ISO/FDIS 18739
(Main)Dentistry — Vocabulary of process chain for CAD/CAM systems
Dentistry — Vocabulary of process chain for CAD/CAM systems
ISO 18739:2016 specifies terms, synonyms for terms and definitions used in the process chain for CAD/CAM systems in dentistry.
Médecine bucco-dentaire — Vocabulaire de la chaîne de processus pour les systèmes de CFAO
ISO 18739:2016 spécifie les termes, leurs synonymes, et les définitions utilisés dans la chaîne de procédé applicable aux systèmes dentaires de CFAO.
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Standards Content (Sample)
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 106/SC 9
Dentistry — Vocabulary of process
Secretariat: JISC
chain for CAD/CAM systems
Voting begins on:
Médecine bucco-dentaire — Vocabulaire de la chaîne de 2025-12-09
processus pour les systèmes de CFAO
Voting terminates on:
2026-02-03
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 106/SC 9
Dentistry — Vocabulary of process
Secretariat: JISC
chain for CAD/CAM systems
Voting begins on:
Médecine bucco-dentaire — Vocabulaire de la chaîne de
processus pour les systèmes de CFAO
Voting terminates on:
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO 2025
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Process step terms .1
3.2 Measurement and calibration terms . .9
Annex A (informative) Process chain for CAD/CAM system .13
Bibliography . 14
Index .15
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 106, Dentistry, Subcommittee SC 9, Dental
CAD/CAM systems, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical
Committee CEN/TC 55, Dentistry, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO
and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18739:2016), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— addition of terms used in the process chain;
— information given in the source statements has been updated.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
Terms and designations for individual system parts and process steps used in product descriptions and
instructions for use provided by manufacturers of dental computer-aided design and computer-aided
manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems differ from each other, creating confusion among dentists and dental
technicians. In order to overcome these ambiguities, this document defines terminology used in the process
chain for CAD/CAM systems.
In the terminological entries, first the preferred term and then the admitted terms which have been in use so
far are given. It is intended that the preferred terms will be used instead of the admitted terms in the future.
v
FINAL DRAFT International Standard ISO/FDIS 18739:2025(en)
Dentistry — Vocabulary of process chain for CAD/CAM systems
1 Scope
This document defines terms and definitions used in the process chain for computer-aided design and
computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems in dentistry.
NOTE: See Annex A for a flow chart of the process chain.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Process step terms
3.1.1
3D data acquisition
three-dimensional data acquisition
3D digitization and generation of a digital data set
3.1.2
3D data acquisition system
three-dimensional data acquisition system
hardware and software used for 3D data acquisition
3.1.3
3D file format
common file format used for storing or encoding information about a 3D model’s geometry, colour, texture,
etc., as plain text or binary data commonly used in computer-aided design (CAD) (3.1.16) and computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM) (3.1.17)
EXAMPLE Wavefront object (.obj), polygon model (.ply), binary or ASCII stereolithography (.stl).
3.1.4
3D scanning
3D digitizing
raw data acquisition
method of acquiring the shape and size of an object as a three-dimensional representation by recording x, y, z
coordinates on the object's surface and, through software, the collection of points is converted into digital data
Note 1 to entry: This collection of data via the scanning process creates a raw data set (3.1.23).
Note 2 to entry: Typical methods use some amount of automation, coupled with a touch probe or an optical sensor, or
another device.
Note 3 to entry: In additive manufacturing (3.1.7) process chains, 3D scanning can typically be used for generation of
surface models, in situ monitoring, non-destructive testing as well as verification of part geometry.
[SOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52900:2021, 3.4.13, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added and the former Note 1
to entry and Note 2 to entry have become Note 2 to entry and Note 3 to entry has been added.
3.1.5
3D printing
fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer
technology
Note 1 to entry: This term is often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (3.1.7)
and, in these cases, typically associated with machines used for non-industrial purposes including personal use.
[SOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52900:2021, 3.3.1]
3.1.6
activation key
dongle
means to allow for the operation, design, production, and/or fabrication
of a dental restoration, a dental prosthesis and a dental appliance using computer-aided design (CAD) (3.1.16)
and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) (3.1.17) technologies when the software is either considered
closed or proprietary
3.1.7
additive manufacturing
AM
process of joining materials to make parts from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to
subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies
Note 1 to entry: Historical terms include: additive fabrication, additive processes, additive techniques, additive layer
manufacturing, layer manufacturing, solid freeform fabrication and freeform fabrication.
Note 2 to entry: “Additive-”, “subtractive-” and “formative-” manufacturing methodologies are further discussed
in ISO/ASTM 52900:2021, Annex B.
[SOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52900:2021, 3.1.2, modified — "Annex B" has been replaced with “ISO/ASTM 52900:2021,
Annex B”.]
3.1.8
artefact
unwanted or unintended feature or defect that results from the computer-aided design (CAD) (3.1.16) in
the data acquisition step and is an undesired alteration of data introduced in a digital process by either an
involved technique or an involved technology or both
3.1.9
blank
material to be machined by a computer-aided milling machine (3.1.20)
Note 1 to entry: A blank can be a block (3.1.11) or a disc (3.1.36).
3.1.10
blank holder
frame to fasten a blank (3.1.9) to an accurate position within a computer-aided milling machine (3.1.20)
3.1.11
block
cuboidal material with holding device for machining on a computer-aided milling machine (3.1.20)
3.1.12
build platform
build plate
base which provides a surface upon which the building of the parts is started and supported throughout the
build process
[SOURCE: ISO/ASTM 59200:2021 3.3.5, modified — The second preferred term "build plate" has been added;
the domain "" and Note 1 to entry have been removed.]
3.1.13
CAD data
design data set
result of the CAD process (3.1.14) gained by manipulating the model data set for the purposes of transfer to
the computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) (3.1.17) system
3.1.14
CAD process
DEPRECATED: design process
process of generating design data set (3.1.23)
3.1.15
CAD software
design system
system for the generation of a design data set (3.1.23)
3.1.16
CAD
computer-aided design
hardware and software supporting the designing process
Note 1 to entry: The acronym "CAD" is commonly used as the preferred term.
3.1.17
CAM
computer-aided manufacturing
hardware and software supporting the manufacturing process
Note 1 to entry: The acronym "CAM" is commonly used as the preferred term.
3.1.18
CAM software
computer-aided manufacturing software
plans and converts design data used to execute the manufacturing process
EXAMPLE Software for the calculation of milling paths.
3.1.19
CAM system
computer-aided manufacturing system
digitally controlled system for the manufacture of dental CAD/CAM restorations (3.1.27), dental CAD/CAM
prostheses (3.1.26) and dental CAD/CAM appliances (3.1.25)
3.1.20
computer-aided milling machine
computer-aided device design for subtractive manufacturing process (3.1.59) of dental CAD/CAM restorations
(3.1.27), dental CAD/CAM prostheses (3.1.26) and a dental CAD/CAM appliance (3.1.25) using rotary
instruments for cutting and grinding
3.1.21
coordinate measuring machine
CMM
measuring system with the means to move a probing system and capability to determine spatial coordinates
on a workpiece surface
[SOURCE: ISO 10360-1:2000, 2.1, modified — “CMM” has also been given as a preferred term and Note 1 to
entry has been removed.]
3.1.22
data record
one or more data items treated as a unit within a data set (3.1.23)
3.1.23
data set
collection of numerical information that corresponds to a scanned object used for CAD (3.1.16) or CAM
(3.1.17) operations
EXAMPLE Raw data set (dot model), digitization data set (manipulated raw data set), surface model, facet model
or volume model.
Note 1 to entry: Raw data set is obtained by processing scanning data.
3.1.24
data structure
defined format interrelating the data (records) in the data set (3.1.23)
3.1.25
dental CAD/CAM appliance
digital dental appliance
appliance used in dentistry, produced by a dental CAD/CAM system (3.1.28)
3.1.26
dental CAD/CAM prosthesis
digital dental prosthesis
dental prosthesis produced by a dental CAD/CAM system (3.1.28)
3.1.27
dental CAD/CAM restoration
digital dental restoration
dental restoration produced by a dental CAD/CAM system (3.1.28)
3.1.28
dental CAD/CAM system
set of hardware, software, materials and devices used to fabricate dental restorations
Note 1 to entry: Hardware and software are used for data acquisition, design and manufacturing.
3.1.29
design data manipulation process
CAD data manipulation process
process of generating the manufacturing data set (3.1.23)
EXAMPLE Tool path generation process.
3.1.30
digital impression
acquisition of a data set with the numerical 3D-representation of the surfaces from the patient directly
3.1.31
digital impression data
set of numerical coordinates providing a three-dimensional representation of the surfaces of teeth and
surrounding tissue acquired directly from the patient by a digital impression device (3.1.32) and presented in
a format suited to a computer-aided dental design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) process
Note 1 to entry: A digital impression data set can be supplemented by data on surface colour.
Note 2 to entry: A set of digital impression data is distinct from a virtual model (3.1.64).
3.1.32
digital impression device
combination of a hand-held scanning device (3.1.38) suited for use in the oral cavity, and computer hardware
and software that outputs a numerical, three-dimensional description of scanned surface
3.1.33
digital registration
digital data set (3.1.23) of sub-process in analysis of scanning data in which segments of surface topography
derived from data acquired by a scanning device in successive positions and orientations are aligned in
order to create a full data set of the whole topography with least possible alignment error
3.1.34
digitizing device
device for computer-aided design(CAD) (3.1.16) and manufacturing of custom-made indirect dental CAD/CAM
restorations (3.1.27), dental CAD/CAM prostheses (3.1.26) and a dental CAD/CAM appliance (3.1.25) used to
record the topographical characteristics (e.g. surface) of teeth and surrounding tissues, implant connecting
components, dental impressions, dental moulds or stone models by analogue or digital methods
Note 1 to entry: These systems consist of a scanning device, hardware and software.
Note 2 to entry: A surface digitization procedure starts with the generation of measured surface points (or their
conversion, e.g. in STL format), which are the measured digitization data. In most digitizing systems, the measured
points are mathematically processed by operations such as:
— matching;
— filtering;
— weighting;
— selective removal;
— smoothing.
Note 3 to entry: This results in the processed digitization data (or surface data). These data depend on, for example,
the digitization protocol (e.g. the number of passes), the extraction method of a surface from the raw data points and
the matching of point clouds.
3.1.35
direct error
error resulting in corrupted set of data values in its intended use
3.1.36
disc
flat circular-shaped material for machining on a computer-aided milling machine (3.1.20)
3.1.37
fit
range of tightness or looseness between two or more mating parts
Note 1 to entry: The fit is relative to a device, process or material in the accurate reproduction of a copy or product
that has the accuracy within the tolerance of the device, process or material used.
3.1.38
hand-held scanning device
device comprising a camera or similar sensor and a structured light source which may be moved freely as it
projects a structured light pattern to the surface and captures light reflected or diffusely scattered from a
surface and converts it into a sequence of data from which a 3D surface topography can be calculated
Note 1 to entry: The instrument may have its own source of illumination.
Note 2 to entry: The scanning device may operate by any technology that provides data on range and direction from
the device to the surface.
Note 3 to entry: The values for range and corresponding directions constitute the raw data for creating the digital
impression.
3.1.39
holding jig
mandrel
jig that attaches to a blank (3.1.9) to be mounted for a milling machine
[SOURCE: ISO 5139: 2023, 3.3, modified — “composite resin block” has been replaced with “blank”.]
3.1.40
indirect data acquisition
data acquisition process performed not directly on the patient
3.1.41
indirect dental restoration
restoration manufactured extra orally which replaces both intra-oral hard soft tissues
EXA
...
ISO/DISFDIS 18739:2025(en)
ISO/TC 106/SC 9
Secretariat: JISC
Date: 2025-06-2711-25
Dentistry — Vocabulary of process chain for CAD/CAM systems
Médecine bucco-dentaire — Vocabulaire de la chaîne de processus pour les systèmes de CFAO
FDIS stage
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
EmailE-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO/DISFDIS 18739:2025(en)
Contents
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
Annex A (informative) Process chain for CAD/CAM system . 14
Bibliography . 16
Index 17
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO documentsdocument should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules
of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity, or applicability of any claimed patent rights
in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s)
which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not
represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 106, Dentistry, Subcommittee SC 9, Dental
CAD/CAM systems, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical
Committee CEN/TC 55, Dentistry, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO
and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18739:2016), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— — addition of terms used in the process chain given in ISO documents prepared by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 106, Subcommittee SC 9 have been added;
— — new terms used in the process chain used in the process chain have been added;
— — information given in SOURCEthe source statements has been updated.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
ISO/DISFDIS 18739:2025(en)
Introduction
Terms and designations for individual system parts and process steps used in product descriptions and
instructions for use provided by the manufacturers of dental computer-aided design and computer-aided
manufacturing (CAD/CADCAM) systems differ from each other, thus creating confusion among dentists and
dental technicians. In order to overcome these ambiguities, it was decided to prepare an International
Standard forthis document defines terminology used in the process chain for CAD/CAM systems.
In the terminological entries, first the preferred term and then the admitted terms which have been in use so
far are given. For the future itIt is recommended to useintended that the preferred terms will be used instead
of the admitted terms in the future.
v
DRAFT International Standard ISO/DIS 18739:2025(en)
Dentistry — Vocabulary of process chain for CAD/CAM systems
1 Scope
This document defines terms and definitions used in the process chain for computer-aided design and
computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems in dentistry in the process chain for CAD/CAM systems
in dentistry (see Annex A).
NOTE: See Annex A for a flow chart of the process chain.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 Process step terms
3.1.1 3.1.1
3D data acquisition
three-dimensional data acquisition
3D digitization and generation of a digital data set
3.1.2 3.1.2
3D data acquisition system
three-dimensional data acquisition system
hardware and software used for 3D data acquisition
3.1.3 3.1.3
3D file format
common file format used for storing or encoding information about a 3D model’s geometry, colour, texture,
etc., as plain text or binary data commonly used in computer-aided design (CAD) (3.1.163.1.16) /) and
computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) (3.1.173.1.17))
EXAMPLE Wavefront object (.obj), polygon model (.ply), binary or ASCII stereolithography (.stl).
3.1.4 3.1.4
3D scanning
3D digitizing
raw data acquisition
method of acquiring the shape and size of an object as a three-dimensional representation by recording x, y, z
coordinates on the objectsobject's surface and, through software, the collection of points is converted into
digital data
Note 1 to entry: This collection of data via the scanning process creates a raw data set (3.1.23(3.1.23).).
Note 2 to entry: Typical methods use some amount of automation, coupled with a touch probe or an optical sensor, or
otheranother device.
Note 3 to entry: In additive manufacturing (3.1.7(3.1.7)) process chains, 3D scanning can typically be used for generation
of surface models, in situ monitoring, non-destructive testing as well as verification of part geometry.
[SOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52900:2021, 3.4.13, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added and the former Note 1
to entry and Note 2 to entry have become Note 2 to entry and Note 3 to entry has been added.
3.1.5 3.1.5
3D printing
fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer
technology
Note 1 to entry: This term is often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing
(3.1.7(3.1.7)) and, in these cases, typically associated with machines used for non-industrial purposes including personal
use.
[SOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52900:2021, 3.3.1]
3.1.6 3.1.6
activation key
dongle
means to allow for the operation, designingdesign, production, and /or
fabrication of a dental restoration, a dental prosthesis and a dental appliance using computer-aided design
(CAD) (3.1.163.1.16)) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) (3.1.173.1.17)) technologies when the
software is either considered closed or proprietary
3.1.7 3.1.7
additive manufacturing
AM
process of joining materials to make parts from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to
subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies
Note 1 to entry: Historical terms include: additive fabrication, additive processes, additive techniques, additive layer
manufacturing, layer manufacturing, solid freeform fabrication and freeform fabrication.
Note 2 to entry: The meaning of “additive“Additive-”, “subtractive-” and “formative-” manufacturing methodologies
isare further discussed in ISO/ASTM 52900:2021, Annex B.
[SOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52900:2021, 3.1.2, modified – — "Annex B" has been replaced with “ISO/ASTM
52900:2021, Annex B”.]
3.1.8 3.1.8
artefact
unwanted or unintended feature or defect that results from the computer-aided design (CAD) (3.1.16) in the
data acquisition step and is an undesired alteration of data introduced in a digital process by either an involved
technique or an involved technology or both
3.1.9 3.1.9
blank
material to be machined by a computer-aided milling machine (3.1.20(3.1.20))
Note 1 to entry: A blank can be a block (3.1.11(3.1.11)) or a disc (3.1.36(3.1.36).).
ISO/DISFDIS 18739:2025(en)
3.1.10 3.1.10
blank holder
frame to fasten a blank (3.1.9(3.1.9)) to an accurate position within a computer-aided milling machine
(3.1.20(3.1.20))
3.1.11 3.1.11
block
cuboidal material with holding device for machining on a computer-aided milling machine (3.1.20(3.1.20))
3.1.12 3.1.12
build platform
build plate
base which provides a surface upon which the building of the parts is started and supported throughout the
build process
[SOURCE: ISO/ASTM 59200:2021 3.3.5, modified — The second preferred term "build plate" has been added;
the domain "" and Note 1 to entry have been removed.]
3.1.13 3.1.13
CAD data
design data set
result of the CAD process (3.1.14(3.1.14)) gained by manipulating the model data set for the purposes of
transfer to the computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) (3.1.17 (3.1.17)) system
3.1.14 3.1.14
CAD process
DEPRECATED: design process
process of generating design data set (3.1.23(3.1.23))
3.1.15 3.1.15
CAD software
design system
system for the generation of a design data set (3.1.23(3.1.23))
3.1.16 3.1.16
CAD
computer-aided design
hardware and software supporting the designing process
Note 1 to entry: The acronym "CAD" is commonly used as the preferred term.
3.1.17 3.1.17
CAM
computer-aided manufacturing
hardware and software supporting the manufacturing process
Note 1 to entry: The acronym "CAM" is commonly used as the preferred term.
3.1.18 3.1.18
CAM software
computer-aided manufacturing software
plans and converts design data used to execute the manufacturing process
EXAMPLE Software for the calculation of milling paths.
3.1.19 3.1.19
CAM system
computer-aided manufacturing system
digitally controlled system for the manufacture of dental CAD/CAM restorations (3.1.27(3.1.27),), dental
CAD/CAM prostheses (3.1.26(3.1.26)) and dental CAD/CAM appliances (3.1.25(3.1.25))
3.1.20 3.1.20
computer-aided milling machine
computer-aided device design for subtractive manufacturing process (3.1.59(3.1.59)) of dental CAD/CAM
restorations (3.1.27(3.1.27),), dental CAD/CAM prostheses (3.1.26(3.1.26)) and a dental CAD/CAM appliance
(3.1.25(3.1.25)) using rotary instruments for cutting and grinding
3.1.21 3.1.21
coordinate measuring machine
CMM
measuring system with the means to move a probing system and capability to determine spatial coordinates
on a workpiece surface
[SOURCE: ISO 10360-1:2000, 2.1, modified — “CMM” has also been given as a preferred term and Note 1 to
entry has been removed.]
3.1.22 3.1.22
data record
one or more data items treated as a unit within a data set (3.1.23(3.1.23))
3.1.23 3.1.23
data set
collection of numerical information that corresponds to a scanned object used for CAD (3.1.16(3.1.16)) or CAM
(3.1.17(3.1.17)) operations
EXAMPLE Raw data set (dot model), digitization data set (manipulated raw data set), surface model, facet model or
volume model.
Note 1 to entry: Raw data set is obtained by processing scanning data.
3.1.24 3.1.24
data structure
defined format interrelating the data (records) in the data set (3.1.23(3.1.23))
3.1.25 3.1.25
dental CAD/CAM appliance
digital dental appliance
appliance used in dentistry, produced by a dental CAD/CAM system (3.1.28(3.1.28))
3.1.26 3.1.26
dental CAD/CAM prosthesis
digital dental prosthesis
dental prosthesis produced by a dental CAD/CAM system (3.1.28(3.1.28))
3.1.27 3.1.27
dental CAD/CAM restoration
digital dental restoration
dental restoration produced by a dental CAD/CAM system (3.1.28(3.1.28))
ISO/DISFDIS 18739:2025(en)
3.1.28 3.1.28
dental CAD/CAM system
set of hardware, software, materials and devices used to fabricate dental restorations
Note 1 to entry: Hardware and software are used for data acquisition, design and manufacturing.
3.1.29 3.1.29
design data manipulation process
CAD data manipulation process
process of generating the manufacturing data set (3.1.23(3.1.23))
EXAMPLE Tool path generation process.
3.1.30 3.1.30
digital impression
acquisition of a data set with the numerical 3D-representation of the surfaces from the patient directly
3.1.31 3.1.31
digital impression data
set of numerical coordinates providing a three-dimensional representation of the surfaces of teeth and
surrounding tissue acquired directly from the patient by a digital impression device (3.1.32 (3.1.32)) and
presented in a format suited to a computer-aided dental design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) process
Note 1 to entry: A digital impression data set can be supplemented by data on surface colour.
Note 2 to entry: A set of digital impression data is distinct from a virtual model (3.1.64(3.1.64).).
3.1.32 3.1.32
digital impression device
combination of a hand-held scanning device (3.1.38(3.1.38)) suited for use in the oral cavity, and computer
hardware and software that outputs a numerical, three -dimensional description of scanned surface
3.1.33 3.1.33
digital registration
digital data set (3.1.23(3.1.23)) of sub-process in analysis of scanning data in which segments of surface
topography derived from data acquired by a scanning device in successive positions and orientations are
aligned in order to create a full data set of the whole topography with least possible alignment error
3.1.34 3.1.34
digitizing device
device for computer-aided design (CAD) (3.1.16(3.1.16)) and manufacturing of custom-made indirect dental
CAD/CAM restorations (3.1.27(3.1.27),), dental CAD/CAM prostheses (3.1.26(3.1.26)) and a dental CAD/CAM
appliance (3.1.25(3.1.25)) used to record the topographical characteristics (e.g. surface) of teeth and
surrounding tissues, implant connecting components, dental impressions, dental moulds or stone models by
analogue or digital methods
Note 1 to entry: These systems consist of a scanning device, hardware and software.
Note 2 to entry: A surface digitization procedure starts with the generation of measured surface points (or their
conversion, e.g. in STL format), which are the measured digitization data. In most digitizing systems, the measured points
are mathematically processed by operations such as:
— — matching;
— — filtering;
— — weighting;
— — selective removal;
— — smoothing.
Note 3 to entry: This results in the processed digitization data (or surface data). These data depend very much on, for
example, the digitization protocol (e.g. the number of passes), the extraction method of a surface from the raw data points
and the matching of point clouds.
3.1.35 3.1.35
direct error
error resulting in corrupted set of data values in its intended use
3.1.36 3.1.36
disc
flat circular-shaped material for machining on a computer-aided milling machine (3.1.20(3.1.20))
3.1.37 3.1.37
fit
range of tightness or looseness between two or more mating parts
Note 1 to entry: The fit is relative to a device, process or material in the accurate reproduction of a copy or product that
has the accuracy within the tolerance of the device, process or material used.
3.1.38 3.1.38
hand-held scanning device
device comprising a camera or similar sensor and a structured light source which may be moved freely as it
projects a structured light pattern to the surface and captures light reflected or diffusely scattered from a
surface and converts it into a sequence of data from which a 3D surface topography can be calculated
Note 1 to entry: The instrument may have its own source of illumination.
Note 2 to entry: The scanning device may operate by any technology that provides data on range and direction from the
device to the surface.
Note 3 to entry: The values for range and corresponding directions constitute the raw data for creating the digital
impression.
3.1.39 3.1.39
holding jig
mandrel
jig that attaches to a blank (3.1.9(3.1.9)) to be mounted for a milling machine
[SOURCE: ISO 5139: 2023, 3.3, modified –— “composite resin block” has been replaced with “blank”.]
3.1.40 3.1.40
indirect data acquisition
data acquisition process performed not directly on the patient
3.1.41 3.1.41
indirect dental restoration
restoration manufactured extra orally which replaces both intra-oral hard soft tissues
EXAMPLE Crowns, bridges, inlays, implant superstructures, prostheses, provisional restorations.
ISO/DISFDIS 18739:2025(en)
3.1.42 3.1.42
indirect error
error resulting in corrupted set of data values when communicating the data from one device or software to
another
3.1.43 3.1.43
IGES
initial graphics exchange specification
platform neutral CAD data (3.1.13(3.1.13)) exchange format intended for exchange of product geometry and
geometry annotation information
Note 1 to entry: The abbreviated term "IGES" is commonly used as the preferred term.
3.1.44 3.1.44
laboratory accessory
laboratory aid
tool, prosthetic implement or oral replication not directly applied to the patient
EXAMPLE Master model.
3.1.45 3.1.45
light scanning
structured light scanning method using a narrowband spectrum of various light waves (e.g. blue, white, red)
to scan a 3D object with precise measurements independent of environmental lighting conditions
3.1.46 3.1.46
machining damage
effect on surface and sub surface structure occurring during machining the blank (3.1.9(3.9)) to form the final
part or device
3.1.47 3.1.47
manufacturing data set
manufacturing process data set
collection of numerical information resulting from the manipulation of the design data, used for the digital
manufacturing process
EXAMPLE: CAM software (3.1.18(3.1.18)) output file.
3.1.48 3.1.48
nesting
process of a purposed virtual 3D arrangement of one or more object(s) within a given 3D field of geometry in
both computer-aided design (3.1.16(3.1.16)) computer-aided manufacturing (3.1.17(3.1.17)) software to
fabricate one or more dental object through an additive manufacturing (3.1.7(3.1.7)) and or subtractive
manufacturin
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