CISPR TR 16-4-1:2003
(Main)Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 4-1: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling - Uncertainties in standardized EMC tests
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 4-1: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling - Uncertainties in standardized EMC tests
This technical report gives guidance on the treatment of uncertainties to those who are involved in the development or modification of CISPR electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards. In addition, this part provides useful background information for those who apply the standards and the uncertainty aspects in practice. The objectives of this technical report are: a) to identify the parameters or sources governing the uncertainty associated with the statement that a given product complies with the requirement specified in a CISPR recommendation. This uncertainty will be called 'standards compliance uncertainty'. b) to give guidance on the estimation of the magnitude of the standards compliance uncertainty; c) to give guidance for the implementation of the standards compliance uncertainty into the compliance criterion of a CISPR standardised compliance test. As such, this part can be considered as a handbook that can be used by standards writers to incorporate and harmonise uncertainty considerations in existing and future CISPR standards. This part also gives guidance to regulatory authorities, accreditation bodies and test engineers to judge the performance quality of an EMC test-laboratory carrying out CISPR standardised compliance tests. The uncertainty considerations given in this part can also be used as guidance when comparing test results (and its uncertainties) obtained by using different alternative test methods. CISPR 16-3 has been reorganised into 4 parts, to accommodate growth and easier maintenance. This first edition of CISPR 16-4-1, together with CISPR 16-4-3, CISPR 16-4-4 and the second edition of CISPR 16-3, cancels and replaces the first edition of CISPR 16-3, published in 2000, and its amendment 1 (2002). It contains the relevant clauses of CISPR 16-3 without technical changes.
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TECHNICAL CISPR
REPORT 16-4-1
First edition
2003-11
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus and methods –
Part 4-1:
Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling –
Uncertainties in standardized EMC tests
Reference number
CISPR 16-4-1/TR:2003(E)
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TECHNICAL CISPR
REPORT 16-4-1
First edition
2003-11
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus and methods –
Part 4-1:
Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling –
Uncertainties in standardized EMC tests
© IEC 2003 ⎯ Copyright - all rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembé, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec.ch Web: www.iec.ch
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Международная Электротехническая Комиссия
For price, see current catalogue
– 2 – CISPR 16-4-1/TR © IEC:2003(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.3
INTRODUCTION.5
TABLE RECAPITULATING CROSS-REFERENCES .8
1 General.9
1.1 Scope.9
1.2 Structure of clauses related to standards compliance uncertainties .9
2 Normative references.10
3 Terms and definitions .11
4 Basic considerations on uncertainties in emission measurements.14
4.1 Introduction.14
4.2 Types of uncertainties in emission measurements .15
4.3 Relation between standards compliance uncertainty and interference
probability .23
4.4 Assessment of uncertainties in a standardized emission measurement .25
4.5 Verification of the uncertainty budget .29
4.6 Reporting of the uncertainty .33
4.7 Application of uncertainties in the compliance criterion.35
5 Basic considerations on uncertainties in immunity testing.38
6 Voltage measurements.38
6.1 Introduction.38
6.2 Voltage measurements (general).38
6.3 Voltage measurements using a voltage probe .42
6.4 Voltage measurement using a V-terminal Artificial Mains Network .43
6.5 Bibliography.50
7 Absorbing clamp measurements .57
8 Radiated emission measurements .57
9 Conducted immunity measurements .57
10 Radiated immunity measurements .57
Annex A (informative) Compliance uncertainty and interference probability.58
A.1 Introduction.58
A.2 Application to radiated emissions, an example .58
A.3 Reducing the compliance uncertainty .59
Annex B (informative) Analysis method of results of an inter-laboratory test .60
Bibliography.61
CISPR 16-4-1/TR © IEC:2003(E) – 3 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –
Part 4-1: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling –
Uncertainties in standardized EMC tests
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. However, a
technical committee may propose the publication of a technical report when it has collected
data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard, for
example "state of the art".
CISPR 16-4-1, which is a technical report, has been prepared by CISPR subcommittee A:
Radio interference measurements and statistical methods.
This first edition of CISPR 16-4-1, together with CISPR 16-4-3, CISPR 16-4-4 and the second
edition of CISPR 16-3, cancels and replaces the first edition of CISPR 16-3, published in
2000, and its amendment 1 (2002). It contains the relevant clauses of CISPR 16-3 without
technical changes.
– 4 – CISPR 16-4-1/TR © IEC:2003(E)
The text of this technical report is based on the first edition of CISPR 16-3 and on the
following documents:
Enquiry draft Report on voting
CISPR/A/450/DTR CISPR/A/466/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical report can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
2004. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
CISPR 16-4-1/TR © IEC:2003(E) – 5 –
INTRODUCTION
CISPR 16-1, CISPR 16-2, CISPR 16-3 and CISPR 16-4 have been reorganised into 14 parts,
to accommodate growth and easier maintenance. The new parts have also been renumbered.
See the list given below.
Old CISPR 16 publications New CISPR 16 publications
CISPR 16-1-1 Measuring apparatus
CISPR 16-1-2 Ancillary equipment – Conducted disturbances
Radio disturbance
and immunity
CISPR 16-1-3 Ancillary equipment – Disturbance power
CISPR 16-1
measuring
apparatus
Ancillary equipment – Radiated disturbances
CISPR 16-1-4
Antenna calibration test sites for 30 MHz to
CISPR 16-1-5
1 000 MHz
CISPR 16-2-1 Conducted disturbance measurements
Methods of
Measurement of disturbance power
CISPR 16-2-2
measurement of
CISPR 16-2
disturbances and
CISPR 16-2-3 Radiated disturbance measurements
immunity
CISPR 16-2-4
Immunity measurements
CISPR 16-3 CISPR technical reports
Uncertainties in standardised EMC tests
CISPR 16-4-1
Reports and
Measurement instrumentation uncertainty
CISPR 16-3 recommendations CISPR 16-4-2
of CISPR
Statistical considerations in the
CISPR 16-4-3
determination of EMC compliance of mass-
produced products
Statistics of complaints and a model for the
Uncertainty in EMC
CISPR 16-4 CISPR 16-4-4
calculation of limits
measurements
More specific information on the relation between the ‘old’ CISPR 16-3 and the present ‘new’
CISPR 16-4-1 is given in the table after this introduction (TABLE RECAPITULATING CROSS
REFERENCES).
Measurement instrumentation specifications are given in five new parts of CISPR 16-1, while
the methods of measurement are covered now in four new parts of CISPR 16-2. Various
reports with further information and background on CISPR and radio disturbances in general
are given in CISPR 16-3. CISPR 16-4 contains information related to uncertainties, statistics
and limit modelling.
CISPR 16-4 consists of the following parts, under the general title Specification for radio
disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Uncertainties, statistics and
limit modelling:
• Part 4-1: Uncertainties in standardised EMC tests,
• Part 4-2: Uncertainty in EMC measurements,
• Part 4-3: Statistical considerations in the determination of EMC compliance of mass-
produced products,
• Part 4-4: Statistics of complaints and a model for the calculation of limits.
For practical reasons, standardised EMC
...
CISPR 16-4-1
Edition 1.1 2005-02
TECHNICAL
REPORT
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 4-1: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Uncertainties in
standardized EMC tests
CISPR 16-4-1/TR:2003+A1:2004(E)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
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CISPR 16-4-1
Edition 1.1 2005-02
TECHNICAL
REPORT
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 4-1: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Uncertainties in
standardized EMC tests
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
CS
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 ISBN 2-8318-7840-3
– 2 – CISPR 16-4-1/TR IEC:2003+A1:2004(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.3
INTRODUCTION.5
TABLE RECAPITULATING CROSS-REFERENCES.8
1 General.9
1.1 Scope.9
1.2 Structure of clauses related to standards compliance uncertainties.9
2 Normative references.10
3 Terms and definitions .11
4 Basic considerations on uncertainties in emission measurements .14
4.1 Introduction.14
4.2 Types of uncertainties in emission measurements .16
4.3 Relation between standards compliance uncertainty and interference
probability .23
4.4 Assessment of uncertainties in a standardized emission measurement .26
4.5 Verification of the uncertainty budget .30
4.6 Reporting of the uncertainty .35
4.7 Application of uncertainties in the compliance criterion .36
5 Basic considerations on uncertainties in immunity testing .39
6 Voltage measurements.39
6.1 Introduction.39
6.2 Voltage measurements (general) .39
6.3 Voltage measurements using a voltage probe.43
6.4 Voltage measurement using a V-terminal Artificial Mains Network.44
6.5 Bibliography.52
7 Absorbing clamp measurements.58
8 Radiated emission measurements.73
9 Conducted immunity measurements.73
10 Radiated immunity measurements.73
Annex A (informative) Compliance uncertainty and interference probability .74
A.1 Introduction.74
A.2 Application to radiated emissions, an example .74
A.3 Reducing the compliance uncertainty .75
Annex B (informative) Analysis method of results of an inter-laboratory test.76
Annex C (informative) Uncertainty budgets for the clamp calibration methods .77
Annex D (informative) Uncertainty budget for the clamp measurement method.79
Bibliography .81
CISPR 16-4-1/TR © IEC:2003+A1:2004(E) – 3 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –
Part 4-1: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling –
Uncertainties in standardized EMC tests
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. However, a
technical committee may propose the publication of a technical report when it has collected
data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard, for
example "state of the art".
CISPR 16-4-1, which is a technical report, has been prepared by CISPR subcommittee A:
Radio interference measurements and statistical methods.
This consolidated version of CISPR 16-4-1 consists of the first edition (2003) [documents
CISPR/A/450/DTR and CISPR/A/466/RVC] and its amendment 1 (2004) [documents
CISPR/A/496/DTR and CISPR/A/516/RVC].
The technical content is therefore identical to the base edition and its amendment and has
been prepared for user convenience.
– 4 – CISPR 16-4-1/TR © IEC:2003+A1:2004(E)
It bears the edition number 1.1.
A vertical line in the margin shows where the base publication has been modified by
amendment 1.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.
The committee has decided that the contents of the base publication and its amendments will
remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under
"http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the
publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
CISPR 16-4-1/TR IEC:2003+A1:2004(E) – 5 –
INTRODUCTION
CISPR 16-1, CISPR 16-2, CISPR 16-3 and CISPR 16-4 have been reorganised into 14 parts,
to accommodate growth and easier maintenance. The new parts have also been renumbered.
See the list given below.
Old CISPR 16 publications New CISPR 16 publications
CISPR 16-1-1 Measuring apparatus
CISPR 16-1-2 Ancillary equipment – Conducted disturbances
Radio disturbance
and immunity
CISPR 16-1-3 Ancillary equipment – Disturbance power
CISPR 16-1
measuring
apparatus
Ancillary equipment – Radiated disturbances
CISPR 16-1-4
Antenna calibration test sites for 30 MHz to
CISPR 16-1-5
1 000 MHz
CISPR 16-2-1 Conducted disturbance measurements
Methods of
Measurement of disturbance power
CISPR 16-2-2
measurement of
CISPR 16-2
disturbances and
CISPR 16-2-3 Radiated disturbance measurements
immunity
CISPR 16-2-4
Immunity measurements
CISPR 16-3 CISPR technical reports
Uncertainties in standardised EMC tests
CISPR 16-4-1
Reports and
Measurement instrumentation uncertainty
CISPR 16-3 recommendations CISPR 16-4-2
of CISPR
Statistical considerations in the
CISPR 16-4-3
determination of EMC compliance of mass-
produced products
Statistics of complaints and a model for the
Uncertainty in EMC
CISPR 16-4 CISPR 16-4-4
calculation of limits
measurements
More specific information on the relation between the ‘old’ CISPR 16-3 and the present ‘new’
CISPR 16-4-1 is given in the table after this introduction (TABLE RECAPITULATING CROSS
REFERENCES).
Measurement instrumentation specifications are given in five new parts of CISPR 16-1, while
the methods of measurement are covered now in four new parts of CISPR 16-2. Various
reports with further information and background on CISPR and radio disturbances in general
are given in CISPR 16-3. CISPR 16-4 contains information related to uncertainties, statistics
and limit modelling.
CISPR 16-4 consists of the following parts, under the general title Specification for radio
disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Uncertainties, statistics and
limit modelling:
• Part 4-1: Uncertainties in standardised EMC tests,
• Part 4-2: Uncertainty in EMC measurements,
• Part 4-3: Statistical considerations in the determination of EMC compliance of mass-
produced products,
• Part 4-4: Statistics of complaints and a model for the calculation of limits.
For practical reasons, standardised EMC tests are drastic simplifications of all possible
...
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