IEC/IEEE 63195-2:2022

Assessment of power density of human exposure to radio frequency fields from wireless devices in close proximity to the head and body (frequency range of 6 GHz to 300 GHz) - Part 2: Computational procedure

IEC/IEEE 63195-2:2022 specifies computational procedures for conservative and reproducible computations of power density (PD) incident to a human head or body due to radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) transmitting devices. The computational procedures described are finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and finite element methods (FEM), which are computational techniques that can be used to determine electromagnetic quantities by solving Maxwell’s equations within a specified computational uncertainty. The procedures specified here apply to exposure assessments for a significant majority of the population during the use of hand-held and body-worn RF transmitting devices. The methods apply to devices that can feature single or multiple transmitters or antennas, and that can be operated with their radiating part or parts at distances up to 200 mm from a human head or body.
This document can be employed to determine conformity with any applicable maximum PD requirements of different types of RF transmitting devices used in close proximity to the head and body, including those combined with other RF transmitting or non-transmitting devices or accessories (e.g. belt-clip), or embedded in garments. The overall applicable frequency range of these protocols and procedures is from 6 GHz to 300 GHz.
The RF transmitting device categories covered in this document include but are not limited to mobile telephones, radio transmitters in personal computers, desktop and laptop devices, and multi-band and multi-antenna devices.
The procedures of this document do not apply to PD assessment of electromagnetic fields emitted or altered by devices or objects intended to be implanted in the body.
NOTE For the assessment of the combined exposure from simultaneous transmitters at frequencies below 6 GHz, the relevant standards for SAR computation are IEC/IEEE 62704-1:2017 and IEC/IEEE 62704-4:2020.
This publication is published as an IEC/IEEE Dual Logo standard.

Evaluation de la densité de puissance de l'exposition humaine aux champs radiofréquences provenant de dispositifs sans fil à proximité immédiate de la tête et du corps (plage de fréquences de 6 ghz à 300 ghz) - Partie 2: Procédure de calcul

IEC/IEEE 63195-2:2022 spécifie les procédures de calcul pour des calculs conservateurs et reproductibles de la densité de puissance (PD, Power Density) incidente sur la tête ou le corps humain, provenant de dispositifs de transmission par champ électromagnétique (EMF, Electromagnetic Field) radiofréquence (RF). Les procédures de calcul décrites appliquent la méthode des différences finies dans le domaine temporel (FDTD, Finite-Difference Time‑Domain) ou la méthode des éléments finis (FEM, Finite Element Methods), qui sont des techniques de calcul pouvant être utilisées pour déterminer les grandeurs électromagnétiques en résolvant les équations de Maxwell dans une incertitude de calcul spécifiée. Les procédures spécifiées dans le présent document s'appliquent à l'évaluation de l'exposition d'une vaste majorité de la population lors de l'utilisation de dispositifs qui émettent des RF tenus à la main et portés sur le corps. Les méthodes s'appliquent aux dispositifs qui peuvent comporter un ou plusieurs émetteurs ou, et qui peuvent être utilisés alors que leurs parties rayonnantes se trouvent à des distances inférieures ou égales à 200 mm de la tête ou du corps humain.
Le présent document peut être utilisé pour déterminer la conformité aux exigences en matière de densité de puissance maximale applicables de différents types de dispositifs qui émettent des RF lorsqu'ils sont utilisés à proximité immédiate de la tête et du corps, y compris s'ils sont combinés à d'autres dispositifs ou accessoires qui émettent des RF ou non (clip de ceinture, par exemple) ou s'ils sont intégrés dans des vêtements. La plage de fréquences globale applicable pour ces protocoles et procédures est comprise entre 6 GHz et 300 GHz.
Les catégories de dispositifs qui émettent des RF couvertes par le présent document incluent notamment les téléphones mobiles, les émetteurs radio des ordinateurs personnels, les dispositifs de bureau et les dispositifs portables, ainsi que les dispositifs multibandes et multiantennes.
Les procédures du présent document ne s'appliquent pas à l'évaluation de la densité de puissance des champs électromagnétiques émis ou altérés par des dispositifs ou des objets destinés à être implantés dans le corps.
NOTE Pour l'évaluation de l'exposition combinée en provenance de plusieurs émetteurs simultanés qui fonctionnent à des fréquences inférieures à 6 GHz, les normes applicables pour les calculs du DAS sont l'IEC/IEEE 62704-1:2017 et l'IEC/IEEE 62704-4:2020.
Cette publication est publiée en tant que norme IEC/IEEE Dual Logo.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 10-May-2022
• ICS: 17.220.20 - Measurement of electrical and magnetic quantities
• Technical Committee: TC 106 - Methods for the assessment of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields associated with human exposure
• Drafting Committee: JWG 11 - TC 106/JWG 11
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Start Date: 11-May-2022
• Completion Date: 27-May-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC/IEEE 63195-2 ®
Edition 1.0 2022-05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Assessment of power density of human exposure to radio frequency fields from
wireless devices in close proximity to the head and body (frequency range of
6 GHz to 300 GHz) –
Part 2: Computational procedure

Évaluation de la densité de puissance de l'exposition humaine aux champs
radiofréquences provenant de dispositifs sans fil à proximité immédiate de la
tête et du corps (plage de fréquences de 6 GHz à 300 GHz) –
Partie 2: Procédure de calcul
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IEC/IEEE 63195-2 ®
Edition 1.0 2022-05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Assessment of power density of human exposure to radio frequency fields from

wireless devices in close proximity to the head and body (frequency range of

6 GHz to 300 GHz) –
Part 2: Computational procedure

Évaluation de la densité de puissance de l'exposition humaine aux champs

radiofréquences provenant de dispositifs sans fil à proximité immédiate de la

tête et du corps (plage de fréquences de 6 GHz à 300 GHz) –

Partie 2: Procédure de calcul
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 17.220.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-0184-8

– 2 – IEC/IEEE 63195-2:2022 © IEC/IEEE 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
INTRODUCTION . 8
1 Scope . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 10
3.1 Exposure metrics and parameters . 10
3.2 Spatial, physical, and geometrical parameters associated with exposure
metrics . 11
3.3 Test device technical operating and antenna parameters . 13
3.4 Computational parameters . 13
3.5 Uncertainty parameters . 14
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 14
4.1 Symbols . 14
4.1.1 Physical quantities . 14
4.1.2 Constants . 15
4.2 Abbreviated terms . 15
5 Overview and application of this document . 16
5.1 Overview of the numerical evaluation . 16
5.2 Application of this document . 17
5.3 Stipulations . 18
6 Requirements on the numerical software . 18
7 Model development and validation . 19
7.1 General . 19
7.2 Development of the numerical model of the DUT. 19
7.3 Power normalization . 20
7.4 Requirements on the experimental test equipment for model validation . 22
7.4.1 General . 22
7.4.2 Ambient conditions and device holder . 23
7.4.3 Power measurement . 23
7.5 Testing configurations for the validation of the DUT model . 24
7.5.1 General . 24
7.5.2 Tests to be performed . 24
7.5.3 Determining the validity of the DUT model . 25
7.5.4 Test reduction for additional DUTs . 25
8 Power density computation and averaging . 26
8.1 Evaluation surface . 26
8.2 Tests to be performed and DUT configurations . 26
8.2.1 General . 26
8.2.2 Devices with a single radiating element or with multiple elements that
do not operate simultaneously . 27
8.2.3 Devices with antenna arrays or sub-arrays . 27
8.2.4 Devices with multiple antennas or multiple transmitters . 28
8.3 Considerations on the evaluation surface and dimensions of the
computational domain . 29
8.4 Averaging of power density on an evaluation surface . 29
8.4.1 General . 29
8.4.2 Construction of the averaging area on an evaluation surface . 30

8.5 Computation of sPD by integration of the Poynting vector. 31
8.5.1 General . 31
8.5.2 Surface-normal propagation-direction power density into the evaluation
surface, sPD . 31
n+
8.5.3 Total propagating power density into the evaluation surface, sPD . 32
tot+
8.5.4 Total power density directed into the phantom considering near-field
exposure, sPD . 32
mod+
8.6 Software . 33
9 Uncertainty evaluation . 33
9.1 General . 33
9.2 Uncertainty of the sPD and of the mpsPD due to the computational
parameters . 33
9.2.1 Uncertainty contributions due to the computational parameters . 33
9.2.2 Mesh resolution . 34
9.2.3 Absorbing boundary conditions . 35
9.2.4 Power budget . 35
9.2.5 Model truncation . 35
9.2.6 Convergence . 35
9.2.7 Dielectric properties . 36
9.2.8 Lossy conductors . 36
9.3 Uncertainty contribution of the computational representation of the DUT
model . 36
9.4 Uncertainty of the maximum exposure evaluation . 37
9.5 Uncertainty budget . 38
10 Reporting . 39
Annex A (normative) Code verification . 41
A.1 General . 41
A.2 Interpolation and superposition of vector field components . 41
A.3 Computation of the far-field pattern and the radiated power . 43
A.4 Implementation of lossy conductors . 43
A.5 Implementation of anisotropic dielectrics . 46
A.6 Computation of the sPD and psPD . 47
A.6.1 General . 47
A.6.2 Planar surfaces . 49
A.6.3 Non-planar surfaces . 50
A.7 Implementation of the field extrapolation according to the surface
equivalence principle . 52
Annex B (informative) Experimental evaluation of the radiated power . 53
B.1 General . 53
B.2 Direct conducted power measurements . 53
B.3 Radiated power measurement methods . 54
B.4 Information provided by the DUT . 54
Annex C (normative) Maximum-exposure evaluation techniques . 55
C.1 General . 55
C.2 Evaluation of EM fields radiated by each antenna element . 55
C.3 Evaluation of the mpsPD by superposition of individual EM fields . 56
C.3.1 General . 56
C.3.2 Maximization over the entire codebook by exhaustive search . 56
C.3.3 Optimization with fixed total conducted power. 56

– 4 – IEC/IEEE 63195-2:2022 © IEC/IEEE 2022
C.3.4 Optimization with fixed power at each port . 56
Annex D (informative) Examples of the implementation of power density averaging
algorithms . 58
D.1 Example for the evaluation of the psPD on a planar surface . 58
D.1.1 General . 58
D.1.2 Evaluation of the psPD by direct construction of the averaging area . 58
D.1.3 Example for the efficient evaluation of the psPD using an equidistant
mesh on the evaluation surface . 59
D.2 Example for the evaluation of the psPD on a non-planar surface . 60
Annex E (informative) File format for exchange of field data . 62
Annex F (informative) Rationales of the methods applied in IEC/IEEE 63195-1 and this
document . 64
F.1 Frequency range . 64
F.2 Computation of sPD . 64
F.2.1 Application of the Poynting vector for computation of incident power
density . 64
F.2.2 Averaging area . 65
Annex G (informative) Square averaging area on non-planar evaluation surfaces . 66
G.1 General . 66
G.2 Example implementation for the evaluation of the psPD on a non-planar
surface using square-shaped averaging area . 66
Annex H (informative) Validation of the maximum-exposure evaluation techniques . 67
H.1 General . 67
H.2 Validation of the exhaustive search . 67
H.2.1 Validation of the exhaustive search . 67
H.2.2 Validation using reconstruction method . 67
H.2.3 Validation of optimization with fixed total conducted power or with fixed
power at each port . 67
H.2.4 Validation of the maximum-exposure evaluation of measurement results . 67
H.3 Example validation source for maximum-exposure evaluation validation . 68
H.3.1 Description . 68
H.3.2 Positioning. 70
H.3.3 Nominal codebook, uncertainty and conducted power P . 71
R
H.3.4 Target values. 71
Annex I (normative) Supplemental files and their checksums . 73
Bibliography . 74

Figure 1 – Overview of the numerical power density evaluation procedure . 17
Figure 2 – Power reference planes . 22
Figure 3 – Example for configurations of radiating elements as different antenna sub-
arrays on the same DUT . 27
Figure 4 – Flow chart for the evaluation of power density for DUTs with antenna arrays
or sub-arrays as described in 8.2.3 . 28
Figure 5 – Example of the construction of the averaging area within a sphere with fixed
radius according to 8.4 . 31
Figure A.1 – Configuration of three λ/2 dipoles, D , D , and D , for the evaluation of
1 2 3
the interpolation and superposition of the electric field and magnetic field components . 42
Figure A.2 – R320 waveguide . 45

Figure A.3 – Cross section of the R320 waveguide showing the locations of the E
y
components to be recorded . 46
Figure A.4 – S (x,y) computed with Formula (A.4) for the six parameter sets of
i
Table A.6 normalized to their maxima . 49
Figure A.5 – Cross sections of the symmetric quarters of the testing geometries (SAR
Stars) for the benchmarking of the power density averaging algorithm . 51
Figure A.6 – Areas for the computation of the sPD on a cone of the SAR Star . 51
Figure D.1 – Rotated averaging area on the discretized evaluation surface (base
mesh) . 60
Figure D.2 – Reduction of the area of triangles that are partially included in the
averaging sphere . 61
Figure H.1 – Main dimensions of patch array stencil . 69
Figure H.2 – Main dimensions of the validation device, including polypropylene casing . 70
Figure H.3 – Validation device with SAM head in the tilt position . 70
Figure H.4 – Validation device with SAM head in the touch position . 71

Table 1 – Budget of the uncertainty contributions of the computational algorithm for the
validation setup or testing setup . 34
Table 2 – Budget of the uncertainty of the developed model of the DUT . 37
Table 3 – Computational uncertainty budget . 38
Table A.1 – Interpolation and superposition of vector field components; maximum
permissible deviation from the reference results is 10 % . 42
Table A.2 – Computation of P ; maximum permissible deviation from the reference
R
results is 10 % for the radiated power and for the electric field amplitude of the far-
field pattern . 43
Table A.3 – Minimum fine and coarse mesh step for used method . 46
Table A.4 – Results of the evaluation of the computational dispersion characteristics . 46
Table A.5 – Results of the evaluation of the representation of anisotropic dielectrics . 47
Table A.6 – Parameters for the incident power density distribution of Formula (A.4) . 48
Table B.1 – Comparison of the experimental methods for the evaluation of the radiated
power . 53
Table H.1 – Main dimensions for the patch array stencil . 68
Table H.2 – Main dimensions of the validation device . 68
Table H.3 – Target values for validation device with the nominal codebook. 72
Table H.4 – Target values for validation device with infinite codebook . 72

– 6 – IEC/IEEE 63195-2:2022 © IEC/IEEE 2022
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ASSESSMENT OF POWER DENSITY OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO RADIO
FREQUENCY FIELDS FROM WIRELESS DEVICES IN CLOSE PROXIMITY
TO THE HEAD AND BODY (FREQUENCY RANGE OF 6 GHz TO 300 GHz) –

Part 2: Computational procedure

FOREWORD
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proximity to the head and body, can be found on the IEC website.
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– 8 – IEC/IEEE 63195-2:2022 © IEC/IEEE 2022
INTRODUCTION
This document provides a method to evaluate the human exposure from wireless devices using
computational methods. This document was developed to provide procedures for the numerical
modelling and evaluation of such wireless devices operating close to the head, held in the hand
or in front of the face, mounted on the body or embedded in garments. It applies to individual
transmitters as well as to transmitters operating simultaneously with other transmitters within a
product. The choice of technique, i.e. FDTD or FEM, is optional but can be influenced by the
application. The advantages of computational procedures include the capability to provide
repeatable, non-intrusive methods for determining exposure in or near an object and without
the need for expensive hardware equipment. Device categories covered include but are not
limited to mobile telephones, radio transmitters in personal computers, desktop and laptop
devices, and multi-band and multi-antenna devices. This document specifies:
• requirements on the numerical software (Clause 5);
• model development and validation (Clause 7);
• power density computation and averaging (Clause 8);
• uncertainty evaluation (Clause 9);
• reporting requirements (Clause 10).
To develop this document, IEC Technical Committee 106 (TC 106) and IEEE International
Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES), Technical Committee 34 (TC 34) Subcommittee
1 (SC 1) formed Joint Working Group 11 (JWG 11) on computational methods to assess the
power density of human exposure to radio frequency fields from wireless devices in close
proximity to the head and body.

ASSESSMENT OF POWER DENSITY OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO RADIO
FREQUENCY FIELDS FROM WIRELESS DEVICES IN CLOSE PROXIMITY
TO THE HEAD AND BODY (FREQUENCY RANGE OF 6 GHz TO 300 GHz) –

Part 2: Computational procedure

1 Scope
This document specifies computational procedures for conservative and reproducible
computations of power density (PD) incident to a human head or body due to radio-
frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) transmitting devices. The computational
procedures described are finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and finite element methods
(FEM), which are computational techniques that can be used to determine electromagnetic
quantities by solving Maxwell’s equations within a specified computational uncertainty. The
procedures specified here apply to exposure evaluations for a significant majority of the
population during the use of hand-held and body-worn RF transmitting devices. The methods
apply to devices that can feature single or multiple transmitters or antennas, and that can be
operated with their radiating part or parts at distances up to 200 mm from a human head or
body.
This document can be employed to determine conformity with any applicable maximum PD
requirements of different types of RF transmitting devices used in close proximity to the head
and body, including those combined with other RF transmitting or non-transmitting devices or
accessories (e.g. belt-clip), or embedded in garments. The overall applicable frequency range
of these protocols and procedures is from 6 GHz to 300 GHz.
The RF transmitting device categories covered in this document include but are not limited to
mobile telephones, radio transmitters in personal computers, desktop and laptop devices, and
multi-band and multi-antenna devices.
The procedures of this document do not apply to PD evaluation of electromagnetic fields emitted
or altered by devices or objects intended to be implanted in the body.
NOTE For the evaluation of the combined exposure from simultaneous transmitters operating on frequencies below
6 GHz, the relevant standards for SAR computation are IEC/IEEE 62704-1:2017 and IEC/IEEE 62704-4:2020.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC/IEEE 62704-1:2017, Determining the peak spatial-average specific absorption rate (SAR)
in the human body from wireless communications devices, 30 MHz to 6 GHz – Part 1: General
requirements for using the finite difference time-domain (FDTD) method for SAR calculations
IEC/IEEE 62704-4:2020, Determining the peak spatial-average specific absorption rate (SAR)
in the human body from wireless communications devices, 30 MHz to 6 GHz – Part 4: General
requirements for using the finite element method for SAR calculations

– 10 – IEC/IEEE 63195-2:2022 © IEC/IEEE 2022
IEC/IEEE 63195-1:2021 , Assessment of power density of human exposure to radio frequency
fields from wireless devices in close proximity to the head and body (frequency range of 6 GHz
to 300 GHz) – Part 1: Measurement procedure
IEEE Std 145, IEEE Standard for Definitions of Terms for Antennas
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO, IEC, and IEEE maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
• IEEE Dictionary Online: available at http://dictionary.ieee.org
3.1 Exposure metrics and parameters
3.1.1
power density
PD
local power density
function of the complex Poynting vector S at the location r that is integrated over a surface to
compute the sPD
Note 1 to entry: Specifications of power density in terms of the integrands of Formula (4), Formula (5), and
Formula (8) are provided in 8.5. See also rationales provided in Annex F for the PD specifications of 8.5.
Note 2 to entry: The formula used to compute PD can depend on the applicable exposure guidelines or national
regulations.
Note 3 to entry: Power density is also referred to as power flux density.
Note 4 to entry: The associated term incident power density refers to quantity of power per unit area that impinges
on the body surface. The incident power density just outside the body surface is used to establish local exposure
reference levels, which apply at frequencies above 6 GHz in some jurisdictions.
3.1.2
spatial-average power density
sPD
PD (3.1.1) averaged over a surface of area A
av
Note 1 to entry: sPD is a function of the location vector r. It is determined on the evaluation surface, except for the
edges where no averaging area can be constructed.
2 2
Note 2 to entry: Example averaging area sizes specified in exposure limits are 1 cm and/or 4 cm .
___________
To be published.
3.1.3
peak spatial-average power density
psPD
global maximum value of all the sPD (3.1.2) values on the evaluation surface (3.2.2)
Note 1 to entry: psPD is given by Formula (1)
(1)
psPD = max sPD r
{ ( )}
r
where r is a point on the evaluation surface.
Note 2 to entry: Other local maxima (i.e. secondary peak spatial-average power density values) can exist.
3.1.4
maximized peak spatial-average power density
mpsPD
psPD (3.1.3) of the excitation vector (3.3.5) that maximizes its value
3.1.5
Poynting vector
S
vector product of the electric field strength E and the magnetic field strength H of the
electromagnetic field at a given point
Note 1 to entry: The flux of the Poynting vector through a closed surface is equal to the electromagnetic power
passing through this surface.
Note 2 to entry: For a periodic electromagnetic field, the time average of the Poynting vector is a vector the direction
of which, with certain reservations, can be considered as being the direction of propagation of electromagnetic energy
and the magnitude of which can be considered as being the average power flux density.
Note 3 to entry: For a sinusoidal wave of angular frequency ω, the complex Poynting vector is expressed by
Formula (2)
∗
(2)
S EH×
where E and H are phasors and the asterisk denotes the complex conjugate.
Note 4 to entry: The Poynting vector has units of watt per square metre (W/m ).
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-121:2019, 121-11-66 and IEC 60050-705:1995, 705-02-10, modified –
The entries have been combined and rearranged; Note 4 has been added.]
3.1.6
conservative estimate
estimate of the exposure, including uncertainties as specified in this document,
representative of and slightly higher than that expected to occur in the head or body of a
significant majority of the human population during intended use of a wireless transmitting
device
3.2 Spatial, physical, and geometrical parameters associated with exposure metrics
3.2.1
averaging area
A
av
nominal size of the area used for computing sPD (3.1.2)
Note 1 to entry: On a planar evaluation surface, sPD is computed as the ratio of power density (3.1.1) integrated
over the averaging area A . On a non-planar evaluation surface, the averaging area indicates the dimensions of the
av
projection of the integration area of the power density on a planar surface.
=
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Note 2 to entry: See details on averaging in 8.4.
3.2.2
evaluation surface
virtual surface for the evaluation of the spatial-average power density (sPD) emitted by a DUT
Note 1 to entry: Typical evaluation surfaces that can be applied in this document are the inner shell of the SAM
phantom with an added pinna, or a planar surface with finite or infinite extension.
Note 2 to entry: The evaluation of the psPD (3.1.3) on the evaluation surface should yield a conservative estimate
(3.1.6) of the exposure.
Note 3 to entry: In practice, an evaluation surface can be different from a measurement surface or area.
3.2.3
near-field
region encompassed by the reactive near-field and the radiative near-field
Note 1 to entry: See also 3.2.5 and 3.2.4 for definitions of reactive near-field and radiative near-field, respectively.
3.2.4
radiative near-field
region of space between the reactive near-field and the far-field, wherein the predominant
components of the electromagnetic field are those that represent a propagation of energy, and
wherein the angular field distribution is dependent upon the distance from the antenna
Note 1 to entry: In the radiative near-field,
...