ISO 7482-1:1998

Raw goat skins - Part 1: Descriptions of defects

Peaux brutes de caprins — Partie 1: Descriptions des défauts

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 03-Jun-1998
• ICS: 01.040.59 - Textile and leather technology (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 59.140.20 - Raw skins, hides and pelts
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 120/SC 1 - Raw hides and skins, including pickled pelts
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 120/SC 1 - Raw hides and skins, including pickled pelts
• Current Stage: 9093 - International Standard confirmed
• Start Date: 11-May-2023
• Completion Date: 13-Dec-2025

Overview

ISO 7482-1:1998 - Raw goat skins: Part 1 - Descriptions of defects defines and describes the range of visual and structural defects that can occur on raw goat skins. The standard covers fresh and cured skins (air-dried, wet-salted, dry-salted) and provides a common vocabulary for inspection, quality assessment and communication across the leather supply chain.

Key topics

• Presentation terms: standard ways to present skins for inspection - folded skins, open (flat) skins, and sleeve skins.
• Three defect categories:
  • Ante-mortem defects (occur before slaughter): ecchymosis (bruising), fire-marks, grain damage, greasy skin, pox marks, ringworm, ectoparasite damage (Demodex, lice, Psoroptes, Sarcoptes, ticks, warbles), thin skin.
  • Post-mortem defects (from flaying/handling): butcher strain, deformation, extras (horns, hooves), flay cuts, freezing damage, nicking, patches of grease or flesh.
  • Preserving and storage defects: issues related to preservation method (dry salted, wet salted, air-dried) such as mineral-salt discoloration, putrefaction/decay, blood stains, case hardening, Dermestes (larval) attack, folding crack, glossiness, mildew, sticking, strain marks, red heat, and salting defects.
• Descriptive focus, not grading metrics: the standard provides definitions and visual/structural descriptions of defects rather than numerical defect limits or grading thresholds.

Applications and users

ISO 7482-1:1998 is practical for:

• Tanneries and leather processors - for incoming inspection and process planning to anticipate defects that impact tanning, splitting and yield.
• Hide and skin traders / exporters - to standardize defect reporting and reduce disputes during procurement and sales.
• Quality control teams - to document defect types and decide on remedial or rejection actions.
• Veterinary and animal husbandry advisors - to identify disease- or parasite-related defects that reflect animal health issues.
• Standards bodies and auditors - to harmonize vocabulary across Parts 2 and 3 of ISO 7482 and with other hide/skin standards.

Practical value

• Promotes consistent defect identification and clearer communication across the supply chain.
• Helps anticipate processing challenges (e.g., greasy or thin skins causing hollowing, or salt-related bacterial issues).
• Supports risk mitigation in storage and preservation choices, reducing losses from putrefaction, mildew, or red heat.

Related standards

• ISO 7482 (general series) - Part 2: Guidelines for grading on the basis of mass and size; Part 3: Guidelines for grading on the basis of defects.
• Published by ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 120 (Leather), Subcommittee SC 1 (Raw hides and skins).

Keywords: ISO 7482-1:1998, raw goat skins, goat skin defects, hide grading, leather industry, tanneries, skin preservation, defect vocabulary.

Standards Content (Sample)

IS0
INTERNATIONAL
7482-l
STANDARD
First edition
1998-06-o 1
Raw goat skins -
Part 1:
Descriptions of defects
Peaux brutes de caprins -
Partie I: Descriptions des dbfauts
Reference number
IS0 7482-1 :I 998(E)
IS0 7482-l : 1998(E)
Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which
a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented
on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-
governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard IS0 7482-1, was prepared by Technical Committee
ISOmC 120, Leather, Subcommittee SC 1, Raw hides and skins, including
pickled pelts.
IS0 7482 consists of the following parts, under the general title Raw goat
skins:
- Par? 1: Descriptions of defects
- Pat? 2: Guidelines for grading on the basis of mass and size
- Part 3: Guidelines for grading on the basis of defects
0 IS0 1998
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland
Internet iso @ iso.ch
Printed in Switzerland
ii
IS0 7482-l : 1998(E)
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 0 Iso
Raw goat skins -
Part 1:
Descriptions of defects
1 Scope
This International Standard describes the defects which may occur on raw goat
skins (see note 1). It is applicable to fresh and cured (air dried, wet salted or dry
salted) goat skins.
NOTE 1 - Certain defects, which are not defined in this standard, may appear only during or after
the tanning process, without there being any indication of their presence on the raw skin.
2 Terms Relating to Presentation of Trim
Folded skins
21 I
Skins without head, without teats, shanks cut short, tail completely emptied,
presented folded along the the line of the backbone in the centre.
2.2 Open (flat) skins
Skins without head, without teats, shanks cut short, tail completely emptied,
presented flat, with the line of the backbone in the centre.
2.3 Sleeve skins
Skins without head, without teats, with legs cut short, tail completely emptied,
presented as a sleeve, hair to the inside, folded along the line of the backbone.
3 Terms Relating to Defects in Goat Skins
The defects defined in this standard are divided into three categories :
Ante-mortem defects;
a)
Post-mortem defects; and
b)
Preserving defects.
c>
IS0 7482-l :1998(E)
3.1 Ante-mortem defects
3.1 .l Ecchymosis
Bruise on the flesh side of the skin, varying from dark red to brown, caused by
sub-cutaneous bleeding, especially if the animal has been struck by a blunt object
or if parts of the coat have been roughly plucked before slaughter.
3.1.2 Fire-marks
Goat skins deteriorate in quality due to fire-mark. This is a man-made defect.
Fire-mark is generally inflicted in different parts of the body with a view to cure
some aliments or to indicate ownership of the animal. In raw skins, the defect is
readily seen on the grain side.
3.1.3 Grain damage
All visible and permanent alterations on the grain side of the skin, whatever their
nature or origin (for example, wounds, scars, abscesses, rubbing of the shoulders
or groin).
3.1.4 Greasy skin
Skin in which the histological structure of the dermis is abnormally loose due to
the penetration of grease. This state is revealed when the grease migrates due
to localised heating after drying. After tanning, this may also result in an empty
skin or a hollow skin, and can give rise to an alteration in the mass/surface ratio.
3.1.5 Pox marks
Hard, circular lesion resulting in scar marks on the grain and opaque marks (due
to the pus formed) on the flesh side of the skins, Pus in pox marks is also visible
on the flesh side of the dried goat skins specially of African origin.
3.1.6 Ringworm
, Disease caused by fungal species of two genera Microsporum and Trichophyfon
mostly in goat skins. The lesions appear as raised round, crusty patches.
Ringworm infections result in loss of hair in the goat skins. The incidence of
ringworm affected skin is insignificant.

IS0 7482-l :1998(E)
3.1.7 Skin infested with Ectoparasites
3.1 J.1 By Demodex caprae
Goat skins are greatly affected by Demodex caprae causing Demodectic Mange
(Follicular Mange). Nodules are visible on both the grain and flesh sides of goat
skins. These mites may appear in :
.
nodular forms;
. .
squamous forms; and
IO
. . .
Ill) acute forms
Raised nodules of varying size (several mm to 2 cm) can be seen on the flesh
side of the skins. The small nodules are not altered by beamhouse operations
and show up on the tanned skin in hardening of the tissues. On the other hand,
if they are larger than 1 cm, they can form a pit or hole by splitting the grain.
3.1.7.2 By lice
Because of the irritation caused by the biting or sucking type of lice, the animals
scratch the affected parts of the body which leads to wounds and bruises. Lice
species belonging to the genera Linognathus are common to goat. Goat are also
affected by biting lice (Damalinia or Bovicola spp.). Skins infested with lice
(Linognathus stenopsis, Order anoplura) show transparency.
3.1.7.3 Psorop tic caprae
Psoroptic mange defects in goat skins are caused by Psoroptes caprae. It is a
seasonal defect and appears during rainy season. The lesions appear as small
hard pustular nodes and are covered by long hair. After liming, the nodes are
removed leaving a depression on the grain particularly on both sides of
backbone. In finished leather the defect appears on the grain as innumerable pin
prick marks on both sides of the backbone.
3.1.7.4 Sarcop tes scabiei
Sarcoptic mange is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites burrow into the sub-
stance of th
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