ISO 2889:2023
(Main)Sampling airborne radioactive materials from the stacks and ducts of nuclear facilities
Sampling airborne radioactive materials from the stacks and ducts of nuclear facilities
This document sets forth performance-based criteria and recommendations for the design and use of systems for sampling of airborne radioactive materials in the effluent air from the ducts and stacks of nuclear facilities. The requirements and recommendations of this document are aimed at sampling that is conducted for regulatory compliance and system control. If existing air-sampling systems are not designed to the performance requirements and recommendations of this document, an evaluation of the performance of the system is advised. If deficiencies are discovered, a determination of whether or not a retrofit is needed and practicable is recommended. It can be impossible to meet the requirements of this document in all conditions with a sampling system designed for normal operations only. Under off-normal conditions, the criteria or recommendations of this document still apply. However, for accident conditions, special accident air sampling systems or measurements can be used. This document does not address outdoor air sampling, radon measurements, or the surveillance of airborne radioactive substances in the workplace of nuclear facilities. NOTE Reference [1] addresses the instrumentation that is frequently used in nuclear air monitoring. Reference [5] addresses air sampling in the workplace of nuclear facilities. References [6] and [7] describe the performance characteristics of air monitors.
Échantillonnage de substances radioactives en suspension dans l'air dans les émissaires de rejet et les conduits des installations nucléaires
Le présent document spécifie des critères de performances et des recommandations concernant la conception et l’utilisation de systèmes permettant de prélever les échantillons de matières radioactives en suspension dans l’air dans les conduits et les émissaires de rejet des installations nucléaires. Les exigences et les recommandations du présent document concernent les prélèvements effectués aux fins de vérification de la conformité à la réglementation et de contrôle des systèmes. Si les systèmes de prélèvement d’air existants n’ont pas été conçus conformément aux exigences et aux recommandations de performances du présent document, une évaluation des performances du système est conseillée. Si des écarts de performances sont constatés, il est recommandé de déterminer la nécessité et la faisabilité d’une modification a posteriori du système de prélèvement. Il peut s’avérer impossible de se conformer aux exigences du présent document dans toutes les conditions avec un système de prélèvement uniquement conçu pour un fonctionnement normal. En conditions anormales, les critères ou recommandations du présent document s’appliquent encore. Mais, en conditions accidentelles, des mesurages ou systèmes de prélèvement d’air spécifiques peuvent être utilisés. Le présent document ne traite pas du prélèvement d’air extérieur, des mesurages du radon, ni de la surveillance des substances radioactives en suspension dans l’air sur les lieux de travail des installations nucléaires. NOTE La Référence [1] traite des instruments fréquemment utilisés pour la surveillance de l’air en milieu nucléaire. La Référence [5] traite du prélèvement d’air sur le lieu de travail des installations nucléaires. Les Références [6] et [7] décrivent les caractéristiques de performances des moniteurs d’air.
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 2889
Fourth edition
2023-07
Sampling airborne radioactive
materials from the stacks and ducts of
nuclear facilities
Échantillonnage de substances radioactives en suspension dans l'air
dans les émissaires de rejet et les conduits des installations nucléaires
Reference number
ISO 2889:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
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ISO 2889:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
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Published in Switzerland
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ISO 2889:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols .10
5 Factors impacting the sampling program .14
6 Sample extraction locations .15
6.1 General . 15
6.2 General requirements for sample extraction locations . 15
6.3 Criteria for the homogeneity of the air stream at sampling locations . 16
6.3.1 General . 16
6.3.2 Angular or cyclonic flow . 16
6.3.3 Air velocity profile . 16
6.3.4 Gas concentration profile . 16
6.3.5 Particle concentration profile. 16
6.3.6 Summary of recommendations for locations to extract samples from a
well-mixed air stream . 17
7 Sampling system design .17
7.1 General . 17
7.2 Volumetric flow measurement . 18
7.2.1 General . 18
7.2.2 Emission stream flow measurement . 18
7.2.3 Sample air flow rate and volume measurement . 18
7.2.4 Leak checks . 20
7.3 Nozzle design and operation for extracting aerosol particles . 20
7.3.1 General .20
7.3.2 Nozzle performance . 20
7.3.3 Application and performance considerations . 21
7.3.4 Sampling probes with multiple-inlet nozzles . 21
7.3.5 Materials of construction . 22
7.3.6 Maintenance . 22
7.3.7 New concepts . 22
7.4 Sample transport for particles . 22
7.4.1 General .22
7.4.2 Depositional losses .22
7.4.3 Corrosion .23
7.4.4 Electrostatic effects and flexible tubes . 23
7.4.5 Smoothness of internal surfaces . 24
7.4.6 Condensation . 24
7.4.7 Cleaning transport lines . 24
7.5 Gas and vapour sample extraction and transport . 24
7.6 Collection of particle samples .25
7.6.1 General . 25
7.6.2 Filter media . 25
7.7 Collection of gas and vapour samples . 26
7.7.1 General . 26
7.7.2 Sampling with retention of specific constituents . 26
7.7.3 Sampling without constituent separation . 27
7.8 Evaluation and upgrading of existing systems . 27
7.9 Summary of performance criteria and recommendations .28
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ISO 2889:2023(E)
8 Quality assurance and quality control .28
Annex A (informative) Techniques for measurement of flow rate through a stack or duct .30
Annex B (informative) Modelling of particle losses in transport systems .35
Annex C (informative) Special considerations for the extraction, transport and sampling
of radioiodine .45
Annex D (informative) Optimizing the selection of filters for sampling airborne radioactive
particles . . .50
Annex E (informative) Evaluating the errors and the uncertainty for the sampling of
effluent gases .55
Annex F (informative) Mixing demonstration and sampling system performance
verification .65
Annex G (informative) Transuranic aerosol particulate characteristics —Implications for
extractive sampling in nuclear facility effluents .73
Annex H (informative) Tritium sampling and detection .77
Annex I (informative) Action levels .80
Annex J (informative) Quality assurance .87
Annex K (informative) Carbon-14 sampling and detection .91
Annex L (informative) Factors impacting sampling system design .94
Annex M (informative) Sampling nozzles and probes . 100
106
Annex N (informative) Stack or duct sampling and analysis for Ru . 108
Bibliography . 109
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ISO 2889:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies
and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 2889:2021), of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
The main changes are:
— clarification of the circumstances where numerical modelling may be used to perform or assist with
meeting the qualifications for sample extraction locations;
— clarification of passages allowing the use of alternate aerosol particle sizes for the purpose of testing
to meet various performance criteria described in this document;
— changes for the discussion of standard uncertainty with regard to setting action levels (Annex I).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO 2889:2023(E)
Introduction
This document focuses on monitoring the activity concentrations and activity releases of radioactive
substances in air in stacks and ducts. Other situations for monitoring the activity concentrations and
activity releases of radioactive substances in air (environmental or workplace monitoring) are being
addressed in subsequent standards. This document provides performance-based criteria for the use
of air-sampling equipment, including probes, transport lines, sample collectors, sample monitoring
instruments and gas flow measuring methods. This document also provides information covering
sampling programme objectives, quality assurance, development of air monitoring control action levels,
system optimization and system performance verification.
ISO 2889 was first published in 1975 as a guide to sampling airborne radioactive materials in the ducts,
stacks, and working environments of installations where work with radioactive materials is conducted.
Since then, an improved technical basis has been developed for each of the major sampling specialities.
The focus of this document is on the sampling of airborne radioactive materials in ducts and stacks.
The goal of achieving an unbiased, representative sample is best accomplished where samples are
extracted from airstreams in which potential airborne contaminants are well mixed in the airstream.
This document sets forth performance criteria and recommendations to assist in obtaining valid
measurements of the concentration of airborne radioactive materials in ducts or stacks.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2889:2023(E)
Sampling airborne radioactive materials from the stacks
and ducts of nuclear facilities
1 Scope
This document sets forth performance-based criteria and recommendations for the design and use of
systems for sampling of airborne radioactive materials in the effluent air from the ducts and stacks of
nuclear facilities.
The requirements and recommendations of this document are aimed at sampling that is conducted for
regulatory compliance and system control. If existing air-sampling systems are not designed to the
performance requirements and recommendations of this document, an evaluation of the performance
of the system is advised. If deficiencies are discovered, a determination of whether or not a retrofit is
needed and practicable is recommended.
It can be impossible to meet the requirements of this document in all conditions with a sampling system
designed for normal operations only. Under off-normal conditions, the criteria or recommendations of
this document still apply. However, for accident conditions, special accident air sampling systems or
measurements can be used.
This document does not address outdoor air sampling, radon measurements, or the surveillance of
airborne radioactive substances in the workplace of nuclear facilities.
NOTE Reference [1] addresses the instrumentation that is frequently used in nuclear air monitoring.
Reference [5] addresses air sampling in the workplace of nuclear facilities. References [6] and [7] describe the
performance characteristics of air monitors.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10780, Stationary source emissions — Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in
ducts
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abatement equipment
apparatus used to reduce contaminant concentration in the airflow exhausted through a stack or duct
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ISO 2889:2023(E)
3.2
absorbent
material that takes up a constituent through the action of diffusion, allowing the constituent to
penetrate into the structure of the absorbent (if a solid) or dissolve in it (if a liquid)
Note 1 to entry: When a chemical reaction takes place during absorption, the process is called chemisorption.
3.3
accident conditions
any unintended event, including operating errors, equipment failures and other mishaps, the
consequences or potential consequences of which are not negligible from the point of view of protection
and safety
3.4
accuracy
closeness of agreement between a measured quantity and the true quantity of the measurand
3.5
action level
threshold concentration of an effluent contaminant at which it is necessary to perform an appropriate
action
3.6
adsorbent
material, generally a solid, that retains a substance contacting it through short-range molecular forces
that bind the adsorbed material at the surface of the material
3.7
aerodynamic diameter
D
a
3
for a particle of arbitrary shape and density, the diameter of a sphere with density 1 000 kg/m that has
the same sedimentation velocity in quiescent air as the arbitrary particle
3.8
aerosol
dispersion of solid or liquid particles in air or other gas
Note 1 to entry: An aerosol is not only the aerosol particles (3.9).
3.9
aerosol particle
solid or liquid particle constituents of an aerosol (3.8)
3.10
analyser
device that provides for near real-time data on radiological characteristics of the gas (air) flow in a
sampling system or duct
Note 1 to entry: An analyser usually evaluates the concentration of radionuclides in a sampled air stream.
However, some analysers are mounted directly in or outside a stack or duct.
3.11
aspiration ratio
ratio of particle mass or number concentration in the nozzle inlet to the concentration in the free stream
3.12
bend
gradual change in direction of a sample transport line
Note 1 to entry: The radius of curvature of a bend should be at least three times the inside diameter of the tubing.
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ISO 2889:2023(E)
3.13
bulk stream
air flow in a stack or duct, as opposed to the sample flow rate
3.14
burial
imbedding of a particle into a filter medium or the masking of a particle by subsequent deposits of
particulate matter
3.15
calibration
operation that, under specified conditions, initially establishes a relation between the quantity values
with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications
with associated measurement uncertainties and then uses this information to establish a relation for
obtaining a measurement result from an indication
3.16
coefficient of variation
C
V
quantity that is the ratio of the standard deviation of a variable to the mean value of that variable
Note 1 to entry: It is usually expressed as a percentage.
3.17
collector
component of a sampling system that is used to retain radionuclides for analysis
EXAMPLE A filter that is used to remove from a sample stream aerosol particles (3.9) that carry alpha-
emitting transuranic radionuclides or other radionuclides.
3.18
conditioning system
apparatus that can be used to purposefully, in a controlled manner, change the aerosol particle (3.9)
concentration, gas composition, particle-size distribution (3.52), temperature or pressure in a sample
stream (3.68)
3.19
continuous air monitor
CAM
near-real-time sampler and associated detector that provide data on radionuclides [e.g. concentration
of alpha-emitting aerosol particle (3.9)] in a sample stream (3.68)
3.20
continuous monitoring
continuous near-real-time measurements of one or more sampling characteristics
3.21
continuous sampling
either uninterrupted sampling or sequential collection of samples obtained automatically at intervals
short enough to yield results that are representative for the entire sampling period
Note 1 to entry: The sample may be analysed in near-real-time (i.e. equivalent to monitoring) or it may be
analysed post-sample-collection in a remote laboratory.
3.22
curvature ratio
ratio of bend radius to the tube diameter
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ISO 2889:2023(E)
3.23
depositional loss
loss of constituents of the sample on the internal walls of a sampling system
Note 1 to entry: See also 3.84.
3.24
decision threshold
value of the estimator of the measurand, which, when exceeded by the result of an actual measurement
using a given measurement procedure of a measurand quantifying a physical effect, is used to decide
that the physical effect is present
Note 1 to entry: The decision threshold is defined such that in cases where the measurement result exceeds
the decision threshold, the probability that the true value of the measurand is zero is less or equal to a chosen
probability for a wrong decision, α.
[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1:2019, 3.12 modified – definition identical, but Note 1 to entry changed and Note 2
to entry not included here.]
3.25
detection limit
smallest true value of the measurand which ensures a specified probability of being detectable by the
measurement procedure
Note 1 to entry: With the decision threshold (3.24), the detection limit is the smallest true value of the measurand
for which the probability of wrongly deciding that the true value of the measurand is zero is equal to a specified
value, when, in fact, the true value of the measurand is not zero.
[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1: 2019, 3.13 modified – definition identical, but last sentence of Note 1 to entry not
included here as well as Note 2 to entry.]
3.26
droplet
liquid aerosol particle (3.9)
3.27
effective dose
sum of the products of the dose absorbed by an organ or a tissue and the factors relative to the radiation
and to the organs or tissues that are irradiated
3.28
effluent
waste stream flowing away from a process, plant, or facility to the environment
Note 1 to entry: This document applies to the effluent air that is discharged to the atmosphere through stacks
and ducts.
3.29
emission
contaminants that are discharged into the environment
3.30
emit
discharge contaminants into the environment
3.31
extractive sampling
diverting a part of the airflow from a stack or duct for the purpose of the collection of a sample of the air
Note 1 to entry: See 3.69 and 3.72.
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ISO 2889:2023(E)
3.32
flow rate
rate at which a mass or volume of gas (air) crosses an imaginary cross-sectional area in either a
sampling system tube or a stack or duct
Note 1 to entry: The rate at which the volume crosses the imaginary area is called the volumetric flow rate and
the rate at which the mass crosses the imaginary area is called either the mass flow rate or the volumetric flow
rate at standard conditions.
3.33
geometric mean (of a variable)
x
g
value for N observations of a random variable x given by
i
N
1
lnx = lnx
g ∑ i
N
i=1
3.34
geometric standard deviation
s
g
the geometric standard deviation for N observations of a random variable, x , calculated from
i
N
1 2
2
ln s = ln xx−ln
()
gg∑ i
N−1
i=1
where x is the geometric mean of the random variable
g
3.35
high-efficiency particulate air filter
HEPA filter
high-efficiency filter used for removing aerosol particles (3.9) from an air stream
Note 1 to entry: A HEPA filter usually collects aerosol particles at the most penetrating particle size (between
0,1 μm and 0,3 μm diameter) with a high efficiency and is designed to collect greater fractions of aerosol particles
with diameters either larger or smaller. The minimum efficiency of a HEPA filter is not defined in this document.
3.36
hydraulic diameter
type of equivalent duct diameter for ducts that do not have a round cross-section
Note 1 to entry: Generally, it is four times the cross-sectional area divided by the perimeter.
3.37
impaction
process by which aerosol particles (3.9) are removed from an air stream by striking an object in the air
stream
Note 1 to entry: Curvature of air streamlines, principally on the front side of the object, causes particles with
sufficient inertia to strike the object while the airflow passes around it.
3.38
in-line system
system where the detector assembly is adjacent to, or immersed in, the effluent (3.28) stream or stream
in the duct or stack
3.39
interception
process by which aerosol particles (3.9) are removed from an air stream by an object in the flow, where
the trajectory of the particle's centre of gravity misses the object but the body of the particle strikes the
object
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ISO 2889:2023(E)
3.40
isokinetic
c
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 2889
Quatrième édition
2023-07
Échantillonnage de substances
radioactives en suspension dans l'air
dans les émissaires de rejet et les
conduits des installations nucléaires
Sampling airborne radioactive materials from the stacks and ducts of
nuclear facilities
Numéro de référence
ISO 2889:2023(F)
© ISO 2023
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ISO 2889:2023(F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
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Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
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Publié en Suisse
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ISO 2889:2023(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .v
Introduction . vi
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives .1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Symboles .11
5 Facteurs influençant le programme d’échantillonnage .15
6 Points d’extraction des échantillons .15
6.1 Généralités . 15
6.2 Exigences générales concernant les points d’extraction des échantillons . 16
6.3 Critères relatifs à l’homogénéité du flux d’air aux points de prélèvement . 17
6.3.1 Généralités . 17
6.3.2 Écoulement angulaire ou cyclonique . 17
6.3.3 Profil de vitesse de l’air . 17
6.3.4 Profil de concentration gazeuse . 17
6.3.5 Profil de concentration des particules. 18
6.3.6 Résumé des recommandations concernant les points d’extraction
d’échantillons dans un flux d’air bien mélangé . 18
7 Conception du système de prélèvement .19
7.1 Généralités . 19
7.2 Mesurage de débit volumique . 19
7.2.1 Généralités . 19
7.2.2 Mesurage du débit des rejets . 20
7.2.3 Mesurage du débit et du volume de l’échantillon d’air .20
7.2.4 Contrôles d’étanchéité . 21
7.3 Conception et fonctionnement des buses d’extraction de particules d’aérosols .22
7.3.1 Généralités .22
7.3.2 Performances des buses .22
7.3.3 Facteurs liés aux applications et aux performances .23
7.3.4 Sondes de prélèvement à buses d’entrée multiples .23
7.3.5 Matériaux de construction . 24
7.3.6 Maintenance . 24
7.3.7 Nouveaux concepts . 24
7.4 Transport de prélèvement de particules . 25
7.4.1 Généralités . 25
7.4.2 Pertes par dépôt .25
7.4.3 Corrosion .26
7.4.4 Effets électrostatiques et tubes flexibles . 26
7.4.5 Rugosité des surfaces internes . 26
7.4.6 Condensation .26
7.4.7 Nettoyage des lignes de transport . 26
7.5 Extraction et transport des échantillons de gaz et de vapeur . 27
7.6 Collecte des échantillons de particules .28
7.6.1 Généralités .28
7.6.2 Milieu filtrant .28
7.7 Collecte d’échantillons de gaz et de vapeur .29
7.7.1 Généralités .29
7.7.2 Prélèvement avec rétention des constituants spécifiques .29
7.7.3 Prélèvement sans séparation des constituants .30
7.8 Évaluation et mise à niveau des systèmes existants .30
7.9 Résumé des critères de performances et des recommandations. 31
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ISO 2889:2023(F)
8 Assurance qualité et contrôle qualité .32
Annexe A (informative) Techniques de mesure du débit d’écoulement dans les conduits
et émissaires de rejet .33
Annexe B (informative) Modélisation des pertes de particules dans les systèmes de
transport .39
Annexe C (informative) Considérations particulières relatives à l’extraction, au transportet
au prélèvement de l’iode radioactif .49
Annexe D (informative) Optimisation du choix des filtres utilisés pour collecter les
particules radioactives en suspension dans l’air .54
Annexe E (informative) Évaluation des erreurs et de l’incertitude relatives au prélèvement
des effluents gazeux .59
Annexe F (informative) Démonstration de mélange et vérification des performancesdu
système de prélèvement .69
Annexe G (informative) Caractéristiques des particules d’aérosols transuraniens —
Implications liées aux échantillons extraits des effluents des installations
nucléaires .78
Annexe H (informative) Prélèvement et détection du tritium.82
Annexe I (informative) Niveaux d’action.85
Annexe J (informative) Assurance qualité .92
Annexe K (informative) Prélèvement et détection du carbone 14 .97
Annexe L (informative) Facteurs influençant la conception du système de prélèvement . 100
Annexe M (informative) Sondes et buses de prélèvement. 107
Annexe N (informative) Prélèvement dans les émissaires de rejet ou les conduits et analyse
106
pour le Ru .116
Bibliographie .117
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ISO 2889:2023(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux.
L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d'approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a
été rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir
www.iso.org/directives).
L’ISO attire l’attention sur le fait que la mise en application du présent document peut entraîner
l’utilisation d’un ou de plusieurs brevets. L’ISO ne prend pas position quant à la preuve, à la validité
et à l’applicabilité de tout droit de brevet revendiqué à cet égard. À la date de publication du présent
document, l’ISO n'avait pas reçu notification qu’un ou plusieurs brevets pouvaient être nécessaires à sa
mise en application. Toutefois, il y a lieu d’avertir les responsables de la mise en application du présent
document que des informations plus récentes sont susceptibles de figurer dans la base de données de
brevets, disponible à l'adresse www.iso.org/brevets. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié tout ou partie de tels droits de propriété.
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l'ISO liés à l'évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion
de l'ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir www.iso.org/avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 85, Énergie nucléaire, technologies
nucléaires, et radioprotection, sous-comité SC 2, Radioprotection.
Cette quatrième édition annule et remplace la troisième édition (ISO 2889:2021), qui a fait l’objet d’une
révision mineure.
Les principales modifications sont les suivantes:
— clarification des circonstances dans lesquelles la modélisation numérique peut être utilisée pour
réaliser ou aider à réaliser les qualifications pour les points d’extraction des échantillons;
— clarification des passages autorisant l’utilisation d’autres tailles de particules d’aérosols à des fins
d’essais pour satisfaire à divers critères de performances décrits dans le présent document;
— modifications liées à l’incertitude-type concernant la détermination des niveaux d’action (Annexe I).
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes
se trouve à l’adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.
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ISO 2889:2023(F)
Introduction
Le présent document porte sur la surveillance des concentrations et rejets d’activité des substances
radioactives en suspension dans l’air dans les émissaires de rejet et les conduits. D’autres situations
de surveillance des concentrations et rejets d’activité des substances radioactives en suspension dans
l’air (surveillance de l’environnement et des lieux de travail) feront l’objet de normes ultérieures. Le
présent document spécifie des critères de performances pour l’utilisation d’équipements de prélèvement
d’air incluant des sondes, des lignes de transport, des collecteurs d’échantillons, des instruments de
surveillance des échantillons et des méthodes de mesure d’écoulement gazeux. Le présent document
fournit également des informations couvrant les objectifs des programmes de prélèvement, l’assurance
qualité, l’élaboration de niveaux de déclenchement d’actions de régulation liées à la surveillance de l’air,
l’optimisation des systèmes et la vérification des performances des systèmes.
La première édition de l’ISO 2889 fut publiée en 1975 sous forme de guide pour le prélèvement de
substances radioactives en suspension dans l’air dans les conduits, les émissaires de rejet et les
environnements des installations où des travaux sur des substances radioactives étaient réalisés.
Depuis cette date, l’état des connaissances techniques s’est amélioré pour chacune des principales
spécialités de prélèvement. Le présent document porte sur le prélèvement des substances radioactives
en suspension dans l’air des conduits et des émissaires de rejet.
L’objectif d’obtenir un échantillon représentatif et non biaisé est plus facilement atteint lorsque les
échantillons sont extraits de flux d’air dans lesquels des contaminants potentiels en suspension dans
l’air sont bien mélangés dans le flux d’air. Le présent document spécifie des critères de performances
et des recommandations visant à obtenir des mesurages valides de la concentration des matières
radioactives en suspension dans l’air dans les conduits ou émissaires de rejet.
vi
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 2889:2023(F)
Échantillonnage de substances radioactives en suspension
dans l'air dans les émissaires de rejet et les conduits des
installations nucléaires
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document spécifie des critères de performances et des recommandations concernant la
conception et l’utilisation de systèmes permettant de prélever les échantillons de matières radioactives
en suspension dans l’air dans les conduits et les émissaires de rejet des installations nucléaires.
Les exigences et les recommandations du présent document concernent les prélèvements effectués aux
fins de vérification de la conformité à la réglementation et de contrôle des systèmes. Si les systèmes de
prélèvement d’air existants n’ont pas été conçus conformément aux exigences et aux recommandations
de performances du présent document, une évaluation des performances du système est conseillée.
Si des écarts de performances sont constatés, il est recommandé de déterminer la nécessité et la
faisabilité d’une modification a posteriori du système de prélèvement.
Il peut s’avérer impossible de se conformer aux exigences du présent document dans toutes les
conditions avec un système de prélèvement uniquement conçu pour un fonctionnement normal. En
conditions anormales, les critères ou recommandations du présent document s’appliquent encore. Mais,
en conditions accidentelles, des mesurages ou systèmes de prélèvement d’air spécifiques peuvent être
utilisés.
Le présent document ne traite pas du prélèvement d’air extérieur, des mesurages du radon, ni de la
surveillance des substances radioactives en suspension dans l’air sur les lieux de travail des installations
nucléaires.
NOTE La Référence [1] traite des instruments fréquemment utilisés pour la surveillance de l’air en
milieu nucléaire. La Référence [5] traite du prélèvement d’air sur le lieu de travail des installations nucléaires.
Les Références [6] et [7] décrivent les caractéristiques de performances des moniteurs d’air.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants sont cités dans le texte de sorte qu’ils constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur
contenu, des exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique.
Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s’applique (y compris
les éventuels amendements).
ISO 10780, Émissions de sources fixes — Mesurage de la vitesse et du débit-volume des courants gazeux
dans des conduites
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s’appliquent.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .iso .org/ obp;
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .electropedia .org/ .
1
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ISO 2889:2023(F)
3.1
appareil d’épuration sélective
appareil utilisé pour réduire la concentration de contaminants dans le flux d’air qui s’échappe via
un conduit ou un émissaire de rejet
3.2
absorbant
matière qui, par une action de diffusion, enlève un constituant, en permettant à ce dernier de pénétrer
à l’intérieur de la structure de l’absorbant (s’il est solide) ou de se dissoudre dans cette structure
(si l’absorbant est liquide)
Note 1 à l'article: Lorsqu’une réaction chimique se produit au cours de l’absorption, le processus est dit
d’«adsorption chimique» ou de «chimisorption».
3.3
conditions accidentelles
événement inattendu, y compris erreurs opérationnelles, défaillances d’équipement et autres
contretemps, dont les conséquences ou les conséquences potentielles ne sont pas négligeables du point
de vue de la protection ou de la sécurité
3.4
exactitude
étroitesse de l’accord entre une valeur mesurée et une valeur vraie d’un mesurande
3.5
niveau d’action
concentration limite d’un effluent contaminant à partir de laquelle une action appropriée doit être
engagée
3.6
adsorbant
matière, généralement solide, qui retient une substance qui se trouve à son contact grâce aux forces
moléculaires de courte portée qui lient la matière adsorbée à la surface de la matière
3.7
diamètre aérodynamique
D
a
pour une particule arbitraire de forme et de masse volumique données, diamètre d’une sphère
3
d’une masse volumique de 1 000 kg/m ayant la même vitesse de sédimentation dans de l’air au repos
que la particule arbitraire
3.8
aérosol
flux de particules solides ou liquides dispersées dans l’air ou dans d’autres gaz
Note 1 à l'article: Un aérosol ne concerne pas seulement les particules d’aérosols (3.9).
3.9
particule d’aérosol
particule solide ou liquide constituant l’aérosol (3.8)
3.10
analyseur
dispositif qui fournit des données en temps quasi réel sur les caractéristiques radiologiques du flux
de gaz (d’air) dans un système de prélèvement ou un conduit
Note 1 à l'article: Un analyseur évalue généralement la concentration de radionucléides dans un flux d’air prélevé.
Toutefois, certains analyseurs sont montés directement à l’intérieur ou à l’extérieur d’un émissaire de rejet ou
d’un conduit.
2
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ISO 2889:2023(F)
3.11
rapport d’aspiration
concentration de particules en nombre ou en masse à l’entrée de la buse, divisée par la concentration
dans le flux d’air libre
3.12
coude
changement graduel de direction d’une ligne de transport d’échantillons
Note 1 à l'article: Il convient que le rayon de courbure d’un coude soit au moins trois fois supérieur au diamètre
intérieur du tube.
3.13
ensemble du flux d’air
flux d’air dans un émissaire de rejet ou un conduit, en opposition au débit de prélèvement
3.14
enfouissement
encastrement d’une particule dans un milieu filtrant, ou recouvrement d’une particule par des dépôts
ultérieurs de matière particulaire
3.15
étalonnage
opération qui, dans des conditions spécifiées, établit en une première étape une relation entre les
valeurs et les incertitudes de mesure associées qui sont fournies par des étalons et les indications
correspondantes avec les incertitudes associées, puis utilise en une seconde étape cette information
pour établir une relation permettant d’obtenir un résultat de mesure à partir d’une indication
3.16
coefficient de variation
C
V
grandeur qui est le rapport de l’écart-type d’une variable sur la valeur moyenne de cette variable
Note 1 à l'article: Il s’exprime généralement en pourcentage.
3.17
collecteur
composant d’un système de prélèvement utilisé pour retenir les radionucléides afin de les analyser
EXEMPLE Un filtre qui est utilisé pour extraire d’un flux d’échantillons les particules d’aérosols (3.9)
transportant des radionucléides transuraniens émetteurs alpha ou d’autres radionucléides.
3.18
système de conditionnement
appareil pouvant être utilisé pour modifier intentionnellement, de manière maîtrisée, la concentration
des particules d’aérosols (3.9), la composition des gaz, la distribution granulométrique en taille (3.52),
la température ou la pression dans un flux d’échantillons (3.68)
3.19
moniteur d’air en continu
CAM
échantillonneur et détecteur associé qui fournissent en temps quasi réel des données sur les
radionucléides (par exemple, la concentration en particules d’aérosols émettrices alpha (3.9)) dans un
flux d’échantillons (3.68)
3.20
surveillance continue
mesurage continu en temps quasi réel d’une ou plusieurs caractéristiques de prélèvement
3
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ISO 2889:2023(F)
3.21
prélèvement continu
prélèvement ininterrompu ou collecte séquentielle d’échantillons obtenus de manière automatique,
à des intervalles suffisamment courts pour donner des résultats représentatifs de toute la période
d’échantillonnage
Note 1 à l'article: L’échantillon peut être analysé en temps quasi réel (c’est-à-dire équivalant à la surveillance),
mais il peut également être analysé après le recueil de l’échantillon dans un laboratoire distant.
3.22
rapport de courbure
rayon de courbure divisé par le diamètre du tube
3.23
perte par dépôt
perte de constituants de l’échantillon sur les parois internes d’un système de prélèvement
Note 1 à l'article: Voir aussi 3.84.
3.24
seuil de décision
valeur de l’estimateur du mesurande telle que, quand le résultat d’une mesure réelle utilisant une
procédure de mesure donnée d’un mesurande quantifiant le phénomène physique lui est supérieur,
on décide que le phénomène physique est présent
Note 1 à l'article: Le seuil de décision est défini de manière que, dans le cas où le résultat du mesurage dépasse
le seuil de décision, la probabilité que la valeur vraie du mesurande soit nulle est inférieure ou égale à la
probabilité choisie pour une décision erronée, α.
[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1:2019, 3.12 modifié — Définition identique, mais modification de la Note 1
à l’article et suppression de la Note 2 à l’article.]
3.25
limite de détection
plus petite valeur vraie du mesurande qui garantit une probabilité spécifiée qu’il soit détectable par
la méthode de mesure
Note 1 à l'article: Avec le seuil de décision (3.24), la limite de détection est la plus petite valeur vraie du mesurande
pour laquelle la probabilité de décider de façon erronée que la valeur vraie du mesurande est nulle est égale à une
valeur spécifiée, quand, en réalité, la valeur vraie du mesurande n’est pas nulle.
[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1:2019, 3.13, modifié – Définition identique, mais dernière phrase de la Note 1
à l’article non incluse ici, de même que la Note 2 à l’article.]
3.26
gouttelette
particule d’aérosol liquide (3.9)
3.27
dose efficace
somme des produits de la dose absorbée par un organe ou tissu et des facteurs se rapportant aux
radiations et aux organes ou tissus irradiés
3.28
effluent
flux de déchets émanant d’un procédé, d’une usine ou d’une installation vers l’environnement
Note 1 à l'article: Le présent document s’applique aux effluents gazeux rejetés dans l’atmosphère via des
émissaires de rejet et des conduits.
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...
ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E) Style Definition: Heading 1: Indent: Left: 0 pt, First line: 0
pt, Tab stops: Not at 21.6 pt
Style Definition: Heading 2: Font: Bold, Tab stops: Not at
ISO TC 85/SC 2
18 pt
Style Definition: Heading 3: Font: Bold
Date: 2023-03-10xx
Style Definition: Heading 4: Font: Bold
Secretariat: AFNOR
Style Definition: Heading 5: Font: Bold
Style Definition: Heading 6: Font: Bold
Sampling airborne radioactive materials from the stacks and ducts of nuclear facilities
Style Definition: ANNEX
Style Definition: AMEND Terms Heading: Font: Bold
Échantillonnage de substances radioactives en suspension dans l'air dans les émissaires de rejet et
les conduits des installations nucléaires Style Definition: AMEND Heading 1 Unnumbered: Font: Bold
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
© ISO 2023 Formatted: Pattern: Clear
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or
utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or
posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested
from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO Copyright Office
CP 56 - CH-1211 Geneva 20
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax: + 41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Published in Switzerland.
ii © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . xii
Introduction . xiii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols . 12
5 Factors impacting the sampling program . 15
6 Sample extraction locations . 16
7 Sampling system design . 19
8 Quality assurance and quality control . 31
Annex A (informative) Techniques for measurement of flow rate through a stack or duct . 33
A.1 General . 33
A.2 Special considerations for use of ISO 10780 in sampling stacks and ducts of nuclear
facilities . 34
A.2.1 General . 34
A.2.2 Pitot tubes . 34
A.2.3 Mean molar mass of the stack or duct gas . 35
A.2.4 Thermal anemometers . 35
A.3 Conversion of data from single point or single line measurements to total flow rate . 35
A.3.1 General . 35
A.3.2 Pitot tube . 36
A.3.3 Thermal anemometer . 36
A.3.4 Acoustic flow meter . 37
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
Annex B (informative) Modelling of particle losses in transport systems . 38
B.1 General . 38
B.2 Aerosol particle penetration through transport system components . 39
B.2.1 General . 39
B.2.2 Wall losses in nozzles . 40
B.2.3 Straight tubes . 41
B.2.4 Bends . 43
B.3 Calculation of sample losses in a transport system . 46
Annex C (informative) Special considerations for the extraction, transport and sampling of
radioiodine . 49
C.1 General . 49
C.2 Sample extraction and transport . 49
C.3 Collection media for radioiodine . 51
Annex D (informative) Optimizing the selection of filters for sampling airborne radioactive
particles . 54
Annex E (informative) Evaluating the errors and the uncertainty for the sampling of effluent
gases . 61
E.1 General . 61
E.2 Uncertainty estimation related to the emission of a radioactive substance . 61
E.3 Quantifying uncertainty . 63
E.3.1 Stack or duct emission measurement uncertainty analysis methods . 63
E.3.2 Combined uncertainty associated with the measurement process . 63
E.3.3 Uncertainty associated with bias . 64
E.3.4 Uncertainty associated with conceptual systematic uncertainty . 65
E.3.4.1 General . 65
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
E.3.4.2 Uncertainty associated with temporal variations . 65
E.3.4.3 Model systematic uncertainty . 65
E.3.5 Describing the combined uncertainties in emission measurement . 65
E.4 Evaluation of uncertainties . 67
E.4.1 General . 67
E.4.2 Uncertainty in sample volume, stack or duct area, and transmission efficiency . 67
E.4.3 Uncertainty in velocity measurement parameters . 67
E.4.4 Uncertainty in measurement parameters . 68
E.4.5 Methodological bias . 68
E.5 Summary of uncertainty analysis . 69
E.6 Correlated uncertainties . 69
Annex F (informative) Mixing demonstration and sampling system performance verification . 70
F.1 Mixing demonstration methods. 70
F.1.1 General . 70
F.1.2 Method 1 . 70
F.1.2.1 General . 70
F.1.2.2 Tracers . 70
F.1.2.3 Measurement conditions . 70
F.1.2.4 Measurement points . 71
F.1.2.5 Transference of qualification test results . 71
F.1.3 Method 2 . 71
F.1.4 Numerical modeling to qualify the sample extraction location . 73
F.1.5 Alternative approaches . 74
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
F.2 When to conduct sampling system performance verification . 74
F.2.1 General . 74
F.2.2 Approaches to verification . 74
F.2.3 In-place testing . 75
F.2.3.1 Particle sampling examples . 75
F.2.3.2 Radioiodine sampling examples . 76
F.2.4 Laboratory simulation . 76
F.2.4.1 General . 76
F.2.4.2 Aerosol particle examples . 76
F.2.4.3 Radioiodine examples . 76
F.2.5 Modeling . 76
F.2.5.1 General . 76
F.2.5.2 Particle examples . 76
F.2.5.3 Radioiodine examples . 77
Annex G (informative) Transuranic aerosol particulate characteristics — Implications for
extractive sampling in nuclear facility effluents . 78
G.1 General . 78
G.2 HEPA filtration effects . 78
G.3 Transuranic aerosol particulate characteristics under accident conditions . 79
G.4 Implications for nozzle design . 81
G.5 Implications for other nuclear facilities . 81
Annex H (informative) Tritium sampling and detection . 82
H.1 Tritium chemistry . 82
H.2 Sampling considerations . 82
vi © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
H.2.1 General . 82
H.2.2 Sampler nozzle . 82
H.2.3 Heat tracing . 82
H.2.4 Medium location . 82
H.3 Sample media . 83
H.3.1 General . 83
H.3.2 Silica gel . 83
H.3.3 Molecular sieves . 83
H.3.4 Bubblers . 83
H.3.5 Condensation . 84
H.3.6 Catalysts . 84
H.4 On-line detection . 84
H.4.1 Ionization detectors . 84
H.4.2 Proportional counters . 84
Annex I (informative) Action levels . 85
I.1 General . 85
I.2 Action levels for control monitoring . 87
I.3 Action levels for record sampling . 88
I.4 System sensitivity needed to achieve selected action levels . 88
I.5 System performance and availability alarms . 93
Annex J (informative) Quality assurance . 94
J.1 General . 94
J.2 Documentation . 94
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
J.2.1 General . 94
J.2.2 Source term . 94
J.2.3 Effluent flow characterization . 94
J.2.4 Design and construction . 94
J.3 Maintenance and inspection . 95
J.3.1 General . 95
J.3.2 Inspections . 95
J.3.3 Sampling system flow meter inspections . 95
J.3.4 Continuous effluent flow measurement apparatus . 96
J.4 Calibration . 97
J.4.1 General . 97
J.4.2 Calibration of sampling system flow meters . 97
J.4.3 Calibration of effluent flow-measurement devices . 98
J.4.4 Calibration of timing devices . 98
Annex K (informative) Carbon-14 sampling and detection . 99
K.1 Carbon-14 chemistry . 99
K.2 Sampling considerations . 99
K.2.1 General . 99
14
K.2.2 Particulate C . 99
14
K.2.3 Gaseous C . 99
K.3 Sampling media . 99
14
K.3.1 Particulate C . 99
14
K.3.2 Gaseous CO . 100
2
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
K.3.2.1 General . 100
K.3.2.2 Collection with caustic solutions . 100
K.3.2.3 Collection with solid caustic materials . 101
K.3.2.4 Collection with molecular sieves . 101
14
K.3.3 Non-CO2 gaseous C . 101
Annex L (informative) Factors impacting sampling system design . 102
L.1 Sampling objective . 102
L.2 Considerations for different sampling situations . 102
L.2.1 General . 103
L.2.2 Considerations for sampling normal and off-normal conditions . 103
L.2.3 Sampling for aerosol particles . 104
L.2.4 Concerns for large particles . 105
L.2.5 Sampling condensable vapour or reactive gases . 106
L.2.6 Sampling non-condensible, non-reactive gases . 106
L.3 Action levels . 106
L.4 Sampling environment . 106
L.4.1 Characterizing the sampling environment . 106
L.4.2 Temperature . 107
L.4.3 Effluent flow rate . 107
L.4.4 Effluent composition . 107
L.4.5 Particle size . 107
L.5 Influence of potential emissions on sampling . 108
Annex M (informative) Sampling nozzles and probes . 109
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
M.1 General . 109
M.2 Nozzle design . 109
M.3 Multi-nozzle probe designs . 111
M.3.1 General . 111
M.3.2 Multi-nozzle probe theory . 112
M.3.3 Multi-nozzle probe examples . 114
106
Annex N (informative) Stack or duct sampling and analysis for Ru . 118
Bibliography . 119
Foreword . xii
Introduction . xiii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols . 12
5 Factors impacting the sampling program . 15
6 Sample extraction locations . 16
7 Sampling system design .
...
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 2889
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Sampling airborne radioactive
Secretariat: AFNOR
materials from the stacks and ducts of
Voting begins on:
2023-04-20 nuclear facilities
Voting terminates on:
Échantillonnage de substances radioactives en suspension dans l'air
2023-06-15
dans les émissaires de rejet et les conduits des installations nucléaires
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 2889
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Sampling airborne radioactive
Secretariat: AFNOR
materials from the stacks and ducts of
Voting begins on:
nuclear facilities
Voting terminates on:
Échantillonnage de substances radioactives en suspension dans l'air
dans les émissaires de rejet et les conduits des installations nucléaires
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
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NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols .10
5 Factors impacting the sampling program .14
6 Sample extraction locations .15
6.1 General . 15
6.2 General requirements for sample extraction locations . 15
6.3 Criteria for the homogeneity of the air stream at sampling locations . 16
6.3.1 General . 16
6.3.2 Angular or cyclonic flow . 16
6.3.3 Air velocity profile . 16
6.3.4 Gas concentration profile . 16
6.3.5 Particle concentration profile. 17
6.3.6 Summary of recommendations for locations to extract samples from a
well-mixed air stream . 17
7 Sampling system design .18
7.1 General . 18
7.2 Volumetric flow measurement . 18
7.2.1 General . 18
7.2.2 Emission stream flow measurement . 18
7.2.3 Sample air flow rate and volume measurement . 19
7.2.4 Leak checks . 20
7.3 Nozzle design and operation for extracting aerosol particles . 20
7.3.1 General .20
7.3.2 Nozzle performance . 20
7.3.3 Application and performance considerations . 21
7.3.4 Sampling probes with multipleinlet nozzles . 21
7.3.5 Materials of construction . 22
7.3.6 Maintenance . 22
7.3.7 New concepts . 22
7.4 Sample transport for particles . 22
7.4.1 General .22
7.4.2 Depositional losses .23
7.4.3 Corrosion .23
7.4.4 Electrostatic effects and flexible tubes . 23
7.4.5 Smoothness of internal surfaces . 24
7.4.6 Condensation . 24
7.4.7 Cleaning transport lines . 24
7.5 Gas and vapour sample extraction and transport . 25
7.6 Collection of particle samples .25
7.6.1 General . 25
7.6.2 Filter media .26
7.7 Collection of gas and vapour samples . 26
7.7.1 General . 26
7.7.2 Sampling with retention of specific constituents . 27
7.7.3 Sampling without constituent separation . 27
7.8 Evaluation and upgrading of existing systems .28
7.9 Summary of performance criteria and recommendations .28
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
8 Quality assurance and quality control .29
Annex A (informative) Techniques for measurement of flow rate through a stack or duct .31
Annex B (informative) Modelling of particle losses in transport systems .36
Annex C (informative) Special considerations for the extraction, transport and sampling
of radioiodine .46
Annex D (informative) Optimizing the selection of filters for sampling airborne radioactive
particles . . .51
Annex E (informative) Evaluating the errors and the uncertainty for the sampling of
effluent gases .56
Annex F (informative) Mixing demonstration and sampling system performance
verification .66
Annex G (informative) Transuranic aerosol particulate characteristics —Implications for
extractive sampling in nuclear facility effluents .74
Annex H (informative) Tritium sampling and detection .78
Annex I (informative) Action levels .81
Annex J (informative) Quality assurance .88
Annex K (informative) Carbon-14 sampling and detection .92
Annex L (informative) Factors impacting sampling system design .95
Annex M (informative) Sampling nozzles and probes . 101
106
Annex N (informative) Stack or duct sampling and analysis for Ru . 109
Bibliography .110
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and nongovernmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy nuclear technologies
and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiation protection.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 2889:2021), of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
The main changes are:
— clarification of the circumstances where numerical modelling may be used to perform or assist with
meeting the qualifications for sample extraction locations;
— clarification of passages allowing the use of alternate aerosol particle sizes for the purpose of testing
to meet various performance criteria described in this document;
— changes for the discussion of standard uncertainty with regard to setting action levels (Annex I).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
Introduction
This document focuses on monitoring the activity concentrations and activity releases of radioactive
substances in air in stacks and ducts. Other situations for monitoring the activity concentrations and
activity releases of radioactive substances in air (environmental or workplace monitoring) are being
addressed in subsequent standards. This document provides performance-based criteria for the use
of air-sampling equipment, including probes, transport lines, sample collectors, sample monitoring
instruments and gas flow measuring methods. This document also provides information covering
sampling programme objectives, quality assurance, development of air monitoring control action levels,
system optimization and system performance verification.
ISO 2889 was first published in 1975 as a guide to sampling airborne radioactive materials in the ducts,
stacks, and working environments of installations where work with radioactive materials is conducted.
Since then, an improved technical basis has been developed for each of the major sampling specialities.
The focus of this document is on the sampling of airborne radioactive materials in ducts and stacks.
The goal of achieving an unbiased, representative sample is best accomplished where samples are
extracted from airstreams in which potential airborne contaminants are well mixed in the airstream.
This document sets forth performance criteria and recommendations to assist in obtaining valid
measurements of the concentration of airborne radioactive materials in ducts or stacks.
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
Sampling airborne radioactive materials from the stacks
and ducts of nuclear facilities
1 Scope
This document sets forth performancebased criteria and recommendations for the design and use of
systems for sampling of airborne radioactive materials in the effluent air from the ducts and stacks of
nuclear facilities.
The requirements and recommendations of this document are aimed at sampling that is conducted for
regulatory compliance and system control. If existing air-sampling systems are not designed to the
performance requirements and recommendations of this document, an evaluation of the performance
of the system is advised. If deficiencies are discovered, a determination of whether or not a retrofit is
needed and practicable is recommended.
It can be impossible to meet the requirements of this document in all conditions with a sampling system
designed for normal operations only. Under off-normal conditions, the criteria or recommendations of
this document still apply. However, for accident conditions, special accident air sampling systems or
measurements can be used.
This document does not address outdoor air sampling, radon measurements, or the surveillance of
airborne radioactive substances in the workplace of nuclear facilities.
NOTE Reference [1] addresses the instrumentation that is frequently used in nuclear air monitoring.
Reference [5] addresses air sampling in the workplace of nuclear facilities. References [6] and [7] describe the
performance characteristics of air monitors.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10780, Stationary source emissions — Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in
ducts
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abatement equipment
apparatus used to reduce contaminant concentration in the airflow exhausted through a stack or duct
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
3.2
absorbent
material that takes up a constituent through the action of diffusion, allowing the constituent to
penetrate into the structure of the absorbent (if a solid) or dissolve in it (if a liquid)
Note 1 to entry: When a chemical reaction takes place during absorption, the process is called chemisorption.
3.3
accident conditions
any unintended event, including operating errors, equipment failures and other mishaps, the
consequences or potential consequences of which are not negligible from the point of view of protection
and safety
3.4
accuracy
closeness of agreement between a measured quantity and the true quantity of the measurand
3.5
action level
threshold concentration of an effluent contaminant at which it is necessary to perform an appropriate
action
3.6
adsorbent
material, generally a solid, that retains a substance contacting it through short-range molecular forces
that bind the adsorbed material at the surface of the material
3.7
aerodynamic diameter
D
a
3
for a particle of arbitrary shape and density, the diameter of a sphere with density 1 000 kg/m that has
the same sedimentation velocity in quiescent air as the arbitrary particle
3.8
aerosol
dispersion of solid or liquid particles in air or other gas
Note 1 to entry: An aerosol is not only the aerosol particles.
3.9
monodisperse aerosol
aerosol (3.8) comprised of (solid or liquid) particles that are all of approximately the same size
Note 1 to entry: In general, the geometric standard deviation of the particle-size distribution of a monodisperse
aerosol is less than or equal to 1,1.
3.10
polydisperse aerosol
aerosol (3.8) comprised of particles with a range of sizes
Note 1 to entry: In general, the geometric standard deviation of the particle-size distribution of a polydisperse
aerosol is greater than 1,1.
3.11
aerosol particle
solid or liquid particle constituents of an aerosol (3.8)
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
3.12
analyser
device that provides for near real-time data on radiological characteristics of the gas (air) flow in a
sampling system or duct
Note 1 to entry: An analyser usually evaluates the concentration of radionuclides in a sampled air stream.
However, some analysers are mounted directly in or outside a stack or duct.
3.13
aspiration ratio
ratio of particle mass or number concentration in the nozzle inlet to the concentration in the free stream
3.14
bend
gradual change in direction of a sample transport line
Note 1 to entry: The radius of curvature of a bend should be at least three times the inside diameter of the tubing.
3.15
bulk stream
air flow in a stack or duct, as opposed to the sample flow rate
3.16
burial
imbedding of a particle into a filter medium or the masking of a particle by subsequent deposits of
particulate matter
3.17
calibration
operation that, under specified conditions, initially establishes a relation between the quantity values
with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications
with associated measurement uncertainties and then uses this information to establish a relation for
obtaining a measurement result from an indication
3.18
coefficient of variation
C
V
quantity that is the ratio of the standard deviation of a variable to the mean value of that variable
Note 1 to entry: It is usually expressed as a percentage.
3.19
collector
component of a sampling system that is used to retain radionuclides for analysis
EXAMPLE A filter that is used to remove from a sample stream aerosol particles that carry alpha-emitting
transuranic radionuclides or other radionuclides.
3.20
conditioning system
apparatus that can be used to purposefully, in a controlled manner, change the aerosol particle (3.11)
concentration, gas composition, particle-size distribution (3.53), temperature or pressure in a sample
stream (3.68)
3.21
continuous air monitor
CAM
nearrealtime sampler and associated detector that provide data on radionuclides [e.g. concentration
of alphaemitting aerosol particle (3.11)] in a sample stream (3.68)
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
3.22
continuous monitoring
continuous nearrealtime measurements of one or more sampling characteristics
3.23
continuous sampling
either uninterrupted sampling or sequential collection of samples obtained automatically at intervals
short enough to yield results that are representative for the entire sampling period
Note 1 to entry: The sample may be analysed in near-real-time (i.e. equivalent to monitoring) or it may be
analysed post-sample-collection in a remote laboratory.
3.24
curvature ratio
ratio of bend radius to the tube diameter
3.25
depositional loss
loss of constituents of the sample on the internal walls of a sampling system
Note 1 to entry: See also 3.84.
3.26
decision threshold
value of the estimator of the measurand, which, when exceeded by the result of an actual measurement
using a given measurement procedure of a measurand quantifying a physical effect, is used to decide
that the physical effect is present
Note 1 to entry: The decision threshold is defined such that in cases where the measurement result exceeds
the decision threshold, the probability that the true value of the measurand is zero is less or equal to a chosen
probability for a wrong decision, α.
[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1:2019, 3.12 modified – definition identical, but Note 1 to entry changed and Note 2
to entry not included here.]
3.27
detection limit
smallest true value of the measurand which ensures a specified probability of being detectable by the
measurement procedure
Note 1 to entry: With the decision threshold (3.26), the detection limit is the smallest true value of the measurand
for which the probability of wrongly deciding that the true value of the measurand is zero is equal to a specified
value, when, in fact, the true value of the measurand is not zero.
[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1: 2019, 3.13 modified – definition identical, but last sentence of Note 1 to entry not
included here as well as Note 2 to entry.]
3.28
droplet
liquid aerosol particle (3.11)
3.29
effective dose
sum of the products of the dose absorbed by an organ or a tissue and the factors relative to the radiation
and to the organs or tissues that are irradiated
3.30
effluent
waste stream flowing away from a process, plant, or facility to the environment
Note 1 to entry: This document applies to the effluent air that is discharged to the atmosphere through stacks
and ducts.
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2023(E)
3.31
emission
contaminants that are discharged into the environment
3.32
emit
discharge contaminants into the environment
3.33
extractive sampling
diverting a part of the airflow from a stack or duct for the purpose of the collection of a sample of the air
Note 1 to entry: See 3.69 and 3.72.
3.34
flow rate
rate at which a mass or volume of gas (air) crosses an imaginary cross-sectional area in either a
sampling system tube or a stack or duct
Note 1 to entry: The rate at which the volume crosses the imaginary area is called the volumetric flow rate and
the rate at which the mass crosses the imaginary area is called either the mass flow rate or the volumetric flow
rate at standard conditions.
3.35
geometric mean (of a variable)
x
g
value for N observations of a random variable x given by
i
N
1
lnx = lnx
g ∑ i
N
...
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