ISO 9096:2017
(Main)Stationary source emissions — Manual determination of mass concentration of particulate matter
Stationary source emissions — Manual determination of mass concentration of particulate matter
ISO 9096:2017 describes a reference method for the measurement of particulate matter (dust) concentration in waste gases of concentrations from 20 mg/m3 to 1 000 mg/m3 under standard conditions. ISO 9096:2017 is applicable to the calibration of automated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission gas contains unstable, reactive or semi-volatile substances, the measurement will depend on the filtration temperature. In-stack methods can be more applicable than out-stack methods for the calibration of automated monitoring systems.
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination manuelle de la concentration en masse de poussières
Emisije nepremičnih virov - Ročno določevanje masne koncentracije delcev
Ta dokument opisuje referenčno metodo za merjenje koncentracije delcev (prahu) v izpušnih plinih pri koncentracijah med 20 mg/m3 in 1000 mg/m3 pod standardnimi pogoji.
Ta dokument se uporablja pri umerjanju avtomatiziranih sistemov nadzora (AMS). Če emisijski plin vsebuje nestabilne, reaktivne ali polhlapne snovi, bo meritev odvisna od temperature filtracije. Metode v odvodnikih za zrak so pri umerjanju avtomatiziranih sistemov nadzora lahko bolj uporabne kot metode zunaj odvodnikov za zrak.
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 9096
Third edition
2017-09
Stationary source emissions — Manual
determination of mass concentration
of particulate matter
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination manuelle de la
concentration en masse de poussières
Reference number
ISO 9096:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 9096:2017(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 9096:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 4
4.1 General . 4
4.2 Interferences . 5
5 Sampling plane and sampling points . 5
5.1 General . 5
5.2 Sampling plane . 6
5.3 Requirements for sampling points . 6
5.4 Minimum number and location of sampling points . 6
5.5 Access ports . 7
5.6 Sampling time . 7
6 Apparatus and materials. 8
6.1 Gas velocity, temperature, pressure, and gas composition measurement devices . 8
6.2 Sampling apparatus . 8
6.3 Material for particulate matter recovery .14
6.4 Apparatus for conditioning and weighing .14
7 Sampling and weighing procedures .15
7.1 General aspects .15
7.2 Weighing procedure .16
7.2.1 Parts to be weighed .16
7.2.2 Pre-sampling treatment of weighed parts .16
7.2.3 Weighing .16
7.2.4 Post-sampling treatment of weighed parts .17
7.2.5 Post-sampling treatment of the rinsing solutions .17
7.3 Sampling .18
7.3.1 Preparation .18
7.3.2 Pre-measurements .18
7.3.3 Calculating the nozzle diameter .18
7.3.4 Overall blank .20
7.3.5 Sampling procedure .20
7.3.6 Recovery of deposits upstream of the filter .21
7.4 Validation of results .21
7.4.1 Parameters depending on the stationary source .21
7.4.2 Leak check .21
7.4.3 Isokinetic flowrate . .22
7.4.4 Deposits of dust on non-weighed parts upstream of the filter .22
7.4.5 Validation of sample collection .22
7.4.6 Summary of the requirements of this document .22
8 Additional aspects .22
8.1 Thermal behaviour of particulate matter .22
8.2 Particulate deposits upstream of the filter .24
8.3 Improvement of the weighing procedure .24
9 Calculations.25
9.1 Isokinetic flowrate .25
9.2 Dust concentration .25
9.2.1 General.25
9.2.2 Oxygen correction factor.26
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ISO 9096:2017(E)
9.2.3 Carbon dioxide correction factor .26
10 Performance characteristics .26
10.1 General aspects .26
10.2 Experimental data for sampling .27
11 Test report .27
Annex A (normative) Proven design of the entry nozzle .29
Annex B (normative) Determination of positions of sampling points in circular and
rectangular ducts .30
Annex C (informative) Examples of weighing bias .34
Annex D (informative) Isokinetic sampling conditions .36
Annex E (informative) Summary validation information .38
Annex F (informative) Examples of suitable access ports for sampling equipment .41
Bibliography .43
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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ISO 9096:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: w w w . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1,
Stationary source emissions.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 9096:2003), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO 9096:2003/Cor.1:2006. The changes
compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— Table 3: in the row entitled “Isokinetic criteria (average measurement uncertainty)” the value
+15
“±10 %” has been replaced by “ % ” (according to ISO 9096:2003/Cor.1:2006).
− 5
— Formula (11): the percent symbol has been added twice.
— Formula (13): the percent symbol has been added twice.
— Figure A.2: < 0,2 has been corrected to > 0,2.
— Formula (B.6): the parentheses have been removed.
— Formula (B.7): the formula has been corrected.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved v
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ISO 9096:2017(E)
Introduction
Close liaison and cooperation between ISO/TC 146/SC 1 and CEN/TC 264 has resulted in the preparation
of this document, ISO 12141 and EN 13824-1. This document is similar to EN 13284-1 with additional
emphasis given on the use of high-volume sampling techniques. A representative, integrated sample
is extracted from the flue gas and the particulate matter entrained in the gas sample is separated by
a filter. The pre-weighed filter is subsequently dried and weighed. A relative increase in the mass is
attributed to the collection of particulate matter on the filter.
To meet the specifications of this document, the particulate sample is weighed to a specified level of
accuracy. This level of accuracy is achieved by:
a) exercising extreme care in weighing, in accordance with the procedures of this document;
b) extending the sampling time at conventional sampling rates;
c) sampling at higher rates for conventional sampling times (high-volume sampling);
d) recovering all dust upstream of the filter.
vi © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9096:2017(E)
Stationary source emissions — Manual determination of
mass concentration of particulate matter
1 Scope
This document describes a reference method for the measurement of particulate matter (dust)
3 3
concentration in waste gases of concentrations from 20 mg/m to 1 000 mg/m under standard
conditions.
This document is applicable to the calibration of automated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission
gas contains unstable, reactive or semi-volatile substances, the measurement will depend on the
filtration temperature. In-stack methods can be more applicable than out-stack methods for the
calibration of automated monitoring systems.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5725 (all parts), Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results
ISO 10780, Stationary source emissions — Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams
in ducts
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
particulate matter
dust
particles, of any shape, structure or density, dispersed in the gas phase under the sampling conditions
Note 1 to entry: In the method described, all the compounds that may be collected by filtration under specified
conditions after representative sampling of the gas to be analysed, and which remain upstream of the filter and
on the filter after drying under specified conditions, are considered to be dust (or particulate matter). However,
for the purposes of some national standards, the definition of particulate matter can extend to condensibles or
reaction products collected under specified conditions (e.g. temperatures lower than the flue gas temperature).
Note 2 to entry: This method restricts the definition of particulate matter to that material collected in the
sampling system on and before a filter, under specified temperature conditions. Procedures for the measurement
of secondary particulate matter (condensible materials) formed and collected after the filter are not within the
scope of this document.
3.2
filtration temperature
temperature of the sampled gas immediately downstream of the filter
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ISO 9096:2017(E)
3.3
in-stack filtration
filtration in the duct with the filter in its filter holder placed immediately downstream of the
sampling nozzle
3.4
out-stack filtration
filtration outside of the duct with the filter in its heated filter holder placed downstream of the sampling
nozzle and the suction tube (sampling probe)
3.5
isokinetic sampling
sampling at a flowrate such that the velocity and direction of the gas entering the sampling nozzle, v ,
n
are the same as that of the gas in the duct at the sampling points, v
s
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1 and Annex D.
Note 2 to entry: The velocity ratio, v /v , expressed as a percentage characterizes the deviation from isokinetic
n s
sampling.
Key
v stack gas velocity
s
v velocity in the nozzle
n
Figure 1 — Isokinetic sampling
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ISO 9096:2017(E)
3.6
hydraulic diameter
d
h
characteristic dimension of a duct cross-section
4×A
s
d = (1)
h
l
s
where
A is the cross-sectional area of the sampling plane;
s
l is the length of the perimeter of the sampling plane.
s
3.7
sampling plane
plane normal to the centreline of the duct at the sampling position
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
Key
1 sampling lines
2 sampling plane
3 access port
4 flow
5 top of duct
Figure 2 — Illustration of definitions in relation to a circular duct
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ISO 9096:2017(E)
3.8
sampling line
line in the sampling plane (3.7) along which sampling points (3.9) are located, bounded by the inner
duct wall
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.9
sampling point
specific position on a sampling line (3.8) at which a sample is extracted
3.10
standard conditions
gas pressure and temperature constants and conditions to which volumetric calculations are referred
Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this document, standard conditions are 101,325 kPa rounded to 101,3 kPa;
273,15 K rounded to 273 K; dry gas.
3.11
overall blank
test sample taken at the plant site in an identical manner to the normal samples in the series, except
that no gas is sampled during the test duration
Note 1 to entry: The measured mass variation provides an estimation of the uncertainties. The overall blank
value, divided by the average sampling volume of the measurement series, provides an estimation of the detection
limit (milligrams per cubic metre) of the whole measurement process, as carried out by the operator. The overall
blank includes possible deposits on the filter and on all parts upstream.
3.12
weighing control procedures
quality control procedures utilized for detecting/correcting apparent mass variations due to climatic
or environmental changes between pre- and post-sampling weighing series
Note 1 to entry: In these procedures, control parts are used (see 7.2) which are identical to those to be weighed
for dust measurement and are pre-treated under the same conditions of temperature and humidity. The control
parts are kept free from dust contamination.
3.13
measurement series
successive measurements carried out in the same sampling plane (3.7), and under the same process
conditions
3.14
limit value
dust concentration that is permitted by authorities for the plant process (i.e. average limit value)
Note 1 to entry: For purposes other than regulatory uses, the measurement value is compared to a stated
reference value.
4 Principle
4.1 General
A sample stream of the gas is extracted from the main gas stream at specified sampling points for
a measured period of time, with an isokinetic, controlled flowrate. The volume of gas collected is
measured, and a pre-weighed filter, which is then dried and reweighed, separates the particulate
matter (dust) entrained in the gas sample. Deposits upstream of the filter in the sampling equipment
are also recovered and weighed. The increase in mass of the filter and the mass deposited upstream of
the filter is attributed to particulate matter collected from the sampled gas. The ratio of the mass of the
4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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ISO 9096:2017(E)
particulate matter collected to the volume of gas collected allows the flue gas particulate concentration
to be calculated.
Valid measurements can be achieved only when:
a) an adequate quantity of dust is collected during the sampling, which is at least 5 times the
corresponding overall blank value;
b) the gas stream in the duct at the sampling location has a sufficiently steady and identified velocity,
temperature and pressure, and a sufficiently homogeneous composition;
c) the flow of gas is parallel to the axis of the nozzle;
d) sampling is carried out without disturbance of the gas stream, using a sharp-edged nozzle facing
into the stream;
e) isokinetic sampling conditions are maintained throughout the test;
f) samples are taken at a preselected number of stated positions in the sampling plane to obtain a
representative sample for a non-uniform distribution of particulate matter in the duct or stack;
g) the sampling train is designed and operated to avoid condensation and to be leak-free;
h) calibration criteria are met;
i) sampling blank and leak-check criteria are met;
j) dust deposits upstream of the filter are recovered and/or taken into account;
k) the sampling and weighing procedures are adapted to the expected dust quantities as specified in
this document.
4.2 Interferences
a) Positive interference
Gaseous species present in stack gases that are capable of reacting to form particulate matter
within the sample train can result in positive interference. Examples include the potential reaction
of sulfur dioxide (SO ) to an insoluble sulfate compound in the high-humidity portion of the system,
2
such as with limestone in flue gas following a wet flue-gas desulfurization system (FGDS) to form
calcium sulfate (CaSO ), or the reaction with ammonia gas (NH ) to form ammonium sulfate
4 3
(NH SO ) [see 7.1 a)].
4 4
b) Negative interference
1) Certain acid gaseous species can erode the filter material, resulting in negative interference.
For example, the reaction of hydrogen fluoride (HF) with glass components in the sample train
(see 6.2.5).
2) Volatile matter existing in solid or liquid form in the stack gas may vaporize after collection
on the sample train filtration material, due to continued exposure to the hot sample stream
during the sampling period. This would result in a negative interference (see 8.1).
5 Sampling plane and sampling points
5.1 General
Representative sampling is possible when a suitable location is available, having a sufficiently
homogeneous gas velocity at the sampling plane.
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ISO 9096:2017(E)
Sampling shall be carried out at a sufficient number of sampling points, usually located on several
sampling lines. Convenient access ports and a working platform shall be available for the testing.
5.2 Sampling plane
The sampling plane shall be situated in a length of straight duct (preferably vertical) with a constant
shape and cross-sectional area. The sampling plane shall be as far downstream and upstream as
possible from any obstruction that can cause a disturbance and produce a change in the direction of
flow (disturbances caused by, for example, bends, fans or pollution abatement equipment).
5.3 Requirements for sampling points
Preliminary measurements at all the sampling points defined in 5.4 and Annex B shall prove that the
gas stream in the sampling plane meets the following requirements:
a) the angle of gas flow is less than 15° with regard to the duct axis (a recommended method for
estimation is indicated in ISO 10780:1994, Annex C);
b) no local negative flow is present;
c) the minimum velocity is higher than the detection limit of the method used for the flowrate
measurement (for Pitot tubes, a differential pressure larger than 5 Pa);
d) the ratio of the highest to lowest local gas velocities is less than 3:1.
If the above requirements cannot be met, the uncertainty is higher than that specified by this document
and the sampling location is not in compliance with this document (see 7.4.6).
The above requirements are generally met in sections of duct with at least five hydraulic diameters of
straight duct upstream of the sampling plane and at least two hydraulic diameters downstream. (If the
sampling plane is to be located near the stack exit, it should be no less than five hydraulic diameters
from the exit.) Therefore, it is strongly recommended that sampling locations be selected accordingly.
5.4 Minimum number and location of sampling points
The dimensions of the sampling plane dictate the minimum number of sampling points. In general, this
number increases as the duct dimensions increase.
Tables 1 and 2 give the minimum number of sampling points to be used for circular and rectangular
ducts respectively. The sampling points shall be located at the centres of equal areas in the sampling
plane (in accordance with Annex B).
Sampling points shall not be located within 3 % of the sampling line length (if d > 1,5 m) or 5 cm (if
d < 1,5 m) from the inner duct wall. Choose the inner edge of the area when calculations result in
sampling point positions within this area. This may arise when selecting more than the minimum
numbers of sampling points presented in Tables 1 and 2, for example in cases of unusual duct shape.
NOTE When the requirements for the sampling plane (see 5.2) cannot be met, it is sometimes possible to
improve representative sampling by increasing the number of sampling points above those specified in Tables 1
and 2. See also 7.3.2 for sampling-point premeasurement procedures.
6 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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ISO 9096:2017(E)
Table 1 — Minimum number of sampling points for circular ducts
Range of duct Minimum number Minimum number of sampling Minimum number of sampling
diameters of sampling lines points per line points per plane
m (diameters)
including excludi
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 9096:2018
01-marec-2018
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 9096:2003
SIST ISO 9096:2003/Cor 1:2011
(PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY5RþQRGRORþHYDQMHPDVQHNRQFHQWUDFLMHGHOFHY
Stationary source emissions - Manual determination of mass concentration of particulate
matter
Émissions de sources fixes - Détermination manuelle de la concentration en masse de
poussières
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 9096:2017
ICS:
13.040.40 (PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY Stationary source emissions
SIST ISO 9096:2018 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 9096:2018
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 9096:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 9096
Third edition
2017-09
Stationary source emissions — Manual
determination of mass concentration
of particulate matter
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination manuelle de la
concentration en masse de poussières
Reference number
ISO 9096:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 9096:2018
ISO 9096:2017(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 9096:2018
ISO 9096:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 4
4.1 General . 4
4.2 Interferences . 5
5 Sampling plane and sampling points . 5
5.1 General . 5
5.2 Sampling plane . 6
5.3 Requirements for sampling points . 6
5.4 Minimum number and location of sampling points . 6
5.5 Access ports . 7
5.6 Sampling time . 7
6 Apparatus and materials. 8
6.1 Gas velocity, temperature, pressure, and gas composition measurement devices . 8
6.2 Sampling apparatus . 8
6.3 Material for particulate matter recovery .14
6.4 Apparatus for conditioning and weighing .14
7 Sampling and weighing procedures .15
7.1 General aspects .15
7.2 Weighing procedure .16
7.2.1 Parts to be weighed .16
7.2.2 Pre-sampling treatment of weighed parts .16
7.2.3 Weighing .16
7.2.4 Post-sampling treatment of weighed parts .17
7.2.5 Post-sampling treatment of the rinsing solutions .17
7.3 Sampling .18
7.3.1 Preparation .18
7.3.2 Pre-measurements .18
7.3.3 Calculating the nozzle diameter .18
7.3.4 Overall blank .20
7.3.5 Sampling procedure .20
7.3.6 Recovery of deposits upstream of the filter .21
7.4 Validation of results .21
7.4.1 Parameters depending on the stationary source .21
7.4.2 Leak check .21
7.4.3 Isokinetic flowrate . .22
7.4.4 Deposits of dust on non-weighed parts upstream of the filter .22
7.4.5 Validation of sample collection .22
7.4.6 Summary of the requirements of this document .22
8 Additional aspects .22
8.1 Thermal behaviour of particulate matter .22
8.2 Particulate deposits upstream of the filter .24
8.3 Improvement of the weighing procedure .24
9 Calculations.25
9.1 Isokinetic flowrate .25
9.2 Dust concentration .25
9.2.1 General.25
9.2.2 Oxygen correction factor.26
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SIST ISO 9096:2018
ISO 9096:2017(E)
9.2.3 Carbon dioxide correction factor .26
10 Performance characteristics .26
10.1 General aspects .26
10.2 Experimental data for sampling .27
11 Test report .27
Annex A (normative) Proven design of the entry nozzle .29
Annex B (normative) Determination of positions of sampling points in circular and
rectangular ducts .30
Annex C (informative) Examples of weighing bias .34
Annex D (informative) Isokinetic sampling conditions .36
Annex E (informative) Summary validation information .38
Annex F (informative) Examples of suitable access ports for sampling equipment .41
Bibliography .43
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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SIST ISO 9096:2018
ISO 9096:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: w w w . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1,
Stationary source emissions.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 9096:2003), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO 9096:2003/Cor.1:2006. The changes
compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— Table 3: in the row entitled “Isokinetic criteria (average measurement uncertainty)” the value
+15
“±10 %” has been replaced by “ % ” (according to ISO 9096:2003/Cor.1:2006).
− 5
— Formula (11): the percent symbol has been added twice.
— Formula (13): the percent symbol has been added twice.
— Figure A.2: < 0,2 has been corrected to > 0,2.
— Formula (B.6): the parentheses have been removed.
— Formula (B.7): the formula has been corrected.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ISO 9096:2018
ISO 9096:2017(E)
Introduction
Close liaison and cooperation between ISO/TC 146/SC 1 and CEN/TC 264 has resulted in the preparation
of this document, ISO 12141 and EN 13824-1. This document is similar to EN 13284-1 with additional
emphasis given on the use of high-volume sampling techniques. A representative, integrated sample
is extracted from the flue gas and the particulate matter entrained in the gas sample is separated by
a filter. The pre-weighed filter is subsequently dried and weighed. A relative increase in the mass is
attributed to the collection of particulate matter on the filter.
To meet the specifications of this document, the particulate sample is weighed to a specified level of
accuracy. This level of accuracy is achieved by:
a) exercising extreme care in weighing, in accordance with the procedures of this document;
b) extending the sampling time at conventional sampling rates;
c) sampling at higher rates for conventional sampling times (high-volume sampling);
d) recovering all dust upstream of the filter.
vi © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST ISO 9096:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9096:2017(E)
Stationary source emissions — Manual determination of
mass concentration of particulate matter
1 Scope
This document describes a reference method for the measurement of particulate matter (dust)
3 3
concentration in waste gases of concentrations from 20 mg/m to 1 000 mg/m under standard
conditions.
This document is applicable to the calibration of automated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission
gas contains unstable, reactive or semi-volatile substances, the measurement will depend on the
filtration temperature. In-stack methods can be more applicable than out-stack methods for the
calibration of automated monitoring systems.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5725 (all parts), Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results
ISO 10780, Stationary source emissions — Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams
in ducts
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
particulate matter
dust
particles, of any shape, structure or density, dispersed in the gas phase under the sampling conditions
Note 1 to entry: In the method described, all the compounds that may be collected by filtration under specified
conditions after representative sampling of the gas to be analysed, and which remain upstream of the filter and
on the filter after drying under specified conditions, are considered to be dust (or particulate matter). However,
for the purposes of some national standards, the definition of particulate matter can extend to condensibles or
reaction products collected under specified conditions (e.g. temperatures lower than the flue gas temperature).
Note 2 to entry: This method restricts the definition of particulate matter to that material collected in the
sampling system on and before a filter, under specified temperature conditions. Procedures for the measurement
of secondary particulate matter (condensible materials) formed and collected after the filter are not within the
scope of this document.
3.2
filtration temperature
temperature of the sampled gas immediately downstream of the filter
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3.3
in-stack filtration
filtration in the duct with the filter in its filter holder placed immediately downstream of the
sampling nozzle
3.4
out-stack filtration
filtration outside of the duct with the filter in its heated filter holder placed downstream of the sampling
nozzle and the suction tube (sampling probe)
3.5
isokinetic sampling
sampling at a flowrate such that the velocity and direction of the gas entering the sampling nozzle, v ,
n
are the same as that of the gas in the duct at the sampling points, v
s
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1 and Annex D.
Note 2 to entry: The velocity ratio, v /v , expressed as a percentage characterizes the deviation from isokinetic
n s
sampling.
Key
v stack gas velocity
s
v velocity in the nozzle
n
Figure 1 — Isokinetic sampling
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3.6
hydraulic diameter
d
h
characteristic dimension of a duct cross-section
4×A
s
d = (1)
h
l
s
where
A is the cross-sectional area of the sampling plane;
s
l is the length of the perimeter of the sampling plane.
s
3.7
sampling plane
plane normal to the centreline of the duct at the sampling position
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
Key
1 sampling lines
2 sampling plane
3 access port
4 flow
5 top of duct
Figure 2 — Illustration of definitions in relation to a circular duct
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3.8
sampling line
line in the sampling plane (3.7) along which sampling points (3.9) are located, bounded by the inner
duct wall
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.9
sampling point
specific position on a sampling line (3.8) at which a sample is extracted
3.10
standard conditions
gas pressure and temperature constants and conditions to which volumetric calculations are referred
Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this document, standard conditions are 101,325 kPa rounded to 101,3 kPa;
273,15 K rounded to 273 K; dry gas.
3.11
overall blank
test sample taken at the plant site in an identical manner to the normal samples in the series, except
that no gas is sampled during the test duration
Note 1 to entry: The measured mass variation provides an estimation of the uncertainties. The overall blank
value, divided by the average sampling volume of the measurement series, provides an estimation of the detection
limit (milligrams per cubic metre) of the whole measurement process, as carried out by the operator. The overall
blank includes possible deposits on the filter and on all parts upstream.
3.12
weighing control procedures
quality control procedures utilized for detecting/correcting apparent mass variations due to climatic
or environmental changes between pre- and post-sampling weighing series
Note 1 to entry: In these procedures, control parts are used (see 7.2) which are identical to those to be weighed
for dust measurement and are pre-treated under the same conditions of temperature and humidity. The control
parts are kept free from dust contamination.
3.13
measurement series
successive measurements carried out in the same sampling plane (3.7), and under the same process
conditions
3.14
limit value
dust concentration that is permitted by authorities for the plant process (i.e. average limit value)
Note 1 to entry: For purposes other than regulatory uses, the measurement value is compared to a stated
reference value.
4 Principle
4.1 General
A sample stream of the gas is extracted from the main gas stream at specified sampling points for
a measured period of time, with an isokinetic, controlled flowrate. The volume of gas collected is
measured, and a pre-weighed filter, which is then dried and reweighed, separates the particulate
matter (dust) entrained in the gas sample. Deposits upstream of the filter in the sampling equipment
are also recovered and weighed. The increase in mass of the filter and the mass deposited upstream of
the filter is attributed to particulate matter collected from the sampled gas. The ratio of the mass of the
4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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ISO 9096:2017(E)
particulate matter collected to the volume of gas collected allows the flue gas particulate concentration
to be calculated.
Valid measurements can be achieved only when:
a) an adequate quantity of dust is collected during the sampling, which is at least 5 times the
corresponding overall blank value;
b) the gas stream in the duct at the sampling location has a sufficiently steady and identified velocity,
temperature and pressure, and a sufficiently homogeneous composition;
c) the flow of gas is parallel to the axis of the nozzle;
d) sampling is carried out without disturbance of the gas stream, using a sharp-edged nozzle facing
into the stream;
e) isokinetic sampling conditions are maintained throughout the test;
f) samples are taken at a preselected number of stated positions in the sampling plane to obtain a
representative sample for a non-uniform distribution of particulate matter in the duct or stack;
g) the sampling train is designed and operated to avoid condensation and to be leak-free;
h) calibration criteria are met;
i) sampling blank and leak-check criteria are met;
j) dust deposits upstream of the filter are recovered and/or taken into account;
k) the sampling and weighing procedures are adapted to the expected dust quantities as specified in
this document.
4.2 Interferences
a) Positive interference
Gaseous species present in stack gases that are capable of reacting to form particulate matter
within the sample train can result in positive interference. Examples include the potential reaction
of sulfur dioxide (SO ) to an insoluble sulfate compound in the high-humidity portion of the system,
2
such as with limestone in flue gas following a wet flue-gas desulfurization system (FGDS) to form
calcium sulfate (CaSO ), or the reaction with ammonia gas (NH ) to form ammonium sulfate
4 3
(NH SO ) [see 7.1 a)].
4 4
b) Negative interference
1) Certain acid gaseous species can erode the filter material, resulting in negative interference.
For example, the reaction of hydrogen fluoride (HF) with glass components in the sample train
(see 6.2.5).
2) Volatile matter existing in solid or liquid form in the stack gas may vaporize after collection
on the sample train filtration material, due to continued exposure to the hot sample stream
during the sampling period. This would result in a negative interference (see 8.1).
5 Sampling plane and sampling points
5.1 General
Representative sampling is possible when a suitable location is available, having a sufficiently
homogeneous gas velocity at the sampling plane.
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Sampling shall be carried out at a sufficient number of sampling points, usually located on several
sampling lines. Convenient access ports and a working platform shall be available for the testing.
5.2 Sampling plane
The sampling plane shall be situated in a length of straight duct (preferably vertical) with a constant
shape and cross-sectional area. The sampling plane shall be as far downstream and upstream as
possible from any obstruction that can cause a disturbance and produce a change in the direction of
flow (disturbances caused by, for example, bends, fans or pollution abatement equipment).
5.3 Requirements for sampling points
Preliminary measurements at all the sampling points defined in 5.4 and Annex B shall prove that the
gas stream in the sampling plane meets the following requirements:
a) the angle of gas flow is less than 15° with regard to the duct axis (a recommended method for
estimation is indicated in ISO 10780:1994, Annex C);
b) no local negative flow is present;
c) the minimum velocity is higher than the detection limit of the method used for the flowrate
measurement (for Pitot tubes, a differential pressure larger than 5 Pa);
d) the ratio of the highest to lowest local gas velocities is less than 3:1.
If the above requirements cannot be met, the uncertainty is higher than that specified by this document
and the sampling location is not in compliance with this document (see 7.4.6).
The above requirements are generally met in sections of duct with at least five hydraulic diameters of
straight duct upstream of the sampling plane and at least two hydraulic diameters downstream. (If the
sampling plane is to be located near the stack exit, it should be no less than five hydraulic diameters
from the exit.) Therefore, it is strongly recommended that sampling locations be selected accordingly.
5.4 Minimum number and location of sampling points
The dimensions of the sampling plane dictate the minimum number of sampling points. In general, this
number increases as the duct dimensions increase.
Tables 1 and 2 give the minimum number of sampling points to be used for circular and rectangular
ducts respectively. The sampling points shall be located at the centres of equal areas in the sampling
plane (in accordance with Annex B).
Sampling points s
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST ISO/FDIS 9096:2017
01-september-2017
(PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY5RþQRGRORþHYDQMHPDVQHNRQFHQWUDFLMHGHOFHY
Stationary source emissions - Manual determination of mass concentration of particulate
matter
Émissions de sources fixes - Détermination manuelle de la concentration en masse de
poussières
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/FDIS 9096
ICS:
13.040.40 (PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY Stationary source emissions
kSIST ISO/FDIS 9096:2017 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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kSIST ISO/FDIS 9096:2017
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kSIST ISO/FDIS 9096:2017
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 9096
ISO/TC 146/SC 1
Stationary source emissions — Manual
Secretariat: NEN
determination of mass concentration
Voting begins on:
20170525 of particulate matter
Voting terminates on:
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination manuelle de la
20170720
concentration en masse de poussières
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
ISO/FDIS 9096:2017(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
©
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2017
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kSIST ISO/FDIS 9096:2017
ISO/FDIS 9096:2017(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 4
4.1 General . 4
4.2 Interferences . 5
5 Sampling plane and sampling points . 5
5.1 General . 5
5.2 Sampling plane . 6
5.3 Requirements for sampling points . 6
5.4 Minimum number and location of sampling points . 6
5.5 Access ports . 7
5.6 Sampling time . 7
6 Apparatus and materials. 8
6.1 Gas velocity, temperature, pressure, and gas composition measurement devices . 8
6.2 Sampling apparatus . 8
6.3 Material for particulate matter recovery .14
6.4 Apparatus for conditioning and weighing .14
7 Sampling and weighing procedures .15
7.1 General aspects .15
7.2 Weighing procedure .16
7.2.1 Parts to be weighed .16
7.2.2 Presampling treatment of weighed parts .16
7.2.3 Weighing .16
7.2.4 Postsampling treatment of weighed parts .17
7.2.5 Postsampling treatment of the rinsing solutions .17
7.3 Sampling .18
7.3.1 Preparation .18
7.3.2 Premeasurements .18
7.3.3 Calculating the nozzle diameter .18
7.3.4 Overall blank .20
7.3.5 Sampling procedure .20
7.3.6 Recovery of deposits upstream of the filter .21
7.4 Validation of results .21
7.4.1 Parameters depending on the stationary source .21
7.4.2 Leak check .21
7.4.3 Isokinetic flowrate . .22
7.4.4 Deposits of dust on non-weighed parts upstream of the filter .22
7.4.5 Validation of sample collection .22
7.4.6 Summary of the requirements of this document .22
8 Additional aspects .22
8.1 Thermal behaviour of particulate matter .22
8.2 Particulate deposits upstream of the filter .24
8.3 Improvement of the weighing procedure .24
9 Calculations.25
9.1 Isokinetic flowrate .25
9.2 Dust concentration .25
9.2.1 General.25
9.2.2 Oxygen correction factor.26
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9.2.3 Carbon dioxide correction factor .26
10 Performance characteristics .26
10.1 General aspects .26
10.2 Experimental data for sampling .27
11 Test report .27
Annex A (normative) Proven design of the entry nozzle .29
Annex B (normative) Determination of positions of sampling points in circular and
rectangular ducts .30
Annex C (informative) Examples of weighing bias .34
Annex D (informative) Isokinetic sampling conditions .36
Annex E (informative) Summary validation information .38
Annex F (informative) Examples of suitable access ports for sampling equipment .41
Bibliography .43
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and nongovernmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: w w w . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1,
Stationary source emissions.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 9096:2003), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO 9096:2003/Cor.1:2006. The changes
compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— Table 3: in the row entitled “Isokinetic criteria (average measurement uncertainty)” the value
+15
“±10 %” has been replaced by “ % ” (according to ISO 9096:2003/Cor.1:2006).
− 5
— Formula (11): the percent symbol has been added twice.
— Formula (13): the percent symbol has been added twice.
— Figure A.2: < 0,2 has been corrected to > 0,2.
— Formula (B.6): the parentheses have been removed.
— Formula (B.7): the formula has been corrected.
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Introduction
Close liaison and cooperation between ISO/TC 146/SC 1 and CEN/TC 264 has resulted in the preparation
of this document, ISO 12141 and EN 138241. This document is similar to EN 132841 with additional
emphasis given on the use of highvolume sampling techniques. A representative, integrated sample
is extracted from the flue gas and the particulate matter entrained in the gas sample is separated by
a filter. The pre-weighed filter is subsequently dried and weighed. A relative increase in the mass is
attributed to the collection of particulate matter on the filter.
To meet the specifications of this document, the particulate sample is weighed to a specified level of
accuracy. This level of accuracy is achieved by:
a) exercising extreme care in weighing, in accordance with the procedures of this document;
b) extending the sampling time at conventional sampling rates;
c) sampling at higher rates for conventional sampling times (highvolume sampling);
d) recovering all dust upstream of the filter.
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kSIST ISO/FDIS 9096:2017
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 9096:2017(E)
Stationary source emissions — Manual determination of
mass concentration of particulate matter
1 Scope
This document describes a reference method for the measurement of particulate matter (dust)
3 3
concentration in waste gases of concentrations from 20 mg/m to 1 000 mg/m under standard
conditions.
This document is applicable to the calibration of automated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission
gas contains unstable, reactive or semivolatile substances, the measurement will depend on the
filtration temperature. In-stack methods can be more applicable than out-stack methods for the
calibration of automated monitoring systems.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5725 (all parts), Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results
ISO 10780, Stationary source emissions — Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams
in ducts
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
particulate matter
dust
particles, of any shape, structure or density, dispersed in the gas phase under the sampling conditions
Note 1 to entry: In the method described, all the compounds that may be collected by filtration under specified
conditions after representative sampling of the gas to be analysed, and which remain upstream of the filter and
on the filter after drying under specified conditions, are considered to be dust (or particulate matter). However,
for the purposes of some national standards, the definition of particulate matter can extend to condensibles or
reaction products collected under specified conditions (e.g. temperatures lower than the flue gas temperature).
Note 2 to entry: This method restricts the definition of particulate matter to that material collected in the
sampling system on and before a filter, under specified temperature conditions. Procedures for the measurement
of secondary particulate matter (condensible materials) formed and collected after the filter are not within the
scope of this document.
3.2
filtration temperature
temperature of the sampled gas immediately downstream of the filter
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3.3
in-stack filtration
filtration in the duct with the filter in its filter holder placed immediately downstream of the
sampling nozzle
3.4
out-stack filtration
filtration outside of the duct with the filter in its heated filter holder placed downstream of the sampling
nozzle and the suction tube (sampling probe)
3.5
isokinetic sampling
sampling at a flowrate such that the velocity and direction of the gas entering the sampling nozzle, v ,
n
are the same as that of the gas in the duct at the sampling points, v
s
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1 and Annex D.
Note 2 to entry: The velocity ratio, v /v , expressed as a percentage characterizes the deviation from isokinetic
n s
sampling.
Key
v stack gas velocity
s
v velocity in the nozzle
n
Figure 1 — Isokinetic sampling
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3.6
hydraulic diameter
d
h
characteristic dimension of a duct crosssection
4×A
s
d = (1)
h
l
s
where
A is the crosssectional area of the sampling plane;
s
l is the length of the perimeter of the sampling plane.
s
3.7
sampling plane
plane normal to the centreline of the duct at the sampling position
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
Key
1 sampling lines
2 sampling plane
3 access port
4 flow
5 top of duct
Figure 2 — Illustration of definitions in relation to a circular duct
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3.8
sampling line
line in the sampling plane (3.7) along which sampling points (3.9) are located, bounded by the inner
duct wall
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.9
sampling point
specific position on a sampling line (3.8) at which a sample is extracted
3.10
standard conditions
gas pressure and temperature constants and conditions to which volumetric calculations are referred
Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this document, standard conditions are 101,325 kPa rounded to 101,3 kPa;
273,15 K rounded to 273 K; dry gas.
3.11
overall blank
test sample taken at the plant site in an identical manner to the normal samples in the series, except
that no gas is sampled during the test duration
Note 1 to entry: The measured mass variation provides an estimation of the uncertainties. The overall blank
value, divided by the average sampling volume of the measurement series, provides an estimation of the detection
limit (milligrams per cubic metre) of the whole measurement process, as carried out by the operator. The overall
blank includes possible deposits on the filter and on all parts upstream.
3.12
weighing control procedures
quality control procedures utilized for detecting/correcting apparent mass variations due to climatic
or environmental changes between pre and postsampling weighing series
Note 1 to entry: In these procedures, control parts are used (see 7.2) which are identical to those to be weighed
for dust measurement and are pre-treated under the same conditions of temperature and humidity. The control
parts are kept free from dust contamination.
3.13
measurement series
successive measurements carried out in the same sampling plane (3.7), and under the same process
conditions
3.14
limit value
dust concentration that is permitted by authorities for the plant process (i.e. average limit value)
Note 1 to entry: For purposes other than regulatory uses, the measurement value is compared to a stated
reference value.
4 Principle
4.1 General
A sample stream of the gas is extracted from the main gas stream at specified sampling points for
a measured period of time, with an isokinetic controlled flowrate. The volume of gas collected is
measured, and a pre-weighed filter, which is then dried and reweighed, separates the particulate
matter (dust) entrained in the gas sample. Deposits upstream of the filter in the sampling equipment
are also recovered and weighed. The increase in mass of the filter and the mass deposited upstream of
the filter is attributed to particulate matter collected from the sampled gas. The ratio of the mass of the
4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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particulate matter collected to the volume of gas collected allows the flue gas particulate concentration
to be calculated.
Valid measurements can be achieved only when:
a) an adequate quantity of dust is collected during the sampling, which is at least 5 times the
corresponding overall blank value;
b) the gas stream in the duct at the sampling location has a sufficiently steady and identified velocity,
temperature and pressure, and a sufficiently homogeneous composition;
c) the flow of gas is parallel to the axis of the nozzle;
d) sampling is carried out without disturbance of the gas stream, using a sharpedged nozzle facing
into the stream;
e) isokinetic sampling conditions are maintained throughout the test;
f) samples are taken at a preselected number of stated positions in the sampling plane to obtain a
representative sample for a nonuniform distribution of particulate matter in the duct or stack;
g) the sampling train is designed and operated to avoid condensation and to be leakfree;
h) calibration criteria are met;
i) sampling blank and leakcheck criteria are met;
j) dust deposits upstream of the filter are recovered and/or taken into account;
k) the sampling and weighing procedures are adapted to the expected dust quantities as specified in
this document.
4.2 Interferences
a) Positive interference
Gaseous species present in stack gases that are capable of reacting to form particulate matter
within the sample train can result in positive interference. Examples include the potential reaction
of sulfur dioxide (SO ) to an insoluble sulfate compound in the high-humidity portion of the system,
2
such as with limestone in flue gas following a wet flue-gas desulfurization system (FGDS) to form
calcium sulfate (CaSO ), or the reaction with ammonia gas (NH ) to form ammonium sulfate
4 3
(NH SO ) [see 7.1 a)].
4 4
b) Negative interference
1) Certain acid gaseous species can erode the filter material, resulting in negative interference.
For example, the reaction of hydrogen fluoride (HF) with glass components in the sample train
(see 6.2.5).
2) Volatile matter existing in solid or liquid form in the stack gas may vaporize after collection
on the sample train filtration material, due to continued exposure to the hot sample stream
during the sampling period. This would result in a negative interference (see 8.1).
5 Sampling plane and sampling points
5.1 General
Representative sampling is possible when a suitable location is available, having a sufficiently
homogeneous gas velocity at the sampling plane.
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Sampling shall be carried out at a sufficient number of sampling points, usually located on several
sampling lines. Convenient access ports and a working platform shall be available for the testing.
5.2 Sampling plane
The sampling plane shall be situated in a length of straight duct (preferably vertical) with a constant
shape and crosssectional area. The sampling plane shall be as far downstream and upstream as
possible from any obstruction that can cause a disturbance and produce a change in the direction of
flow (disturbances caused by, for example, bends, fans or pollution abatement equipment).
5.3 Requirements for sampling points
Preliminary measurements at all the sampling points defined in 5.4 and Annex B shall prove that the
gas stream in the sampling plane meets the following requirements:
a) the angle of gas flow is less than 15° with regard to the duct axis (a recommended method for
estimation is indicated in ISO 10780:1994, Annex C);
b) no local negative flow is present;
c) the minimum velocity is higher than the detection limit of the method used for the flowrate
measurement (for Pitot tubes, a differential pressure larger than 5 Pa);
d) the ratio of the highest to lowest local gas velocities is less than 3:1.
If the above requirements cannot be met, the uncertainty is higher than that specified by this document
and the sampling location is not in compliance with this document (see 7.4.6).
The above requirements are generally met in sections of duct with at least five hydraulic diameters of
straight duct upstream of the sampling plane and two hydraulic diameters downstream (five hydraulic
diameter from the t
...
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