EN 384:2016+A2:2022
(Main)Structural timber - Determination of characteristic values of mechanical properties and density
Structural timber - Determination of characteristic values of mechanical properties and density
This European Standard gives a method for determining characteristic values of mechanical properties and density, for defined populations of visual grades and/or strength classes of machine graded structural timber. Additionally it covers the stages of sampling, testing, analysis and presentation of the data.
The standard provides methods to derive strength, stiffness and density properties for structural timber from tests with defect-free specimen.
The values determined in accordance with this standard for mechanical properties and density are suitable for assigning grades and species to the strength classes of EN 338.
NOTE 1 For assigning grades and species to the strength classes in EN 338 only three properties, i.e. bending or tension strength, modulus of elasticity parallel to grain in bending or tension and density need to be determined from test data, other properties can be calculated according to Table 2.
NOTE 2 EN 1912 gives examples of established visual grades assigned to strength classes.
Bauholz für tragende Zwecke - Bestimmung charakteristischer Werte für mechanische Eigenschaften und Rohdichte
Diese Europäische Norm legt fest, wie charakteristische Werte für mechanische Eigenschaften und Rohdichte von definierten Holzgrundgesamtheiten visueller Sortierklassen und/oder Festigkeitsklassen von maschinensortiertem Bauholz zu bestimmen sind. Zusätzlich umfasst die Norm die Stufen von Probenahme, Prüfung, Analyse und Darstellung der Daten.
Diese Norm stellt Verfahren zur Verfügung, mit denen die Festigkeits-, Steifigkeits- und Rohdichte-eigenschaften von Bauholz aus Prüfungen an fehlerfreien Prüfkörpern abgeleitet werden können.
Die nach dieser Norm bestimmten mechanischen Eigenschaften und Rohdichtewerte sind für die Zuordnung der Holzarten und Sortierklassen in die Festigkeitsklassen nach EN 338 geeignet.
ANMERKUNG 1 Für die Zuordnung der Holzarten und Sortierklassen in die Festigkeitsklassen nach EN 338 ist die Bestimmung von nur drei Eigenschaften, d. h. Biege- oder Zugfestigkeit, Biege- oder Zug-Elastizitätsmodul in Faser¬richtung und die Rohdichte, aus Prüfdaten erforderlich; die sonstigen Eigenschaften können nach Tabelle 2 berechnet werden.
ANMERKUNG 2 EN 1912 gibt Beispiele für die Zuordnung von bestehenden visuellen Sortierklassen zu Festigkeits¬klassen.
Bois de structure - Détermination des valeurs caractéristiques des propriétés mécaniques et de la masse volumique
La présente Norme européenne fournit une méthode permettant de déterminer des valeurs caractéristiques des propriétés mécaniques et de la masse volumique, pour des populations définies de bois sciés classés en résistance visuellement et/ou mécaniquement. Elle couvre également les étapes relatives à l'échantillonnage, aux essais, à l'analyse et à la présentation des données.
La norme fournit des méthodes permettant de déterminer les caractéristiques de résistance, de rigidité et de masse volumique de bois pour usage structurel à partir d’éprouvettes exemptes de défauts.
Les valeurs des propriétés mécaniques et de la masse volumique déterminées conformément à la présente norme permettent d'affecter les classes et les essences aux classes de résistance de l'EN 338.
NOTE 1 Pour l'affectation des classes et des essences aux classes de résistance de l'EN 338, il suffit de déterminer trois valeurs caractéristiques, à savoir la résistance à la flexion ou à la traction, le module d'élasticité en flexion ou en traction axiale et la masse volumique à partir de résultats d’essais; les autres propriétés peuvent être calculées conformément au Tableau 2.
NOTE 2 L'EN 1912 fournit des exemples d'affectation de classes visuelles établies à des classes de résistance.
Konstrukcijski les - Ugotavljanje karakterističnih vrednosti mehanskih lastnosti in gostote (vključno z dopolnilom A2)
Ta evropski standard podaja metodo za ugotavljanje karakterističnih vrednosti mehanskih lastnosti in gostote za opredeljene populacije razredov vizualnega razvrščanja in/ali trdnostnih razredov strojno razvrščenega konstrukcijskega lesa. Poleg tega zajema stopnje vzorčenja, preskušanja, analize in predstavitve podatkov.
Standard podaja metode za izpeljavo lastnosti trdnosti, togosti in gostote za konstrukcijski les iz preskusov z vzorcem brez napak.
Vrednosti, določene v skladu s tem standardom za mehanske lastnosti in gostoto, so primerne za dodeljevanje razredov in vrst trdnostnim razredom standarda EN 338.
OPOMBA 1: Za dodeljevanje razredov in vrst trdnostnim razredom iz standarda EN 338 je treba iz podatkov preskusa določiti le tri lastnosti, tj. upogibno ali natezno trdnost, modul elastičnosti vzporedno z vlakni pri upogibanju ali napenjanju in gostoto; druge lastnosti je mogoče izračunati v skladu s preglednico 2.
OPOMBA 2: EN 1912 podaja primere vzpostavljenih razredov vizualnega razvrščanja, dodeljenih trdnostnim razredom.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 07-Jun-2022
- Withdrawal Date
- 30-Dec-2022
- Technical Committee
- CEN/TC 124 - Timber structures
- Drafting Committee
- CEN/TC 124/WG 2 - Solid timber
- Current Stage
- 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
- Start Date
- 08-Jun-2022
- Completion Date
- 08-Jun-2022
Relations
- Effective Date
- 19-Jan-2023
- Effective Date
- 18-Jan-2023
Overview
EN 384:2016+A2:2022 - Structural timber - Determination of characteristic values of mechanical properties and density - is a CEN European standard that specifies how to derive characteristic values (e.g., 5-percentile strengths and mean moduli) for populations of structural timber. The standard covers the full workflow: sampling, testing, data analysis and presentation of results for visual grades and machine-graded timber. Values determined in accordance with EN 384 are suitable for assigning grades and species to the strength classes of EN 338.
Key topics and requirements
- Scope: Methods to derive strength, stiffness (modulus of elasticity) and density from tests of defect‑free specimens for structural timber.
- Sampling: Representative sampling of a defined timber population; samples should reflect commercial practices and sources (sawmills, tree size, origin). For visual grading, each sub‑sample requires at least 40 specimens.
- Testing: Mechanical tests performed in accordance with EN 408 (bending, tension, modulus of elasticity, density, moisture content). A critical section in each piece is selected where failure is expected.
- Reference conditions: Results are referenced to environmental conditions (20 °C and 65 % RH - normally ~12 % moisture content).
- Adjustment factors: Corrections for moisture content, specimen size and test length, and modulus of elasticity; methods to use historical test data when properly adjusted.
- Data analysis: Procedures for sub‑sample analysis, calculation of characteristic 5‑percentile values for strength and density, and mean values for modulus of elasticity. The standard allows reduction factors to account for lower confidence with limited test data.
- Practical test details: Minimum specimen lengths (e.g., for bending: at least 30× the depth or 3.6 m, whichever is lesser; for tension: at least 2 m plus grips) and requirements for clear specimens for perpendicular or shear tests.
Applications and users
- Useful for: Timber testing laboratories, timber manufacturers, machine and visual graders, product certification bodies, structural engineers and researchers.
- Practical uses: Assigning timber to EN 338 strength classes, validating machine‑grading systems (EN 14081 series), deriving design values for structural design, and supporting factory production control and quality assurance.
- Benefits: Ensures consistent, comparable characteristic property values across jurisdictions and supports reliable structural design and safety.
Related standards
- EN 338 - Structural timber: Strength classes
- EN 408 - Determination of physical and mechanical properties (test methods)
- EN 14081‑1/2/3 - Strength graded structural timber (machine grading)
- EN 13183‑2 / EN 13183‑3 - Moisture content estimation methods
- EN 1912 - Examples of visual grades assigned to strength classes
- EN 14358 - Calculation and verification of characteristic values
Keywords: EN 384:2016+A2:2022, structural timber, characteristic values, mechanical properties, density, modulus of elasticity, bending strength, sampling, EN 338, EN 408.
Frequently Asked Questions
EN 384:2016+A2:2022 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Structural timber - Determination of characteristic values of mechanical properties and density". This standard covers: This European Standard gives a method for determining characteristic values of mechanical properties and density, for defined populations of visual grades and/or strength classes of machine graded structural timber. Additionally it covers the stages of sampling, testing, analysis and presentation of the data. The standard provides methods to derive strength, stiffness and density properties for structural timber from tests with defect-free specimen. The values determined in accordance with this standard for mechanical properties and density are suitable for assigning grades and species to the strength classes of EN 338. NOTE 1 For assigning grades and species to the strength classes in EN 338 only three properties, i.e. bending or tension strength, modulus of elasticity parallel to grain in bending or tension and density need to be determined from test data, other properties can be calculated according to Table 2. NOTE 2 EN 1912 gives examples of established visual grades assigned to strength classes.
This European Standard gives a method for determining characteristic values of mechanical properties and density, for defined populations of visual grades and/or strength classes of machine graded structural timber. Additionally it covers the stages of sampling, testing, analysis and presentation of the data. The standard provides methods to derive strength, stiffness and density properties for structural timber from tests with defect-free specimen. The values determined in accordance with this standard for mechanical properties and density are suitable for assigning grades and species to the strength classes of EN 338. NOTE 1 For assigning grades and species to the strength classes in EN 338 only three properties, i.e. bending or tension strength, modulus of elasticity parallel to grain in bending or tension and density need to be determined from test data, other properties can be calculated according to Table 2. NOTE 2 EN 1912 gives examples of established visual grades assigned to strength classes.
EN 384:2016+A2:2022 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 384:2016+A2:2022 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 384:2016+A1:2018/FprA2, EN 384:2016+A1:2018. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase EN 384:2016+A2:2022 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2022
Konstrukcijski les - Ugotavljanje karakterističnih vrednosti mehanskih lastnosti in
gostote (vključno z dopolnilom A2)
Structural timber - Determination of characteristic values of mechanical properties and
density
Bauholz für tragende Zwecke - Bestimmung charakteristischer Werte für mechanische
Eigenschaften und Rohdichte
Bois de structure - Détermination des valeurs caractéristiques des propriétés
mécaniques et de la masse volumique
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 384:2016+A2:2022
ICS:
79.040 Les, hlodovina in žagan les Wood, sawlogs and sawn
timber
91.080.20 Lesene konstrukcije Timber structures
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 384:2016+A2
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
June 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 79.040 Supersedes EN 384:2016+A1:2018
English Version
Structural timber - Determination of characteristic values
of mechanical properties and density
Bois de structure - Détermination des valeurs Bauholz für tragende Zwecke - Bestimmung
caractéristiques des propriétés mécaniques et de la charakteristischer Werte für mechanische
masse volumique Eigenschaften und Rohdichte
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 8 October 2018 and includes Amendment 2 approved by CEN on 13 March
2022.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 384:2016+A2:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 7
5 Mechanical properties determined from full-size specimens . 8
5.1 Sampling . 8
5.2 Testing . 8
5.3 Reference conditions . 9
5.3.1 Moisture content . 9
5.3.2 Bending strength . 9
5.3.3 Tension strength . 9
5.3.4 Density . 9
5.4 Adjustment factors . 9
5.4.1 General . 9
5.4.2 Moisture content . 9
5.4.3 Timber size and test length . 10
5.4.4 Modulus of elasticity . 11
5.4.5 Other adjustments . 12
5.5 Analysis of data . 12
5.5.1 Sub-sample analysis . 12
5.5.2 Characteristic values . 12
6 Bending strength and modulus of elasticity determined from small, clear hardwood
specimens . 14
7 Other mechanical properties for hardwoods and softwoods . 14
8 Report . 16
Annex A (normative) Requirements for reports for visual grading assignment . 17
Bibliography . 20
European foreword
This document (EN 384:2016+A2:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 124
“Timber structures”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2022, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2022.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 8 October 2018 and Amendment 2
approved by CEN on 13 March 2022.
This document supersedes !EN 384:2016+A1:2018".
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !"
and #$.
!Deleted text"
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Introduction
Structural design codes can only function effectively if standard methods of determining the mechanical
and physical properties exist. The aim of the procedures given in this standard is to derive
characteristic values that are comparable in terms of the populations they represent. The standard
permits the use of as much existing test data as possible from various sampling and testing techniques.
Where methods are given to permit characteristic values to be determined from a less than ideal
amount of structural size test data, reduction factors to reflect a lower degree of confidence are
employed.
1 Scope
This European Standard gives a method for determining characteristic values of mechanical properties
and density, for defined populations of visual grades and/or strength classes of machine graded
structural timber. Additionally, it covers the stages of sampling, testing, analysis and presentation of the
data.
The standard provides methods to derive strength, stiffness and density properties for structural
timber from tests with defect-free specimen.
The values determined in accordance with this standard for mechanical properties and density are
suitable for assigning grades and species to the strength classes of EN 338.
NOTE 1 For assigning grades and species to the strength classes in EN 338 only three properties, i.e. bending or
tension strength, modulus of elasticity parallel to grain in bending or tension and density need to be determined
from test data, other properties can be calculated according to Table 2.
NOTE 2 EN 1912 gives examples of established visual grades assigned to strength classes.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 338, Structural timber — Strength classes
EN 408, Timber structures — Structural timber and glued laminated timber — Determination of some
physical and mechanical properties
EN 13183-2, Moisture content of a piece of sawn timber — Part 2: Estimation by electrical resistance
method
EN 13183-3, Moisture content of a piece of sawn timber — Part 3: Estimation by capacitance method
EN 14081-1:2016, Timber structures — Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section
— Part 1: General requirements
EN 14081-2, Timber structures — Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section —
Part 2: Machine grading; additional requirements for initial type testing
EN 14081-3, Timber structures — Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section —
Part 3: Machine grading; additional requirements for factory production control
EN 14358:2016, Timber structures — Calculation and verification of characteristic values
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
characteristic value
representative value of a material property used for design, which is based either on 5-percentile values
(e.g. strength properties and density) or mean values (e.g. modulus of elasticity)
3.2
p-percentile
value for which the probability of getting lower values is p %
3.3
population
timber for which the characteristic values are relevant
3.4
timber source
identifiable geographical origin of a species or species combination from which timber is, or is intended
to be, strength graded
3.5
sample
a number of ungraded specimens of one timber species or species combination, one source, with sizes
and quality representative of the timber population (see 5.1)
3.6
sub-sample
part of one or more samples consisting of specimens of one grade
3.7
small clear test
test to determine mechanical properties of small defect-free specimens
3.8
specimen
piece of timber from which the test piece is taken
3.9
thickness
lesser dimension perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a piece of timber
3.10
width
larger dimension perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a piece of timber
3.11
depth
in the case of bending, cross-sectional dimension parallel to the direction of loading; in the case of
tension, the width
4 Symbols and abbreviations
a distance between the inner load points of the bending test (in mm)
f
E modulus of elasticity parallel to grain (in N/mm )
E mean characteristic value of modulus of elasticity parallel to grain (in N/mm )
0,mean
E 5-percentile characteristic value of modulus of elasticity parallel to grain (in N/mm )
0,k
E mean characteristic value of modulus of elasticity perpendicular to grain (in N/mm )
90,mean
mean modulus of elasticity for one sub-sample (in N/mm )
E
i
lowest mean modulus of elasticity of all sub-samples (in N/mm )
E
i,min
E global modulus of elasticity in bending (in N/mm )
m,global
E local modulus of elasticity in bending (in N/mm )
m,local
f strength property
f 5- percentile characteristic value of compression strength parallel to grain (in N/mm )
c,0,k
f 5- percentile characteristic value of compression strength perpendicular to grain (in
c,90,k
N/mm )
f 5- percentile characteristic value of strength (in N/mm )
k
f 5- percentile characteristic value of bending strength (in N/mm )
m,k
f 5- percentile characteristic value of tension strength parallel to grain (in N/mm )
t,0,k
f 5- percentile characteristic value of tension strength perpendicular to grain (in N/mm )
t,90,k
f 5-percentile value for each sub-sample (in N/mm )
05,i
f lowest 5-percentile value of all sub-samples (in N/mm )
05,i,min
f 5- percentile characteristic value of shear strength (in N/mm )
v,k
G mean characteristic value of shear modulus (in N/mm )
mean
h depth (in mm)
k factor for adjusting f when h is not 150 mm
h
k factor for adjusting f when test span is not 18 h
l
k factor to adjust for the number of sub-samples
n
k factor to allow for the lower variability of f values between sub-samples for machine
v 05
grades in comparison with visual grades
span (in mm)
effective length for the test (in mm)
et
n total number of specimens
n number of specimens in a sub-sample
i
n number of sub-samples
s
u moisture content (in %)
u reference moisture content, normally at 12 %
ref
ρ density (in kg/m )
ρ mean density (in kg/m )
mean
ρ characteristic density (5-percentile) (in kg/m )
k
ρ 5-percentile density for a sub-sample (in kg/m )
05,i
ρ lowest 5-percentile density of all sub-samples (in kg/m )
05,i,min
5 Mechanical properties determined from full-size specimens
5.1 Sampling
The sampling shall be representative of the population, #including commercial practices$.
Any known or suspected difference in the mechanical properties of the population due to e.g. sawmills,
tree size, countries or silviculture shall be represented within the sampling by a similar proportion to
their frequency in the population. This shall be the major influence in determining the number and size
of samples.
Samples shall be selected from one source of timber and shall be graded visually or by machine to sub-
samples according to the requirements given in EN 14081-1.
For visual grading, each sub-sample shall consist of at least 40 specimens and be of one source.
For bending and tension parallel to grain tests, specimens shall have a sufficient length so that critical
defects can be located in the critical test zone (see 5.2). #However, care should be taken to avoid
biasing the sample through selection of unusually long lengths compared to industrial practice.
NOTE 1 For bending specimens, a length of at least 30 times the depth or 3,6 m, whichever is the lesser, meets
this requirement. Shorter lengths are accepted if they are justified in the report (see Clause 8) and meet the
requirements of EN 408.
NOTE 2 For tension specimens, a length of at least 2 m plus the length required for the grips meets this
requirement. Shorter lengths are accepted if they are justified in the report (see Clause 8) and meet the
requirements of EN 408.$
For the determination of strengths perpendicular to the grain and shear strength clear specimens shall
be sampled.
5.2 Testing
Testing shall be carried out in accordance with EN 408 for strength, modulus of elasticity, density and
moisture content. For bending parallel to grain, tension parallel to grain or modulus of elasticity, a
critical section shall be selected in each piece of timber. This section is the position at which failure is
expected to occur and therefore determines the grade for that piece. For bending the tension edge shall
be selected at random. Whenever possible the critical section shall be placed inside the inn
...
Die Norm EN 384:2016+A2:2022 bietet eine entscheidende Methodik zur Bestimmung der charakteristischen Werte mechanischer Eigenschaften und der Dichte von konstruktivem Holz. Ihr Hauptzweck liegt in der Definition und Standardisierung von Verfahren zur Ermittlung dieser Werte für visuelle Sorten und/oder Festigkeitsklassen von maschinell geprüften Konstruktionsholz. Die Norm erstreckt sich über alle relevanten Phasen von der Probenahme über die Prüfung bis hin zur Analyse und Präsentation der Daten, was ihre Anwendbarkeit im praktischen Bereich der Holzindustrie stärkt. Ein herausragendes Merkmal dieser Norm ist die umfassende Herangehensweise an die Ableitung von Festigkeits-, Steifigkeits- und Dichteeigenschaften aus Prüfungen mit fehlerfreien Proben. Diese Methodik gewährleistet, dass die ermittelten Werte präzise und verlässlich sind und somit eine solide Grundlage für die Einstufung von Holzarten in die entsprechenden Festigkeitsklassen gemäß EN 338 bieten. Besonders hervorzuheben ist, dass zur Einstufung in die Festigkeitsklassen nach EN 338 lediglich drei Eigenschaften, nämlich die Biege- oder Zugfestigkeit, der Elastizitätsmodul parallel zur Jahresringe in Biegung oder Zug sowie die Dichte, erforderlich sind. Darüber hinaus bietet die Norm eine klare Struktur für die Berechnung anderer Eigenschaften, was die Flexibilität und Relevanz in der Praxis unterstreicht. Die Verweise auf bereits etablierte visuelle Sortierungen, wie in EN 1912 dargestellt, verleihen der Norm zusätzliche Autorität und unterstützen Fachleute bei der praktischen Anwendung. Insgesamt ist die EN 384:2016+A2:2022 von zentraler Bedeutung für die Normierung und Qualitätskontrolle im Bereich des konstruktiven Holzes. Sie fördert die Sicherheit und Zuverlässigkeit im Umgang mit Holz als Bau- und Konstruktionsmaterial, was sie zu einem unverzichtbaren Bestandteil der europäischen Holzstandards macht.
Le document SIST EN 384:2016+A2:2022 se donne pour objectif de fournir une méthode fiable pour la détermination des valeurs caractéristiques des propriétés mécaniques et de la densité du bois d'œuvre, en se concentrant sur des populations définies de classes de résistance et de grades visuels du bois d'œuvre trié mécaniquement. L'importance de cette norme réside dans son approche exhaustive qui englobe toutes les étapes essentielles, notamment l'échantillonnage, les tests, l'analyse et la présentation des données. Une des forces majeures de cette norme est sa capacité à permettre une évaluation précise de la résistance, de la rigidité et des propriétés de densité pour le bois d'œuvre, en se basant uniquement sur des spécimens exempts de défauts. Cela garantit que les valeurs obtenues sont non seulement fiables mais également représentatives des produits que les fabricants mettent en œuvre dans la construction. La pertinence de SIST EN 384:2016+A2:2022 est renforcée par le fait qu'elle permet de classer les grades et les espèces de bois dans les classes de résistance de la norme EN 338. En se concentrant sur trois propriétés clés - la résistance à la flexion ou à la traction, le module d'élasticité parallèle au fil dans la flexion ou à la traction, et la densité - la norme simplifie le processus d'évaluation tout en maintenant une précision rigoureuse. De plus, la possibilité de calculer d'autres propriétés selon le tableau 2 ajoute une flexibilité qui s'avère essentielle pour les professionnels du secteur. En conclusion, ce document est un outil indispensable pour les acteurs du domaine, car il offre une méthodologie complète et structurée pour évaluer les propriétés mécaniques du bois d'œuvre, garantissant ainsi que les matériaux respectent les standards requis pour une utilisation en construction.
EN 384:2016+A2:2022は、構造用木材の機械的特性および密度の特性値を決定するための方法を提供する欧州標準です。この標準の範囲は、視覚的グレードおよび機械的にグレードされた構造用木材のために定義された集団に対して、特性値を導出する手法を提供しています。 この標準の強みは、欠陥のない試験サンプルを使用して、構造用木材の強度、剛性、および密度の特性を導出できる点です。具体的には、EN 338における強度クラスにグレードおよび種を割り当てるための基準となる、曲げ強度または引張強度、曲げまたは引張の際の弾性率、および密度の三つの特性を試験データから決定することが求められます。これにより、標準に従った数値は、木材の品質評価や使用目的に応じた作業における高度な信頼性を提供します。 さらに、EN 384:2016+A2:2022は、サンプリング、試験、分析、データの提示の各段階をカバーしており、信頼性の高いデータを得るための体系的な手続きを明示しています。これにより、実務における木材の評価基準に対する整合性と一貫性が確保され、業界の標準化に寄与しています。 加えて、EN 1912では、強度クラスに割り当てられた観察グレードの例が示されており、実際の評価において非常に有用な参考材料となります。これにより、木材の選定や加工、使用に関する情報の透明性が高まり、結果として品質の高い構造物の設計が可能となります。 このように、EN 384:2016+A2:2022は、構造用木材の機械的特性と密度の評価において、重要かつ信頼できる基準であり、業界のニーズに応えるための価値あるツールとなっています。
The EN 384:2016+A2:2022 standard presents a comprehensive method for the determination of characteristic values of mechanical properties and density in structural timber, specifically targeting defined populations of visual grades and/or strength classes of machine graded timber. This focus on a systematic approach to assessing timber quality is one of the standard's significant strengths. The standard effectively delineates the necessary stages of sampling, testing, analysis, and presentation of data, ensuring that the methodologies employed are cohesive and traceable. By requiring defect-free specimens for tests, it aims to provide reliable data that accurately reflects the structural capabilities of timber, ultimately enhancing the integrity of construction. Moreover, the relevance of this standard is underscored by its alignment with EN 338, which governs strength classes. By establishing a clear framework for determining bending strength, tension strength, and modulus of elasticity, the EN 384 standard ensures that the data derived for mechanical properties and density is robust enough for consistent classification according to the recognized strength classes. The notes included within the document emphasize its practical application, with particular mention of how only three key properties are essential for grade assignment, while others may be calculated. This approach not only simplifies the grading process but also ensures that practitioners have concise guidelines to follow, which can lead to better resource management and compliance in timber production. Overall, the EN 384:2016+A2:2022 standard is an invaluable resource within the domain of structural timber, effectively bridging theoretical assessments with practical applications. Its methodical approach to determining mechanical properties and density positions it as a critical tool for professionals engaging in timber grading and utilization in construction practices.
표준 EN 384:2016+A2:2022는 구조용 목재의 기계적 특성과 밀도에 대한 특성 값을 결정하는 방법을 제공하는 유럽 표준입니다. 이 표준의 범위는 시각적 등급 및/또는 기계 등급 구조용 목재의 정의된 집단을 위한 기계적 특성과 밀도를 측정하는 것입니다. 표준은 샘플링, 테스트, 분석 및 데이터 발표의 단계를 포괄합니다. EN 384 표준의 강점 중 하나는 결함 없는 시험체를 사용하여 구조용 목재의 강도, 강성 및 밀도 속성을 유도하는 방법을 제공한다는 점입니다. 이를 통해 각 목재의 기계적 특성에 대한 신뢰할 수 있는 데이터를 확보할 수 있으며, 이 데이터는 EN 338의 강도 등급 및 종을 지정하는 데 적합합니다. 특히, EN 338에 따른 강도 등급을 지정하기 위해서는 휨 또는 인장 강도, 휨 또는 인장의 방향으로의 탄성 계수, 밀도의 세 가지 속성만을 테스트 데이터에서 결정하면 됩니다. 나머지 속성은 표 2에 따라 계산할 수 있습니다. 또한, EN 1912는 강도 등급에 할당된 검증된 시각적 등급의 예를 제공하여 이 표준의 구현에 참고할 수 있도록 지원합니다. 이러한 요소들은 EN 384 표준이 구조용 목재의 기계적 특성과 밀도를 평가하는 데 있어 매우 적합한 도구임을 강조합니다. 이 표준의 적절한 활용은 목재 산업 전반에 걸쳐 품질 향상 및 안전성을 증대시키는데 크게 기여할 것입니다.
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