ISO 23794
(Main)Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing — Guidance
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing — Guidance
This document provides guidance on the determination of the abrasion resistance of vulcanized and thermoplastic rubbers. It covers both solid and loose abrasives. The guidelines given are intended to assist in the selection of an appropriate test method and appropriate test conditions for evaluating a material and assessing its suitability for a product subject to abrasion. Factors influencing the correlation between laboratory abrasion testing and product performance are considered, but, for example this document is not concerned with wear tests developed for specific finished rubber products, for example, trailer tests for tyres.
Caoutchouc, vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Essais d’abrasion — Lignes directrices
Le présent document fournit des lignes directrices relatives à la détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion des caoutchoucs vulcanisés et thermoplastiques. Il inclut des abrasifs à l'état solide ou en poudre. Les lignes directrices fournies sont destinées à faciliter le choix d’une méthode d'essai et des conditions d’essai appropriées pour évaluer un matériau et établir son aptitude à l'emploi pour un produit soumis à une abrasion. Les facteurs ayant une influence sur la corrélation entre des essais d'abrasion en laboratoire et la performance du produit sont pris en compte, mais, par exemple le présent document ne traite pas des essais d'usure mis au point pour des produits finis particuliers en caoutchouc, par exemple essais sur remorque pour les pneumatiques.
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
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ISO/TC 45/SC 2
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Secretariat: JISC
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Date: 2022-11-17xx
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Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing — Guidance
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Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Essais d'abrasion — Lignes directrices
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission
can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright officeCP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Contents
Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................. iii
Formatted: Font: Bold1 Scope................................................................................................................................................................. iii
2 Normative references ................................................................................................................................. iii
3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................ iii
4 Wear mechanisms ....................................................................................................................................... iii
5 Types of abrasion test ................................................................................................................................ iii
6 Abradants ....................................................................................................................................................... iii
7 Test conditions ............................................................................................................................................. iii
7.1 Temperature ................................................................................................................................................. iii
7.2 Degree and rate of slip ............................................................................................................................... iii
7.3 Contact pressure .......................................................................................................................................... iii
7.4 Continuous/intermittent contact .......................................................................................................... iii
7.5 Lubricants and contamination ................................................................................................................ iii
8 Abrasion test apparatus ............................................................................................................................ iii
9 Reference materials .................................................................................................................................... iii
10 Test procedure .............................................................................................................................................. iii
11 Expression of results .................................................................................................................................. iii
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................... iii
Foreword iv1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................. 1
3 Terms and definitions ............................................................................................................................. 1
4 Wear mechanisms .................................................................................................................................... 2
5 Types of abrasion test ............................................................................................................................. 3
6 Abradants .................................................................................................................................................... 9
7 Test conditions ....................................................................................................................................... 10
7.1 Temperature ........................................................................................................................................... 10
7.2 Degree and rate of slip ......................................................................................................................... 10
7.3 Contact pressure .................................................................................................................................... 10
7.4 Continuous/intermittent contact .................................................................................................... 11
8.5 Lubricants and contamination ......................................................................................................... 11
8 Abrasion test apparatus ...................................................................................................................... 11
9 Reference materials ............................................................................................................................. 14
10 Test procedure ....................................................................................................................................... 14
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
10 Expression of results ............................................................................................................................ 15
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................... 17
Formatted: Normal, Adjust space between Latin andAsian text, Adjust space between Asian text and
numbers, Tab stops: Not at 22 pt + 467.5 pt
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national
standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a
technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part
in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all
matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with
the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (seewww.iso.org/directiveswww.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details
of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction
and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (seewww.iso.org/patentswww.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.htmlwww.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products,
Subcommittee SC 2, Testing and analysis.This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 23794:2015), which has been
Formatted: Pattern: Cleartechnically revised.
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The main changes are as follows:
— some terms (abradant and abrasion paternpattern) have been added in Clause 3;
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— Figures 1 to 9 have been transferred from Clause 10 to Clause 5;
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— some captions for the figures have been changed to proper description;
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— in Clause 8, the order of the description has been changed;
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— in addition, the text has been editorially revised to improve clarity.
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found atwww.iso.org/members.htmlwww.iso.org/members.html.
vi © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23794:2022(E)
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing —
Guidance
WARNING 1 — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice. This
document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is
the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine
the applicability of any other restrictions.WARNING 2 — Certain procedures specified in this document can involve the use or generation of
substances, or the generation of waste, that can constitute a local environmental hazard. Reference
should be made to appropriate documentation on safe handling and disposal after use.
1 ScopeThis document provides guidance on the determination of the abrasion resistance of vulcanized and
thermoplastic rubbers. It covers both solid and loose abrasives.The guidelines given are intended to assist in the selection of an appropriate test method and
appropriate test conditions for evaluating a material and assessing its suitability for a product subject
to abrasion. Factors influencing the correlation between laboratory abrasion testing and product
performance are considered, but, for example this document is not concerned with wear tests
developed for specific finished rubber products, for example, trailer tests for tyres.
2 Normative referencesThere are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obphttps://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1abrasion
loss of material from a surface due to frictional forces
[[1]]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020, , 3.1]
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3.2
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abrasion resistance
resistance to wear resulting from mechanical action upon a surface
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Note 1 to entry: Abrasion resistance is expressed by the abrasion resistance index.
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
[[1]]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020, , 3.2]
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3.3
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abrasion resistance index
ratio of the loss in volume of a standard rubber to the loss in volume of a test rubber, measured under
Formatted: Pattern: Clearthe same specified conditions and expressed as a percentage
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Note 1 to entry: ISO 4649 contains a method for the determination of abrasion resistance (3.2) using a rotating
Formatted: Pattern: Cleardrum device.
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[[1]]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020, , 3.3] Formatted: Pattern: Clear
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3.4
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relative volume loss
loss in volume of a test rubber due to abrasion by a specified abradant which causes a reference
Formatted: Pattern: Clearrubber to lose a defined mass under the same conditions
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3.5
abradant
material or means used for grinding, rasping rubber to cause abrasion
3.6
abrasion pattern
patterns on a surface formed by friction
4 Wear mechanisms
The mechanisms by which wear of rubber occurs when it is in moving contact with another material
are complex, but the principal factors involved are cutting and abrasion. It is possible to categorize
wear mechanisms in various ways and commonly distinction is made between:— abrasive wear,
— fatigue wear, and
— adhesive wear.
Additionally, wear by roll formation is sometimes considered as a separate mechanism.
Abrasive wear is caused by sharp asperities cutting the rubber.Fatigue wear is caused by particles of rubber being detached as a result of dynamic stressing on a
localized scale.Adhesive wear is the transfer of rubber to another surface as a result of adhesive forces between the
two surfaces.Wear by roll formation is where there is progressive tearing of a layer of rubber which forms a roll.
There can also be corrosive wear due to direct chemical attack on the surface.The term erosive wear is sometimes used for the action of particles in a liquid stream.
In any particular wear situation, more than one mechanism is usually involved, but one can be
predominate. Abrasive wear requires hard, sharp cutting edges, and high friction. Fatigue wear
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
occurs with smooth or rough but blunt surfaces and does not need high friction. Adhesive wear is
much less common, but can occur on smooth surfaces. Roll formation requires high friction and
relatively poor tear strength. Roll formation results in a characteristic abrasion pattern of ridges and
grooves at right angles to the direction of movement.Abrasive wear or roll formation results in much more rapid wear than fatigue processes. The
mechanism and hence the rate of wear can change, perhaps quite suddenly, with the conditions, such
as contact pressure, speed, and temperature. In any practical circumstances, the mechanisms can be
complex and critically dependent on the conditions. Consequently, the critical factor as regards
testing is that the test conditions should essentially reproduce the service conditions if a good
correlation is to be obtained. Even a comparison between two rubbers can be invalid if the dominant
mechanism is different in testing and in service. The range of conditions encountered in applications
such as tyres is so complex, that they cannot be matched by a single test.It follows that there cannot be a universal standard abrasion test method for rubber, and the test
method and test conditions have to be chosen to suit the end application. Also, great care has to be
taken if the test is intended to provide a significant degree of acceleration.5 Types of abrasion test
Many abrasion testing machines have been devised and standardized at national level for use with
rubber. The majority of rubber tests involve a relatively sharp abradant and were devised for use
with tyre tread materials.Abrasion tests can be divided into two main types: those using a loose abradant and those using a
solid abradant.A loose abrasive powder can be used rather in the manner of a shot-blasting machine as a logical way
of simulating the action of sand or similar abradants impinging on the rubber in service. A loose
abradant can also be used between two sliding surfaces. Conveyor belts or tank linings are examples
of products subject to abrasion by loose materials. A car tyre is an example of the situation where
there is a combination of abrasion against a solid rough abradant, the road, and abrasion against a
free-flowing abradant in the form of grit particles. This situation can also occur in testing as a result
of the generation of wear debris from a solid abradant.Solid abradants can consist of almost anything, but the most common are: abrasive wheels (vitreous
or resilient), abrasive papers or cloths, and metal “knives”. The majority of wear situations involve
the rubber moving in contact with another solid material.Distinctions can be made on the basis of the geometry by which the test piece and abradant are
rubbed together. Many geometries are possible, and some common configurations are shown in
Figure 1 to Figure 9:Formatted: Pattern: Clear
Figure 1: The test piece reciprocates linearly against a sheet of abradant (or alternatively a strip of Formatted: Pattern: Clear
abradant can be moved past a stationary test piece).Formatted: Pattern: Clear
Figure 2: The abradant is a rotating disc with the test piece held against it (or vice versa).
Formatted: Pattern: ClearFigure 3: Both abradant and test piece are in the form of a wheel, either of which can be the driven
Formatted: Pattern: Clearmember.
Figure 4: The rotating disc test piece is driving, or driven by, the abradant wheel(s). The relative
Formatted: Pattern: Clearposition of test piece and abradant is as the figure and vice versa.
Figure 5: Both the test piece and the abradant are rotating.
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Figure 6: The test piece is held against a rotating drum and traverses the drum. The test piece may
Formatted: Pattern: Clearcan also be rotated.
Figure 7: The test piece revolves in contact with metal knives.
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Figure 8: Test pieces are tumbled together with abrasive particles inside a hollow rotating drum.
Formatted: Pattern: ClearFigure 9: Single metal knife is held against a rotating tube test piece.
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If the abrasion is unidirectional, abrasion patterns will develop which can markedly affect abrasion
loss.23794_ed4fig1.EPS
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic
Figure 1 — Test piece reciprocating linearly against a sheet of abradant
23794_ed4fig2.EPS
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
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Figure 2 — Test piece held against a rotating disc of abradant
23794_ed4fig3.EPS
Key
1 test piece
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
2 abradant
F load
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Figure 3 — Test piece and abradant in the form of wheels either of which could can be driven
23794_ed4fig4.EPSKey
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic
NOTE The relative position of test piece and abradant is as the figure and vice versa.
Figure 4 — Rotating disc test piece driving, or driven by, the abradant wheel(s).)
23794_ed4fig5.EPS6 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
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Figure 5 — Rotating test piece held against a rotating abradant disc
23794_ed4fig6.EPS
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic
NOTE The test piece may can also be rotated.
Figure 6 — The testTest piece is held against a rotating drum and traverses the drum.
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic
Figure 7 — Knife-type abradant held against test piece in the form of a rotating disc
23794_ed4fig8.EPSKey
1 test piece
2 abradant
3 rotating drum (mill)
Figure 8 — Test pieces and abradants inside a rotating drum
23794_ed4fig9.EPS
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic
Figure 9 — Knife-type abradant held against a rotating cylindrical tube test piece
6 AbradantsAbradants can be classified into the following types:
— abrasive wheels;
— abrasive papers and cloths attached to discs;
— metal knives;
— smooth surfaces;
— loose abradants.
The abrasive wheel is probably the most convenient abradant because of its low cost and mechanical
stability, and also, by simple refacing, a consistent surface can be maintained. Wheels are
characterized by the nature of the abrading particles, their size and sharpness, the structure of the
wheel, and the manner in which the abrasive is bonded (either resilient or vitreous). It follows that a
very wide range of abrasive properties is possible.Abrasive papers and cloths are inexpensive and easy to use, but deteriorate in cutting power rather
quickly. They are characterized by the nature of the abrading particles and their size and sharpness.
Metal “knives” can have various geometries, including the form of a mesh and a raised pattern on a
wheel. The main characteristic is the sharpness (radius) of the edges in contact with the rubber, and
there can be some difficulty maintaining a reproducible sharpness.© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved 9
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Smooth surfaces are characterized by their degree of smoothness and the material, which defines the
level of friction.Loose abradants are commonly particles of the same material as is used to form abrasive wheels or
papers, and are characterized by their size and sharpness.The choice of abradant should be made primarily to give the best correlation with service conditions,
but it is also necessary for the abradant to be available in a convenient form and for its production to
be reproducible.As a consequence of these considerations, abrasive wheels and papers or cloths predominate where
cutting by sharp asperities is to be simulated. It is still necessary to select an appropriate asperity
size and sharpness. Materials such as textiles and metal plates are more appropriate for other
applications. Smoother materials generally abrade relatively slowly and, if conditions are
accelerated, give rise to an excessive temperature rise at the sliding surfaces. Because of these
difficulties, abrasive wheels and papers are frequently used for convenience in situations where they
are inappropriate for assessment of in-service performance.7 Test conditions
7.1 Temperature
Although temperature has a large effect on wear rate and is one of the important factors in obtaining
correlation between laboratory and service conditions, it is extremely difficult to control the
temperature during testing. Abrasion tests are normally carried out at standard laboratory
temperature. However, it is the temperature of the contact surfaces which is of importance rather
than the ambient temperature, and the surface temperature reached is dependent on several
experimental factors as outlined in 7.2 to 7.5.Formatted: Pattern: Clear
7.2 Degree and rate of slip
With any geometry involving a fixed abradant, there is relative movement or slip between the
abradant and the test piece, and the degree of slip is a critical factor in determining the wear rate. In
Figure 1 and Figure 6, there is 100 % slip, and the rate of slip is the same as the rate of movement
Formatted: Pattern: Clearbetween abradant and test piece, whereas in Figure 3, the degree of slip can be varied by changing
Formatted: Pattern: Clearthe angle between the wheels. In Figure 2, Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 7, the rate of slip will depend
Formatted: Pattern: Clearon the distance of the test piece from the centreline. In Figure 9, the degree of slip is 100 % but the
rate of slip varies across the test piece. In all cases, the rate will depend on the speed of the driven
Formatted: Pattern: Clearmember. An increase in the rate of slip will also increase the amount of heat generated and hence the
Formatted: Pattern: Cleartemperature.
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
7.3 Contact pressure
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
The contact pressure between the test piece and abradant is another critical factor in determining
Formatted: Pattern: Clearthe wear rate. Under some conditions, the wear rate is approximately proportional to the pressure,
but abrupt changes will occur if, with changing pressure, the abrasion mechanism changes. Such a
change can be because of a large rise in temperature.Rather than consider contact pressure and degree of slip separately, it has been proposed that the
power consumed in moving the rubber over the abradant should be used as a measure of the severity
of an abrasion test. The power used will depend on the friction between the surfaces and will
determine the rate of temperature rise.10 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
7.4 Continuous/intermittent contact
An important difference between the types of apparatus shown in, for example, Figure 1 and Figure 4
Formatted: Pattern: Clearis that, in the first case, the test piece is continuously and totally in contact with the abradant and
Formatted: Pattern: Clearthere is no chance of the heat generated at the contact surfaces being dissipated.
7.5 Lubricants and contaminationAny change in the nature of the contact surfaces will affect the rate of wear, and this includes changes
in the abradant and the test piece as the wear process proceeds. Additionally, there can be deliberate
addition of another material between the contact surfaces, accidental contamination, debris from the
abradant, and debris from the test piece.Introduction of a particulate material between the contact surfaces can be made to simulate service
conditions, such as a car tyre running on a dusty road. Similarly, a lubricant such as water can be
introduced. Relatively few types of apparatus are capable of operating under these conditions.
It is common practice to remove wear debris by continuously brushing the test piece or by the use of
air jets. In the latter case, care has to be taken to ensure that the air supply is not contaminated with
oil or water from the compressor. Clogging or smearing of the abradant is a common problem with
abrasive wheels and papers, and its occurrence will invalidate the test. It is normally caused by a high
temperature at the contact surfaces and, although the problem can sometimes be reduced by
introducing a powder between the surfaces, it should be treated as an indication that the test
conditions are not suitable. If high temperatures are experienced in service, a test method in which
new abradant is continually used should be chosen.If correlation between laboratory tests and service conditions is required, the test conditions should
be chosen extremely carefully to match those found in the application concerned.8 Abrasion test apparatus
A large number of abrasion testers have been developed, and the following list is not exhaustive, but
covers those of greatest significance in the rubber and plastics industries (the main features of each
are presented in Table 1).Formatted: Pattern: Clear
— Akron: Wheel-on-wheel geometry, notable for the ability to vary the degree of slip by changing
the relative angle of the wheels.[2]
NOTE 1 An example of the use of this method can be found in BS 903-A9 .
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
— Blade abrader: Single knife blade under a constant normal load is in contact with the flat surface
of a rotating cylindrical tube test piece. Formatted: Pattern: ClearFormatted: Pattern: Clear
1) 1
— DuPont (Grasselli) : : Pair of small, flat-faced moulded test pieces on a rotating abrasive paper
disc.1) [24]
— Laboratory Abrasion Tester 100 (LAT 100) (System Dr Grosch ): Sophisticated computer-
Formatted: Pattern: Clear...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23794
Fourth edition
Rubber, vulcanized or
thermoplastic — Abrasion testing —
Guidance
Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Essais d'abrasion —
Lignes directrices
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO 23794:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Wear mechanisms ..............................................................................................................................................................................................2
5 Types of abrasion test .....................................................................................................................................................................................3
6 Abradants .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
7 Test conditions .......................................................................................................................................................................................................9
7.1 Temperature ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
7.2 Degree and rate of slip ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9
7.3 Contact pressure ................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
7.4 Continuous/intermittent contact ........................................................................................................................................... 9
7.5 Lubricants and contamination ................................................................................................................................................. 9
8 Abrasion test apparatus ............................................................................................................................................................................10
9 Reference materials ......................................................................................................................................................................................12
10 Test procedure ....................................................................................................................................................................................................12
11 Expression of results ....................................................................................................................................................................................13
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................15
iii© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products,
Subcommittee SC 2, Testing and analysis.This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 23794:2015), which has been technically
revised.The main changes are as follows:
— some terms (abradant and abrasion pattern) have been added in Clause 3;
— Figures 1 to 9 have been transferred from Clause 10 to Clause 5;
— some captions for the figures have been changed to proper description;
— in Clause 8, the order of the description has been changed;
— in addition, the text has been editorially revised to improve clarity.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23794:2022(E)
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing —
Guidance
WARNING 1 — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice.
This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to
determine the applicability of any other restrictions.WARNING 2 — Certain procedures specified in this document can involve the use or generation
of substances, or the generation of waste, that can constitute a local environmental hazard.
Reference should be made to appropriate documentation on safe handling and disposal after
use.1 Scope
This document provides guidance on the determination of the abrasion resistance of vulcanized and
thermoplastic rubbers. It covers both solid and loose abrasives.The guidelines given are intended to assist in the selection of an appropriate test method and appropriate
test conditions for evaluating a material and assessing its suitability for a product subject to abrasion.
Factors influencing the correlation between laboratory abrasion testing and product performance are
considered, but, for example this document is not concerned with wear tests developed for specific
finished rubber products, for example, trailer tests for tyres.2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion
loss of material from a surface due to frictional forces
[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.1]
3.2
abrasion resistance
resistance to wear resulting from mechanical action upon a surface
Note 1 to entry: Abrasion resistance is expressed by the abrasion resistance index.
[1][SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.2]
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
3.3
abrasion resistance index
ratio of the loss in volume of a standard rubber to the loss in volume of a test rubber, measured under
the same specified conditions and expressed as a percentageNote 1 to entry: ISO 4649 contains a method for the determination of abrasion resistance (3.2) using a rotating
drum device.[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.3]
3.4
relative volume loss
loss in volume of a test rubber due to abrasion by a specified abradant which causes a reference rubber
to lose a defined mass under the same conditions3.5
abradant
material or means used for grinding, rasping rubber to cause abrasion
3.6
abrasion pattern
patterns on a surface formed by friction
4 Wear mechanisms
The mechanisms by which wear of rubber occurs when it is in moving contact with another material
are complex, but the principal factors involved are cutting and abrasion. It is possible to categorize
wear mechanisms in various ways and commonly distinction is made between— abrasive wear,
— fatigue wear, and
— adhesive wear.
Additionally, wear by roll formation is sometimes considered as a separate mechanism.
Abrasive wear is caused by sharp asperities cutting the rubber.Fatigue wear is caused by particles of rubber being detached as a result of dynamic stressing on a
localized scale.Adhesive wear is the transfer of rubber to another surface as a result of adhesive forces between the
two surfaces.Wear by roll formation is where there is progressive tearing of a layer of rubber which forms a roll.
There can also be corrosive wear due to direct chemical attack on the surface.The term erosive wear is sometimes used for the action of particles in a liquid stream.
In any particular wear situation, more than one mechanism is usually involved, but one can be
predominate. Abrasive wear requires hard, sharp cutting edges, and high friction. Fatigue wear occurs
with smooth or rough but blunt surfaces and does not need high friction. Adhesive wear is much less
common, but can occur on smooth surfaces. Roll formation requires high friction and relatively poor
tear strength. Roll formation results in a characteristic abrasion pattern of ridges and grooves at right
angles to the direction of movement.Abrasive wear or roll formation results in much more rapid wear than fatigue processes. The
mechanism and hence the rate of wear can change, perhaps quite suddenly, with the conditions, such
as contact pressure, speed, and temperature. In any practical circumstances, the mechanisms can be
complex and critically dependent on the conditions. Consequently, the critical factor as regards testing
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
is that the test conditions should essentially reproduce the service conditions if a good correlation is
to be obtained. Even a comparison between two rubbers can be invalid if the dominant mechanism is
different in testing and in service. The range of conditions encountered in applications such as tyres is
so complex, that they cannot be matched by a single test.It follows that there cannot be a universal standard abrasion test method for rubber, and the test
method and test conditions have to be chosen to suit the end application. Also, great care has to be
taken if the test is intended to provide a significant degree of acceleration.5 Types of abrasion test
Many abrasion testing machines have been devised and standardized at national level for use with
rubber. The majority of rubber tests involve a relatively sharp abradant and were devised for use with
tyre tread materials.Abrasion tests can be divided into two main types: those using a loose abradant and those using a solid
abradant.A loose abrasive powder can be used rather in the manner of a shot-blasting machine as a logical
way of simulating the action of sand or similar abradants impinging on the rubber in service. A loose
abradant can also be used between two sliding surfaces. Conveyor belts or tank linings are examples of
products subject to abrasion by loose materials. A car tyre is an example of the situation where there
is a combination of abrasion against a solid rough abradant, the road, and abrasion against a free-
flowing abradant in the form of grit particles. This situation can also occur in testing as a result of the
generation of wear debris from a solid abradant.Solid abradants can consist of almost anything, but the most common are: abrasive wheels (vitreous
or resilient), abrasive papers or cloths, and metal “knives”. The majority of wear situations involve the
rubber moving in contact with another solid material.Distinctions can be made on the basis of the geometry by which the test piece and abradant are rubbed
together. Many geometries are possible, and some common configurations are shown in Figure 1 to
Figure 9:Figure 1: The test piece reciprocates linearly against a sheet of abradant (or alternatively a strip of
abradant can be moved past a stationary test piece).Figure 2: The abradant is a rotating disc with the test piece held against it (or vice versa).
Figure 3: Both abradant and test piece are in the form of a wheel, either of which can be the driven
member.Figure 4: The rotating disc test piece is driving, or driven by, the abradant wheel(s). The relative position
of test piece and abradant is as the figure and vice versa.Figure 5: Both the test piece and the abradant are rotating.
Figure 6: The test piece is held against a rotating drum and traverses the drum. The test piece may can
also be rotated.Figure 7: The test piece revolves in contact with metal knives.
Figure 8: Test pieces are tumbled together with abrasive particles inside a hollow rotating drum.
Figure 9: Single metal knife is held against a rotating tube test piece.If the abrasion is unidirectional, abrasion patterns will develop which can markedly affect abrasion
loss.© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 1 — Test piece reciprocating linearly against a sheet of abradant
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 2 — Test piece held against a rotating disc of abradant
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 3 — Test piece and abradant in the form of wheels either of which can be driven
Key1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
NOTE The relative position of test piece and abradant is as the figure and vice versa.
Figure 4 — Rotating disc test piece driving, or driven by, the abradant wheel(s)© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 5 — Rotating test piece held against a rotating abradant disc
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
NOTE The test piece can also be rotated.
Figure 6 — Test piece held against a rotating drum and traverses the drum
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 7 — Knife-type abradant held against test piece in the form of a rotating disc
Key1 test piece
2 abradant
3 rotating drum (mill)
Figure 8 — Test pieces and abradants inside a rotating drum
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 9 — Knife-type abradant held against a rotating cylindrical tube test piece
6 AbradantsAbradants can be classified into the following types:
— abrasive wheels;
— abrasive papers and cloths attached to discs;
— metal knives;
— smooth surfaces;
— loose abradants.
The abrasive wheel is probably the most convenient abradant because of its low cost and mechanical
stability, and also, by simple refacing, a consistent surface can be maintained. Wheels are characterized
by the nature of the abrading particles, their size and sharpness, the structure of the wheel, and the
manner in which the abrasive is bonded (either resilient or vitreous). It follows that a very wide range
of abrasive properties is possible.Abrasive papers and cloths are inexpensive and easy to use, but deteriorate in cutting power rather
quickly. They are characterized by the nature of the abrading particles and their size and sharpness.
Metal “knives” can have various geometries, including the form of a mesh and a raised pattern on a
wheel. The main characteristic is the sharpness (radius) of the edges in contact with the rubber, and
there can be some difficulty maintaining a reproducible sharpness.Smooth surfaces are characterized by their degree of smoothness and the material, which defines the
level of friction.Loose abradants are commonly particles of the same material as is used to form abrasive wheels or
papers, and are characterized by their size and sharpness.PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
The choice of abradant should be made primarily to give the best correlation with service conditions,
but it is also necessary for the abradant to be available in a convenient form and for its production to be
reproducible.As a consequence of these considerations, abrasive wheels and papers or cloths predominate where
cutting by sharp asperities is to be simulated. It is still necessary to select an appropriate asperity size
and sharpness. Materials such as textiles and metal plates are more appropriate for other applications.
Smoother materials generally abrade relatively slowly and, if conditions are accelerated, give rise to an
excessive temperature rise at the sliding surfaces. Because of these difficulties, abrasive wheels and
papers are frequently used for convenience in situations...
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