ISO/TR 25078

Wood and wood-based products — Examples of calculating displacement potentials for wood-based products and considerations for further analyses

Bois et produits à base de bois — Exemples de calcul des potentiels de déplacement pour les produits à base de bois et considérations pour d'autres analyses

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• ICS: 79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
• ICS: 79.060.01 - Wood-based panels in general
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 287 - Sustainable processes for wood and wood-based products
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 287/WG 3 - Sustainability aspects
• Current Stage: 6000 - International Standard under publication
• Start Date: 25-Apr-2025
• Completion Date: 26-Apr-2025

Standards Content (Sample)

FINAL DRAFT
Technical
Report
ISO/DTR 25078
ISO/TC 287
Wood and wood-based products —
Secretariat: ABNT
Examples of calculating
Voting begins on:
displacements potentials for wood-
2025-02-27
based products and considerations
Voting terminates on:
for further analyses
2025-04-24
Titre manquant
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
ISO/DTR 25078:2025(en) © ISO 2025

FINAL DRAFT
ISO/DTR 25078:2025(en)
Technical
Report
ISO/DTR 25078
ISO/TC 287
Wood and wood-based products —
Secretariat: ABNT
Examples of calculating
Voting begins on:
displacements potentials for wood-
based products and considerations
Voting terminates on:
for further analyses
Titre manquant
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO 2025
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ISO/DTR 25078:2025(en) © ISO 2025

ii
ISO/DTR 25078:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Establishing alternative products . 1
5 Establishing displacement factors for wood-based products. 2
5.1 General .2
5.2 Types of data sources .4
5.3 Calculation approaches to determine value chain emissions of wood-based and
alternative products .5
5.4 Calculation examples, including data sources .5
5.4.1 Example 1 – Wooden pallet vs. Plastic pallet .5
5.4.2 Example 2 – Wood-based bioenergy displacing fossil energy sources .6
5.4.3 Example 3 – Cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor to displace concrete floor. .7
5.4.4 Example 4 - Packaging of beverages .8
5.4.5 Example 5 - Building structure .8
5.5 Literature review .10
6 Examples of tier 1 displacement factors for selected products and product categories .12
7 Factors that can influence realisation of displacement potential . 14
7.1 General .14
7.2 Market effects .14
7.3 The time dimension. 15
7.4 Biases and choice of product system . 15
Bibliography . 17

iii
ISO/DTR 25078:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 287, Sustainable processes for wood and wood-
based products.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
ISO/DTR 25078:2025(en)
Introduction
ISO 13391-1 defines a framework for calculating greenhouse gas dynamics of wood and wood-based products,
see Figure 1. The framework identifies the displacement potential relating to displacing alternative products
by using wood and wood-based products. This includes quantification of the value chain emissions of both
the wood-based product and the alternative product, as shown in Figure 1. Displacement is composed of two
parts, the greenhouse gas emissions related to the wood-based product(s) and the prevented greenhouse
gas emissions related to the alternative product(s), see Figure 1.
ISO 13391-1 provides calculation guidance for all aspects of the greenhouse gas emissions related to the
wood-based product’s value chain. ISO 13391-3 considers the emissions of alternative products and further
elaborates on the calculation of displacement potentials. This document provides additional background and
examples to users of ISO 13391-1 and ISO 13391-3. It includes aspects of the calculations as such, and also
the wider context of analysing factors that can affect to what extent the displacement potential is realised.
Figure 1 — Illustration of the components of the greenhouse gas dynamics of wood and wood-based
products
This document provides background and examples in the following areas:
— Clause 4: Approaches for identifying alternative products, i.e. products with similar functionality but
with different material origins that can be displaced by wood-based products. This pairing of alternatives
is a basis for the calculation of displacement potentials.
— Clause 5: Examples of how to establish displacement factors, i.e. the quantity of greenhouse gas
emissions avoided through displacement (in carbon dioxide equivalents) per unit of biogenic carbon (in
carbon dioxide equivalents) contained in the wood-based product(s). The displacement factors are thus
expressed in t CO e/t CO e and are as such unitless.
2 2
— Clause 6: Examples of tier 1 displacement factors for broad product categories based on the literature.
— Clause 7: Review of factors that can influence realisation of displacement potentials in society, including
the development of the wider economy and consumption patterns.

v
FINAL DRAFT Technical Report ISO/DTR 25078:2025(en)
Wood and wood-based products — Examples of calculating
displacements potentials for wood-based products and
considerations for further analyses
1 Scope
This document provides examples and background literature for identifying and calculating greenhouse
gas displacement potential for wood-based products as defined in ISO 13391-3, including the calculation of
displacement factors.
This document also provides a review of considerations for further analyses that address the impact of these
potentials over time in a broader economy setting.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 13391-1, Wood and wood-based products — Greenhouse gas dynamics — Part 1: Framework for value chain
calculations
ISO 13391-3, Wood and wood-based products — Greenhouse gas dynamics — Part 3: Displacement of greenhouse
gas emissions
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13391-1 and ISO 13391-3 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Establishing alternative products
Defining the functional unit is fundamental when calculating displacement factors and working with value
chain emissions estimates for alternative products. This is in order to allow for an objective comparison
between the alternative product and the wood or wood-based product. As per ISO 14040, a functional unit
is defined as the “quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit”. It is best practice
to apply expert judgement when establishing the alternative product to ensure functional equivalence.
However, it is important to recognize that a specific material can fulfil more than one function. For instance,
in the case of a concrete shear wall, the wall provides structural capacity, a barrier to sound transmission,
as well as fire protection. In comparison, a wood-framed wall might only provide structural capacity,
and additional materials such as acoustic insulation and gypsum board are needed to meet the sound
transmission and fire protection requirements, respectively. Therefore, when establishing the alternative
product to a wood-based product to evaluate the displacement potential, it is best practice to examine the
functional unit from a sys
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ISO/TC 287
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Secretariat: ABNT
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Wood and wood-based products – — Examples of calculating
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considerations for further analyses
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ISO/DTR 25078:(en)
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
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or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
Before: 0 pt, No page break before, Adjust space
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
between Latin and Asian text, Adjust space between
Asian text and numbers
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Formatted: French (France)
EmailE-mail: [e-mail]
Formatted: French (France)
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Formatted: French (France)
Published in Switzerland
Formatted: Font: 10 pt
Formatted: Font: 10 pt
Formatted: Font: 11 pt
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pt, Line spacing: single
ii © ISO #### 2025 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/DTR 25078:2025(:(en) Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Bold
Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Bold
Formatted: Font: Bold
Contents
Formatted: HeaderCentered, Left
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Foreword . v
Adjust space between Asian text and numbers
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Establishing alternative products . 1
5 Establishing displacement factors for wood-based products . 3
5.1 General. 3
5.2 Types of data sources . 5
5.3 Calculation approaches to determine value chain emissions of wood-based and
alternative products . 5
5.4 Calculation examples, including data sources. 5
5.5 Literature review . 11
6 Examples of tier 1 displacement factors for selected products and product categories . 13
7 Factors that can influence realisation of displacement potential . 15
7.1 General. 15
7.2 Market effects . 16
7.3 The time dimension . 16
7.4 Biases and choice of product system . 16
Bibliography . 18

Foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 Establishing alternative products . 5
5 Establishing displacement factors for wood-based products . 6
5.1 General. 6
5.2 Types of data sources . 8
5.3 Calculation approaches to determine value chain emissions of wood-based and
alternative products . 9
5.4 Calculation examples, including data sources. 9
5.4.1 Example 1 – Wooden pallet vs. Plastic pallet . 9
5.4.2 Example 2 – Wood-based bioenergy displacing fossil energy sources . 10
Formatted: Font: 10 pt
5.4.3 Example 3 – Cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor to displace concrete floor. . 11
5.4.4 Example 4 - Packaging of beverages . 13
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5.4.5 Example 5 - Building structure . 13
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5.5 Literature review . 15
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6 Examples of tier 1 displacement factors for selected products and product categories . 17
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7 Factors that can influence realisation of displacement potential . 20
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7.1 General. 20
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7.2 Market effects . 20
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© ISO 2025 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/DTR 25078:(en)
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7.3 The time dimension . 20
7.4 Biases and choice of product system . 21
Bibliography . 22

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iv © ISO #### 2025 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/DTR 25078:2025(:(en) Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Bold
Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Bold
Formatted: Font: Bold
Foreword
Formatted: HeaderCentered, Left
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards Formatted: Adjust space between Latin and Asian text,
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through Adjust space between Asian text and numbers
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directiveswww.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights
in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s)
which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not
represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents.www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.htmlwww.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 287, Sustainable processes for wood and wood-
based products.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.www.iso.org/members.html.
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After: 0 pt, Tab stops: Not at 17.2 cm
© ISO 2025 – All rights reserved
v
ISO/DTR 25078:(en)
Formatted: Font: Bold
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Introduction
ISO 13391-1:2025 defines a framework for calculating greenhouse gas dynamics of wood and wood-based
Commented [eXtyles2]: Not found: "ISO 13391-1:2025"
products, see Figure 1.Figure 1. The framework identifies the displacement potential relating to displacing
Formatted: Default Paragraph Font
alternative products by using wood and wood-based products. This includes quantification of the value chain
Formatted: Default Paragraph Font
emissions of both the wood-based product and the alternative product, as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1.
Displacement is composed of two parts, the greenhouse gas emissions related to the wood-based product(s)
Formatted: Default Paragraph Font
and the prevented greenhouse gas emissions related to the alternative product(s), see Figure 1.Figure 1.
ISO 13391-1:2025 provides calculation guidance for all aspects of the greenhouse gas emissions related to the
Commented [eXtyles3]: Not found: "ISO 13391-1:2025"
wood-based product’s value
...