SIST EN IEC 61969-1:2020
(Main)Mechanical structures for electrical and electronic equipment - Outdoor enclosures - Part 1: Design guidelines (IEC 61969-1:2020)
Mechanical structures for electrical and electronic equipment - Outdoor enclosures - Part 1: Design guidelines (IEC 61969-1:2020)
IEC 61969-1:2020 is available as IEC 61969-1:2020 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.
IEC 61969-1:2020 contains design guidelines for outdoor enclosures and is applicable over a wide field of mechanical, electromechanical and electronic equipment and its installation where a modular design is used. The objectives of this document are:
- to provide an overview of specifications for enclosures focused on requirements for outdoor applications for stationary use at non-weather protected locations, and
- to achieve product integrity under outdoor conditions and to ease product selection for the sourcing of outdoor enclosures from different vendors.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2011. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- alignment with the content of ETSI EN 300 019 and IEC 60721 series latest editions, particularly with the actualization of climate conditions;
- new requirements added to reflect market requirements on environmental issues;
- improvement on terminology and overall editorial improvement.
Mechanische Bauweisen für elektronische Einrichtungen - Außengehäuse - Teil 1: Konstruktionsleitfaden (IEC 61969-1:2020)
Structures mécaniques pour équipment électronique - Enveloppes de plein air - Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour la conception (IEC 61969-1:2020)
IEC 61969-1:2020 est disponible sous forme de IEC 61969-1:2020 RLV qui contient la Norme internationale et sa version Redline, illustrant les modifications du contenu technique depuis l'édition précédente.
L'IEC 61969-1:2020 fournit des lignes directrices pour la conception des enveloppes de plein air et s’applique à une grande variété d’équipements mécaniques, électromécaniques et électroniques et à leur installation en configuration modulaire. Le présent document est destiné:
- à fournir une vue d’ensemble des spécifications applicables aux enveloppes, portant essentiellement sur les exigences propres aux applications de plein air pour une utilisation à poste fixe à des emplacements non protégés contres les intempéries, et
- à assurer l’intégrité du produit dans des conditions extérieures et à faciliter le choix du produit lors de l’approvisionnement en enveloppes de plein air auprès des différents vendeurs.
Cette troisième édition annule et remplace la deuxième édition parue en 2011. Cette édition constitue une révision technique. Cette édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l'édition précédente:
- alignement sur le contenu de l’édition la plus récente des séries ETSI EN 300 019 et IEC 60721, en particulier concernant l’actualisation des conditions climatiques;
- ajout de nouvelles exigences pour refléter celles du marché relatives aux questions environnementales;
- amélioration de la terminologie et modifications éditoriales générales.
Mehanske strukture za električno in elektronsko opremo - Ohišja na prostem - 1. del: Smernice za projektiranje (IEC 61969-1:2020)
General Information
Relations
Overview
EN IEC 61969-1:2020 (IEC 61969-1:2020) is the third-edition design guideline for outdoor enclosures used with electrical and electronic equipment. Published by CLC/CENELEC and aligned with the IEC series, it provides generic guidance for empty, modular enclosures intended for stationary use at non-weather-protected outdoor locations. The standard aims to improve product integrity under outdoor conditions and to simplify product selection and sourcing across vendors. The RLV (Redline Version) shows all technical changes from the previous edition (2011).
Key Topics
- Scope & modular design: Guidance for empty enclosures that will house application-specific electrical, electromechanical and electronic assemblies.
- Environmental classification: Alignment with ETSI EN 300 019 and IEC 60721 series for climate and environmental severity definitions relevant to outdoor use.
- Mechanical requirements: Considerations for static loads, dynamic stress, and seismic performance for outdoor installations.
- Protection and testing references: Cross-references to IP (IEC 60529) and IK (IEC 62262) ratings and environmental test methods (IEC 60068 series, IEC 61587).
- Electromagnetic shielding: Design guidance to limit electromagnetic interference for outdoor enclosures.
- Thermal management & acoustic control: Recommendations on heat dissipation, ventilation, and noise suppression for powered equipment in outdoor cabinets.
- Safety & environmental issues: New market-driven requirements addressing environmental impacts and updated terminology/editorial improvements.
- Coordination dimensions: Guidance intended to be used alongside IEC 61969-2 (coordination dimensions) and IEC 61969-3 (environmental requirements, tests and safety).
Applications
EN IEC 61969-1 is practical for:
- Enclosure and cabinet manufacturers designing street cabinets, telecom cabinets, utility housings, and outdoor power distribution enclosures.
- Systems integrators and OEMs specifying modular outdoor enclosures for renewable energy, telecoms, transport, and industrial control.
- Procurement, test labs and certification bodies needing a harmonized reference for outdoor enclosure requirements.
- Design engineers addressing thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic and environmental resilience in outdoor equipment installations.
Benefits include consistent selection criteria across suppliers, improved durability in outdoor environments, and easier compliance with related tests and ratings.
Related Standards
- IEC 60529 (IP Code) - Degrees of protection
- IEC 62262 (IK code) - Mechanical impact protection
- IEC 60721 series / ETSI EN 300 019 - Environmental classifications for stationary outdoor use
- IEC 61587 / IEC 62194 - Test methods and thermal performance
- IEC 61969-2 (coordination dimensions) and IEC 61969-3 (environmental requirements and safety)
Keywords: EN IEC 61969-1:2020, IEC 61969-1, outdoor enclosures, design guidelines, modular enclosures, environmental classification, IP code, IK code, thermal management, electromagnetic shielding.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2020
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 61969-1:2012
Mehanske strukture za električno in elektronsko opremo - Ohišja na prostem - 1.
del: Smernice za projektiranje (IEC 61969-1:2020)
Mechanical structures for electrical and electronic equipment - Outdoor enclosures - Part
1: Design guidelines (IEC 61969-1:2020)
Mechanische Bauweisen für elektronische Einrichtungen - Außengehäuse - Teil 1:
Konstruktionsleitfaden (IEC 61969-1:2020)
Structures mécaniques pour équipment électronique - Enveloppes de plein air - Partie 1:
Lignes directrices pour la conception (IEC 61969-1:2020)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 61969-1:2020
ICS:
31.240 Mehanske konstrukcije za Mechanical structures for
elektronsko opremo electronic equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 61969-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
July 2020
ICS 31.240 Supersedes EN 61969-1:2012 and all of its amendments
and corrigenda (if any)
English Version
Mechanical structures for electrical and electronic equipment -
Outdoor enclosures - Part 1: Design guidelines
(IEC 61969-1:2020)
Structures mécaniques pour équipement électrique et Mechanische Bauweisen für elektrische und elektronische
électronique - Enveloppes de plein air - Partie 1: Lignes Einrichtungen - Außengehäuse - Teil 1:
directrices pour la conception Konstruktionsleitfaden
(IEC 61969-1:2020) (IEC 61969-1:2020)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2020-06-16. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 61969-1:2020 E
European foreword
The text of document 48D/720/FDIS, future edition 3 of IEC 61969-1, prepared by SC 48D
"Mechanical structures for electrical and electronic equipment" of IEC/TC 48 "Electrical connectors
and mechanical structures for electrical and electronic equipment" was submitted to the IEC-
CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN IEC 61969-1:2020.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national (dop) 2021-03-16
level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2023-06-16
document have to be withdrawn
This document supersedes EN 61969-1:2012 and all of its amendments and corrigenda (if any).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 61969-1:2020 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards
indicated:
IEC 60068-2-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-1
IEC 60068-2-2 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-2
IEC 60068-2-5 NOTE Harmonized as EN IEC 60068-2-5
IEC 60068-2-6 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-6
IEC 60068-2-10 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-10
IEC 60068-2-11 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-11
IEC 60068-2-14 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-14
IEC 60068-2-27 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-27
IEC 60068-2-30 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-30
IEC 60068-2-31 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-31
IEC 60068-2-60 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-60
IEC 60068-2-78 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-78
IEC 60297 (series) NOTE Harmonized as EN IEC 60297 (series)
IEC 60297-3-100 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60297-3-100
IEC 60917 (series) NOTE Harmonized as EN 60917 (series)
IEC 60917-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN IEC 60917-1
IEC 60917-2 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60917-2
IEC 61587-2 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61587-2
IEC 61587-3 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61587-3
IEC 61969-2 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61969-2
IEC 61969-3 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61969-3
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1 Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant
EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here:
www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60068-2-75 - Environmental testing - Part 2-75: Tests - EN 60068-2-75 -
Test Eh: Hammer tests
IEC 60417 - Graphical symbols for use on equipment. - -
Index, survey and compilation of the single
sheets.
IEC 60529 - Degrees of protection provided by - -
enclosures (IP Code)
IEC 60695-11-10 - Fire hazard testing - Part 11-10: Test flames EN 60695-11-10 -
- 50 W horizontal and vertical flame test
methods
IEC 60721-3-2 - Classification of environmental conditions - EN IEC 60721-3-2 -
Part 3-2: Classification of groups of
environmental parameters and their
severities - Transportation and handling
IEC 60721-3-4 - Classification of environmental conditions - EN IEC 60721-3-4 -
Part 3-4: Classification of groups of
environmental parameters and their
severities - Stationary use at non-
weatherprotected locations
IEC 60825-1 - Safety of laser products - Part 1: Equipment EN 60825-1 -
classification and requirements
IEC 60950-1 - Information technology equipment - Safety - EN 60950-1 -
Part 1: General requirements
IEC 61010-1 - Safety requirements for electrical equipment EN 61010-1 -
for measurement, control, and laboratory use
- Part 1: General requirements
IEC 61140 - Protection against electric shock - Common EN 61140 -
aspects for installation and equipment
IEC 61439-5 - Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear EN 61439-5 -
assemblies - Part 5: Assemblies for power
distribution in public networks
IEC 61587-1 - Mechanical structures for electronic EN 61587-1 -
equipment - Tests for IEC 60917 and IEC
60297 series - Part 1: Environmental
requirements, test set-up and safety aspects
for cabinets, racks, subracks and chassis
under indoor condition use and
transportation
IEC 62194 - Method of evaluating the thermal EN 62194 -
performance of enclosures
IEC 62262 - Degrees of protection provided by EN 62262 -
enclosures for electrical equipment against
external mechanical impacts (IK code)
IEC 62305-4 - Protection against lightning - Part 4: EN 62305-4 -
Electrical and electronic systems within
structures
ISO 15181-1 - Paints and varnishes - Determination of EN ISO 15181-1 -
release rate of biocides from antifouling
paints - Part 1: General method for
extraction of biocides
ISO 3864-2 - Graphical symbols - Safety colours and - -
safety signs - Part 2: Design principles for
product safety labels
ISO 7779 - Acoustics - Measurement of airborne noise EN ISO 7779 -
emitted by information technology and
telecommunications equipment
ETSI EN 300 - Equipment Engineering (EE) - Environmental - -
019-1-4 conditions and environmental tests for
telecommunications equipment - Part 1-4:
Classification of environmental conditions -
Stationary use at non-weatherprotected
locations
ETSI EN 300 - Equipment Engineering (EE) - Environmental - -
019-2-4 conditions and environmental tests for
telecommunications equipment - Part 2-4:
Specification of environmental tests -
Stationary use at non-weatherprotected
locations
ETSI EN 300 753 - Equipment Engineering (EE) - Acoustic - -
noise emitted by telecommunications
equipment
IEC 61969-1 ®
Edition 3.0 2020-05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Mechanical structures for electrical and electronic equipment –
Outdoor enclosures –
Part 1: Design guidelines
Structures mécaniques pour équipement électrique et électronique –
Enveloppes de plein air –
Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour la conception
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 31.240 ISBN 978-2-8322-8336-3
– 2 – IEC 61969-1:2020 © IEC 2020
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
INTRODUCTION . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Coordination dimensions . 9
5 Environmental requirements, tests and safety aspects . 9
5.1 Classification of environmental conditions . 9
5.2 Static load. 10
5.3 Dynamic stress . 10
5.4 Seismic performance . 10
6 Electromagnetic shielding . 11
7 Thermal management and acoustic noise suppression . 11
Bibliography . 12
Figure 1 – Typical outdoor enclosure . 6
Figure 2 – Locations of outdoor enclosures . 8
Table 1 – Environmental conditions . 9
Table 2 – Safety aspects . 10
IEC 61969-1:2020 © IEC 2020 – 3 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
MECHANICAL STRUCTURES FOR ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT – OUTDOOR ENCLOSURES –
Part 1: Design guidelines
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 61969-1 has been prepared by subcommittee 48D: Mechanical
structures for electrical and electronic equipment, of IEC technical committee 48: Electrical
connectors and mechanical structures for electrical and electronic equipment.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2011. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) alignment with the content of ETSI EN 300 019 and IEC 60721 series latest editions,
particularly with the actualization of climate conditions;
b) new requirements added to reflect market requirements on environmental issues;
c) improvement on terminology and overall editorial improvement.
– 4 – IEC 61969-1:2020 © IEC 2020
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FD
...
Frequently Asked Questions
SIST EN IEC 61969-1:2020 is a standard published by the Slovenian Institute for Standardization (SIST). Its full title is "Mechanical structures for electrical and electronic equipment - Outdoor enclosures - Part 1: Design guidelines (IEC 61969-1:2020)". This standard covers: <!-- NEW! -->IEC 61969-1:2020 is available as <a href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/67046">IEC 61969-1:2020 RLV</a> which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.</br></br>IEC 61969-1:2020 contains design guidelines for outdoor enclosures and is applicable over a wide field of mechanical, electromechanical and electronic equipment and its installation where a modular design is used. The objectives of this document are: - to provide an overview of specifications for enclosures focused on requirements for outdoor applications for stationary use at non-weather protected locations, and - to achieve product integrity under outdoor conditions and to ease product selection for the sourcing of outdoor enclosures from different vendors. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2011. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: - alignment with the content of ETSI EN 300 019 and IEC 60721 series latest editions, particularly with the actualization of climate conditions; - new requirements added to reflect market requirements on environmental issues; - improvement on terminology and overall editorial improvement.
<!-- NEW! -->IEC 61969-1:2020 is available as <a href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/67046">IEC 61969-1:2020 RLV</a> which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.</br></br>IEC 61969-1:2020 contains design guidelines for outdoor enclosures and is applicable over a wide field of mechanical, electromechanical and electronic equipment and its installation where a modular design is used. The objectives of this document are: - to provide an overview of specifications for enclosures focused on requirements for outdoor applications for stationary use at non-weather protected locations, and - to achieve product integrity under outdoor conditions and to ease product selection for the sourcing of outdoor enclosures from different vendors. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2011. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: - alignment with the content of ETSI EN 300 019 and IEC 60721 series latest editions, particularly with the actualization of climate conditions; - new requirements added to reflect market requirements on environmental issues; - improvement on terminology and overall editorial improvement.
SIST EN IEC 61969-1:2020 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 31.240 - Mechanical structures for electronic equipment. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
SIST EN IEC 61969-1:2020 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to SIST EN 61969-1:2012, SIST EN IEC 61969-1:2023, SIST EN 61969-1:2012. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase SIST EN IEC 61969-1:2020 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of SIST standards.
記事のタイトル:SIST EN IEC 61969-1:2020 - 電気および電子機器用の機械構造 - 屋外ケース - 第1部:設計ガイドライン(IEC 61969-1:2020) 記事の内容:このIEC 61969の一部では、屋外ケースの設計ガイドラインが含まれており、機械、機械電気および電子機器などのさまざまな装置およびその設置に適用されます。モジュラーデザインが使用される場合に該当します。 この文書の目的は次のとおりです: - 屋外用ケースに関する要件に焦点を当てた仕様の概要を提供すること。 - 屋外環境下での製品の整合性を確保し、異なるベンダーからの屋外ケースの選択を容易にすること。 これらのケースは、設置された機器を保護し、屋外での環境的な影響から守ります。設置された機器は、IEC 60917(すべてのパート)またはIEC 60297(すべてのパート)に準拠したサブラックやシャーシなどである場合があります。
기사 제목: SIST EN IEC 61969-1:2020 - 전기 및 전자 장비용 기계 구조물 - 야외 케이스 - 제 1부: 디자인 지침 (IEC 61969-1:2020) 기사 내용: IEC 61969의 이 부분은 야외 케이스에 대한 디자인 지침을 포함하며, 기계, 전기 기계 및 전자 장비와 설치와 같은 다양한 분야에 적용됩니다. 모듈식 디자인이 사용되는 경우 해당됩니다. 이 문서의 목적은 다음과 같습니다: - 야외에서 사용하기 위한 케이스의 요구 사항에 초점을 맞춘 사양 개요 제공 - 야외 환경에서 제품 무결성을 보장하고 다양한 공급업체로부터 야외 케이스를 선택하는 과정을 용이하게 함 이러한 케이스는 설치된 장비를 보호하고 야외에서 비원치한 환경적 영향으로부터 보호합니다. 설치된 장비는 IEC 60917 (모든 부분) 또는 IEC 60297 (모든 부분)에 따른 서브랙 또는 샤시와 같을 수 있습니다.
The article discusses the specifications and design guidelines for outdoor enclosures for electrical and electronic equipment. The guidelines are applicable for equipment that uses a modular design. The objectives of the document are to outline the specifications for enclosures used in outdoor applications, specifically for stationary use at non-weather protected locations. The document aims to ensure product integrity under outdoor conditions and simplify the selection process for outdoor enclosures from various vendors. These enclosures are designed to protect installed equipment, such as subracks or chassis, from unwanted environmental impacts.








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