechanism capable of storing and releasing energy

3.42
projectile toy without stored energy
toy with a projectile discharged by the energy imparted by a child

An example - a toy where the energy is imparted by e.g. a spring or an elastic band and the launching is

entirely controlled by the child, as the toy has no mechanism for holding back the projectile and storing the

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energy for a prolonged time. Such a toy could be interpreted not to be included in 3.42. However, the toy is

obviously also not within 3.41 because we interpret 3.41 so that the toy shall be capable to accumulate and

store the energy for a prolonged period of time without involvement of a child.

We would like to have a confirmation that a projectile toy, which cannot accumulate and store energy is within

3.42 even if a spring is used in launching the projectile.
We suggest rewording 3.42 to make this clear.
Reply

Standard is clear. In this case, the energy is not stored and released by a discharge mechanism but the

energy is imparted by the user. In consequence, this toy is regarded as a “projectile toy without stored energy”

REQ 064-06 (DS, Denmark)
2.5 3.41, 3.42 and 7.7 Projectile toys (no action decision)
Question

Even if we are aware of the ongoing discussion about the revision on projectiles requirements, we ask to give

an official interpretation of the following issue to interpret correctly the current version of the standard.

1) EN 71-1 defines as projectile an “object intended to be launched into free flight or a trajectory in the air”

a) does this include toys like boomerang or frisbee?

b) does this include small toys designed in such a way that hitting their base, they make a little jump,

rotating on themselves? (to figure them think about a spoon on a table: hitting its extremity you can

have it make this kind of jump)
c) does it include objects launched by catapult toys?

2) If a toy has a spring or an elastic band, but no mechanism to hold the projectile in the “charged” condition

(this means that as soon as you release the projectile, it is launched, like in a bow), is it considered

“projectile toy with stored energy” (the spring and elastic are considered as discharge mechanisms) or as

a “projectile toy without stored energy” (the energy of the projectile depend upon how much the child put

the projectile into the toy, like a bow, even if, differently form bows, in this case usually there is an “end of

stroke” and the maximum projectile energy is defined)?

3) 7.7 defines two warnings: not to use different projectiles from the supplied ones and not to aim at eyes or

face.
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We consider the first one applicable to all the projectile toys from which a generic projectile may be launched

(for example projectile toy with stored energy or bows), but not applicable for toys without stored energy like

catapults (4.17.2 does not give any reference to 7.7).

Instead we consider the second warning (“Aim at face”) applicable only to projectiles toys with stored energy

or bows with a kinetic energy greater than 0,08 J.
Is it correct?
Reply
1a) Standard is clear those toys enter into the projectiles definition.
1b) Standard is clear those toys enter into the projectiles definition.

1c) Standard is clear those toys enter into the projectiles definition (provided those “catapults” do not enter

into the exclusion list as outlined into EN 71-1 scope).

2) Standard is clear this is a “projectile toy without stored energy” (see 3.42 definition) provided the described

item is not regarded as a catapult and therefore enters into the exclusion list as outlined into EN 71-1

scope.

3) Standard is clear for projectile toys with stored energy in 4.17.3 c). If a discharge mechanism is able to

discharge an object other than that provided with the toy, then labelling according to 7.7.1 is required. If a

toy is capable of discharging a projectile with a kinetic energy greater than 0,08 J, labelling according to

7.7.2 is required. If a toy meets both conditions then the two labelling are required.

Bows and arrows shall only bear “Warning. Do not aim at eyes or face” under the conditions outlined in 4.17.4

REQ 076-07 Part 1 (UNI, Italy)
2.6 4.3 Flexible plastic sheeting (no action decision)
Question 1

4.3 applies only to plastic sheeting having dimensions greater than 100 mm X 100 mm.

If a plastic bag has a dimension of 100 mm X 80 mm, as it is, does the requirement apply?

Question 2

If we consider the plastic bag, its dimension is less than 100 mm X 100 mm, but if we consider the plastic

sheeting, cutting the plastic bag along two edges, we can get a 100 mm X 160 mm (80 mm X 2).

But, especially if the toy is intended only for children over 36 months of age, it is not required to apply any

cutting.

And, if the toy is intended for children under 36 months of age, and we apply the tension test to the bag,

before to break it into a plastic sheet, it is foreseeable that the applied 90 N force will elongate the plastic

sheeting and thus will also make it having a thinner thickness.

Moreover, the test method of 8.25.1.2 reads ”For plastic bags, cut along the seams without stretching the bag

so that two single sheets are produced.”.

But this test method is referred both by 4.3 and by Clause 6 (which does not apply to toy bags which have a

play value in the toy).
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In our opinion the need to cut the bag along the seams is referred to packaging bags, and not to plastic

sheeting addressed by 4.3. The reason for this interpretation is that in case of bags with an opening perimeter

greater than 380 mm (as required by Clause 6), the child can put his head inside the bag and so it can have

on his nose and mouth just one sheet of the twos forming the bag.

But if 4.3 is not applicable to plastic bags, but to plastic sheeting only, we can have plastic bags with an

opening perimeter less than 380 mm and with a thickness of less than 0,038 mm both for packaging and for

bags having a play value (4.4 does not require a minimum thickness and Clause 6 defines a minimum

thickness only for plastic bags with an opening perimeter greater than 380 mm).

The reason for this may be that bags (in which the child cannot put his head), having a double layer, are less

foreseeable to become attached to a child's face in such a way to cause asphyxiation, differently from single

layer plastic sheeting (this is just a supposition). Thus, one of the following should apply:

1) If the sheet is in a form of a plastic bag, its whole area shall be measured (not the area of the plastic bag,

and thus the area which is the sum of the two layers area). The measurements are performed before any

mechanical test.

2) For plastic bags only the area of the plastic bag (double layer) shall be taken into account. The

measurements are performed before any mechanical test.

3) The area and the thickness of the plastic bags shall be measured after the mechanical tests (which ones,

especially in the case of toys intended for children above 36 months of age?).
Which one is the correct one?
Reply
To question 1: The requirement does not apply
To question 2: Option 2 is the correct one
REQ 090-09 (UNI, Italy)
2.7 4.4 Toy bags (no action decision)
Question

In EN 71-1 there is a specific requirement for toy bags (4.4), which applies to toy bags with an opening

perimeter greater than 380 mm and having a drawstring as means of closure.

But what shall be done if the bag has a perimeter smaller than 380 mm and it is made of a plastic sheet?

Reply
4.4 is not applicable and 4.3 should be considered.
REQ 089-09 (UNI, Italy)
2.8 4.5 Glass (no action decision)
Question

4.5 states that accessible glass may only be used for toys for children over 36 months where it is necessary

for the function of the toy (e.g. optical toys, glass light bulbs, glass in experimental sets).

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Traditionally there are some creativity sets where glass is used, but where it is not clear whether the glass is

functional or not.
1 Should we consider the glass used in candle making set as functional?
2 What about a glass painting set intended to decorate glass objects?
Reply

The nature and use of this product (involving candles) means that EN 71-1 cannot address the safety. If this

product were sold as a toy, it would need to be EC Type examined.

The same may apply to glass painting sets but much would depend on the nature of each product.

REQ 057-05 (AFNOR, France)
2.9 4.9 Protruding parts (interpretation)
Question

An example is given below where wheel axles have been exposed when the wheel has come off. For

guidance also some other reference information is given.
For toys intended for children over 3 years:

Q1: Shall a wheel on a wheel axle (which, if exposed, can present a puncture hazard) be considered to be a

protective component and thus subjected to 8.4.2.3 (tension test, protective components)?

Q2: If the answer to question 1 is “Yes”, shall the potential puncture hazard of the axle be assessed after

removing the axle from the toy and after placing the axle in a reasonably foreseeable position, or shall it be

assessed when still in the toy and in a reasonably foreseeable position?

Q3: If the answer to question 1 is “No”: Shall any force at all be applied in an effort to remove/detach a wheel

from a wheel axle in order to thereafter check the potential puncture hazard presented by the remaining

exposed axle?
Interpretation

Q1: No, it shall not be considered as a protective component since the presence of the wheel is not to protect

the end of the axle. Protective components are those w
...