SIST-TP CEN/TR 13387-1:2018
(Main)Child care articles - General safety guidelines - Part 1: Safety philosophy and safety assessment
Child care articles - General safety guidelines - Part 1: Safety philosophy and safety assessment
This Technical Report, contains the general safety philosophy and a guideline on safety assessment that experts are recommended to use when drafting standards.
It also contains an Annex A with a collection of available anthropometric data and details of the abilities of children from birth to 48 months of age.
The general safety philosophy given in this part is based on the principle that child use and care articles should be designed to be safe.
Children with special needs have not been taken into account while drafting these guidelines. ISO/IEC Guide 71 can be consulted to ascertain any further requirements to address the hazards and risks associated with children with special needs.
These guidelines do not cover all types of hazards and risks, such as inappropriate use of products, inadequate supervision of children and products used in a non-domestic situation.
Attention is drawn to the importance of ensuring that all other potential hazards relevant to the product are fully addressed e.g. hygiene, the effects of electrical power etc., where other safety standards may apply.
Artikel für Säuglinge und Kleinkinder - Sicherheitsleitfaden - Teil 1 : Sicherheitsgrundsätze und Sicherheitsbeurteilung
Dieser Technische Report enthält die allgemeinen Sicherheitsgrundsätze und einen Leitfaden zur Sicher¬heitsbeurteilung, die Experten zur Verwendung bei der Ausarbeitung von Normen empfohlen werden.
Er enthält auch einen Anhang A mit einer Sammlung verfügbarer anthropometrischer Daten und Einzelheiten zu den Fähigkeiten von Kindern ab der Geburt bis zu einem Alter von 48 Monaten.
Die allgemeinen Sicherheitsgrundsätze in diesem Teil basieren auf dem Grundsatz, dass Artikel für Säuglinge und Kleinkinder so ausgelegt sein sollten, dass sie sicher sind.
Kinder mit besonderen Bedürfnissen wurden bei der Ausarbeitung dieser Sicherheitsleitlinien nicht berück¬sichtigt. ISO/IEC Guide 71 kann konsultiert werden, um weitere Anforderungen, die sich durch Gefahren und Risiken in Zusammenhang mit Kindern mit besonderen Bedürfnissen ergeben, zu ermitteln.
Diese Richtlinien decken nicht alle Arten von Gefahren und Risiken ab, wie etwa eine unangemessene Verwendung von Produkten, eine unzureichende Betreuung von Kindern und Produkten, die in einer nicht-häuslichen Situation verwendet werden.
Es wird auf die Wichtigkeit hingewiesen, sicherzustellen, dass alle anderen potenziellen Gefahren, die für das Produkt relevant sind, z. B. Hygiene, die Auswirkungen von elektrischem Strom usw., berücksichtigt werden, für die andere Sicherheitsnormen gelten können.
Articles de puériculture - Conseils relatifs à la sécurité - Partie 1 : Principes de sécurité et évaluation de la sécurité
Izdelki za otroke - Smernice o splošni varnosti - 1. del: Varnostna načela in ocena varnosti
To tehnično poročilo zajema filozofijo splošne varnosti in smernice o oceni varnosti, ki se priporočajo strokovnjakom pri sestavljanju standardov.
Zajema tudi dodatek A z zbirko razpoložljivih antropometričnih podatkov in podrobnosti o sposobnosti otrok od rojstva do starosti 48 mesecev.
Filozofija splošne varnosti iz tega dela temelji na načelu, da naj bi bili izdelki za otroke zasnovani tako, da so varni.
Pri sestavi teh smernic niso bili upoštevani otroci s posebnimi potrebami. Vodilo ISO/IEC 71 je mogoče uporabiti za opredelitev morebitnih dodatnih zahtev za obravnavo nevarnosti in tveganj, povezanih z otroki s posebnimi potrebami.
Te smernice ne obravnavajo vseh vrst nevarnosti in tveganj, kot so neprimerna uporaba izdelkov, nezadosten nadzor nad otroki ter izdelki, ki se ne uporabljajo doma.
Opozoriti je treba na pomembnost zagotavljanja, da so vse druge morebitne nevarnosti, ki se nanašajo na izdelek, v celoti obravnavane, npr. higiena, vplivi električnega toka itd., pri čemer se lahko uporabljajo drugi varnostni standardi.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 13387-1:2018
01-oktober-2018
1DGRPHãþD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 13387-1:2015
,]GHONL]DRWURNH6PHUQLFHRVSORãQLYDUQRVWLGHO 9DUQRVWQDQDþHODLQRFHQD
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Child care articles - General safety guidelines - Part 1: Safety philosophy and safety
assessment
Artikel für Säuglinge und Kleinkinder - Sicherheitsleitfaden - Teil 1 :
Sicherheitsgrundsätze und Sicherheitsbeurteilung
Articles de puériculture - Conseils relatifs à la sécurité - Partie 1 : Principes de sécurité et
évaluation de la sécurité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 13387-1:2018
ICS:
97.190 Otroška oprema Equipment for children
SIST-TP CEN/TR 13387-1:2018 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TP CEN/TR 13387-1:2018
CEN/TR 13387-1
TECHNICAL REPORT
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
May 2018
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
ICS 97.190 Supersedes CEN/TR 13387-1:2015
English Version
Child care articles - General safety guidelines - Part 1:
Safety philosophy and safety assessment
Articles de puériculture - Conseils relatifs à la sécurité - Artikel für Säuglinge und Kleinkinder -
Partie 1 : Principes de sécurité et évaluation de la Sicherheitsleitfaden - Teil 1 : Sicherheitsgrundsätze
sécurité und Sicherheitsbeurteilung
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 24 December 2017. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC
252.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 13387-1:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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CEN/TR 13387-1:2018 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative reference . 7
3 Terms and definitions. 7
4 General safety . 8
5 Accident data . 9
6 Hazard and risk assessment . 9
6.1 Introduction . 9
6.2 Methodology . 9
7 Hazard-based standards . 16
7.1 Structure of a hazard-based standard . 16
7.2 Normative section . 16
7.3 Annexes . 16
8 Basic wording for the rationales in the Informative Annex . 16
8.1 General . 16
8.2 Chemical hazards (CEN/TR 13387-2) . 17
8.3 Mechanical hazards (CEN/TR 13387-3) . 17
8.3.1 Entrapment hazards . 17
8.3.2 Hazards from moving parts . 17
8.3.3 Hazards with products designed to fold . 17
8.3.4 Hazards due to inadvertent release of attachment mechanisms . 17
8.3.5 Entanglement hazards . 17
8.3.6 Choking hazards . 17
8.3.7 Suffocation hazards . 17
8.3.8 Ingestion hazards . 17
8.3.9 Hazardous edges and projections . 17
8.3.10 Structural integrity . 18
8.3.11 Protective function . 18
8.3.12 Hazards associated with stability . 18
8.4 Thermal hazards (CEN/TR 13387-4) . 18
8.4.1 Flammability and burning hazards. 18
8.4.2 Hazards from hot and cold surfaces . 18
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8.4.3 Hazards from hot liquids or food . 18
8.4.4 Hazards from contact with flames . 18
8.4.5 Hyperthermia and hypothermia . 18
9 Relationship between the requirements in the standard and the safety requirements
in standardization request XXXX . 18
Annex A (informative) Anthropometric data and abilities of children from birth to 48
months . 20
A.1 General . 20
A.2 Terms and definitions related to anthropometric data . 20
A.3 Recommendations for use of data . 21
A.4 Applications . 23
A.4.1 Accessibility . 23
A.4.2 Openings. 23
A.4.3 Structural integrity. 23
A.5 Tables with body dimensions . 24
A.6 Tables with force measurements . 32
A.7 Abilities of children . 34
A.8 Sources of data . 35
Bibliography . 38
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CEN/TR 13387-1:2018 (E)
European foreword
This document (CEN/TR 13387-1:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 252 “Child
care articles”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes CEN/TR 13387-1:2015.
CEN/TR 13387 comprises the following five parts:
— Safety philosophy and safety assessment (CEN/TR 13387-1);
— Chemical hazards (CEN/TR 13387-2);
— Mechanical hazards (CEN/TR 13387-3);
— Thermal hazards (CEN/TR 13387-4);
— Product information (CEN/TR 13387-5).
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Introduction
This document is a revision of CR 13387 first published in 1999. It is a non-normative CEN publication
which provides guidance information on common hazards that should be taken into consideration
when developing safety standards for child care articles.
A general safety philosophy and safety assessment methodology is given in Part 1 of these guidelines
together with a collection of anthropometric data.
Chemical hazards are addressed in Part 2. The chemical risk associated with the use of materials for the
construction, coating and/or packaging of child care articles that may affect children’s health are
considered.
Mechanical hazards are addressed in Part 3. “Mechanical hazard” is a general designation for physical
factors which may give rise to injury due to the mechanical properties of products or parts of products.
Thermal hazards are addressed in Part 4. “Thermal hazards” include hazards associated with
flammability and the burning characteristics of materials, contact with hot and cold surfaces, liquids
and food, contact with flames, contact with products that melt on heating and overheating or exposure
of a child to very low and very high temperatures.
Product information which should be supplied with a child care article is addressed in Part 5. “Product
information” covers all the documentation and information that should be supplied to ensure the safe
use of the product and also the safety of the child using the product.
These guidelines deal with hazards that are common to child care articles. They have been drawn-up by
a working group of experts set up by CEN TC 252 with the prime objective of harmonizing the approach
to hazard and risk assessment and injury prevention. The guidelines give recommendations on
preventive safety measures to avoid injuries that could be caused by child care articles. If the child care
article has a protective function, this should be effective; additionally the product itself should cause no
injury to the child.
The standards being drafted by CEN/TC 252 are for child care articles intended for children from birth
to 48 months of age who form a very vulnerable group in society. Up to 18 months of age the
development of the brain, senses, motoric abilities and knowledge takes place through the combined
use of sensory and motor skills, i.e. children learn to see, hear, taste, smell and feel. Their movements
are aimed at achieving familiarity with their environment. As children become older they achieve
increased muscular control and balance. Even up to 48 months of age children are unpredictable in
their behaviour. Special consideration should be given to the fact that these children cannot understand
how to avoid risks and thus are involuntarily exposed to them.
Child care articles constitute a group with large variations between the different products. However
many safety hazards associated with this diverse group of products are very similar. These guidelines
identify many of these safety hazards and give details that enable similar safety principles to be applied
to the drafting of standards across the group of products.
The information given in these guidelines reflects the state of the art at publication. Standards and
regulations will continuously be developed. Other sources may also provide useful information for the
reader.
How to use these guidelines
The safety requirements and test methods given are intended to give guidance and to lead to
consistency when writing safety standards for child care articles. It is recommended to use these
guidelines when drafting standards.
In addition, these guidelines can assist those with a general professional interest in child safety.
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The safety requirements detailed do not constitute an exhaustive set that can be applied to all child care
articles. The application to particular products should be evaluated by experts.
In these guidelines rationales are given to explain the potential hazard. Wherever possible,
requirements, test equipment and test methods are given which can be used when drafting standards.
The terminology in these guidelines is not the one required for standards: the word 'shall' has to be
used in standards, not 'should' as given in these guidelines.
CEN/TC 252 is, wherever possible when writing new standards or revising existing standards, drafting
their standards on a hazard based format (see for example EN 16120 and EN 1930).
The different parts of the CEN/TR 13387 should enable working groups to draft their standards in a
hazard based format by proceeding in the following way:
— identification of the hazards and assessment of the risk;
— definition of the requirements to address an identified hazard and risk;
— definition of relevant test methods to check that the requirements are met;
— provision of an Annex which indicates the rationale for the inclusion of the requirements.
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CEN/TR 13387-1:2018 (E)
1 Scope
This Technical Report, contains the general safety philosophy and a guideline on safety assessment that
experts are recommended to use when drafting standards.
It also contains an Annex A with a collection of available anthropometric data and details of the abilities
of children from birth to 48 months of age.
The general safety philosophy given in this part is based on the principle that child care articles should
be designed to be safe.
Children with special needs have not been taken into account while drafting these guidelines.
ISO/IEC Guide 71 can be consulted to ascertain any further requirements to address the hazards and
risks associated with children with special needs.
These guidelines do not cover all types of hazards and risks, such as inappropriate use of products,
inadequate supervision of children and products used in a non-domestic situation.
Attention is drawn to the importance of ensuring that all other potential hazards relevant to the
product are fully addressed e.g. hygiene, the effects of electrical power etc., where other safety
standards may apply.
2 Normative reference
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
harm
injury or damage to the health of people, or damage to property or the environment
3.2
hazard
potential source of harm
3.3
risk
combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm
Note 1 to entry: The probability of occurrence includes the exposure to a hazardous situation, the occurrence of
a hazardous event, and the possibility to avoid or limit the harm.
3.4
hazard characterisation
quantitative evaluation of the nature of the adverse health effects following exposure to a risk source(s)
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3.5
hazard identification
identification of a risk source(s) capable of causing adverse effect(s)
3.6
risk analysis
systematic use of available information to identify hazards and to estimate the risk
3.7
risk evaluation
procedure based on the risk analysis to determine whether tolerable risk has been exceeded
3.8
risk assessment
overall process comprising a risk analysis and a risk evaluation
Note 1 to entry: In practical terms this means the evaluation, including the identification of the related
uncertainties, of the likelihood and severity of an adverse effect(s) following exposure under defined means to a
risk source(s).
3.9
safety
freedom from risk which is not tolerable
3.10
intended use
use in accordance with information provided together with a product or system, or, in the absence of
such information, by generally understood patterns of usage
4 General safety
Safety is often a balance between being safe from injury and the other demands of a child care article,
for example, ensuring that the item is fit for purpose as well as meeting consumers’ needs and
expectations.
Attention should be paid to:
— the child’s stage of development (ability, weight, age, etc.);
— the intended or foreseeable use of the product, bearing in mind a child’s unpredictable behaviour.
This unpredictable behaviour exposes children to injury in ways that differ from those of adults,
making children a particularly vulnerable group in society;
— the hazard presented by the product in the environment where the product is used.
Child care articles should be designed to be safe. Hazards should be eliminated wherever possible. For
cases where a hazard cannot be eliminated or sufficiently minimized – by design or safeguards –
product related information should be given. However product related information should not be used
as an alternative to safe design.
Where the function of a product or part of a product changes by virtue of its use and is beyond the scope
of child care articles, appropriate requirements should be applied. An example may be a high chair that
can be converted into a normal chair.
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5 Accident data
Available accident and injury data should be consulted. The absence of an accident history cannot be a
good reason for an automatic presumption of a low level of risk. Other factors should be taken into
account, particularly when the possible severity of injury is high.
Appropriate data may not be available for many reasons, including the absence or ineffectiveness of a
data collection system, the time delay in collating and presenting statistics, changes in product design
and use conditions etc. For example, historical information related to a product or material used in a hot
climate may not apply to its use in colder countries or vice versa.
6 Hazard and risk assessment
6.1 Introduction
The approach to hazard risk assessment described in this clause should ensure that the major hazards
are assessed when considering child safety within standards.
This clause details a process to identify non-chemical hazards and to assess the risks of injury to
children associated with child care articles. The assessment of chemical hazards and risks is included in
CEN/TR 13387-2.
When developing a new child care article safety standard or revising an existing one or working with a
standard where child safety needs to be addressed, it is necessary to conduct a hazard and risk
assessment. This involves gathering together information from a variety of sources such as accident
data, RAPEX and recall notifications, expert opinion and other reliable sources of information (including
scientific literature). Additionally, reference should be made to relevant child safety guidelines,
publications and safety standards.
The hazard risk assessment methodology described in this clause is intended to be used during
development or revision of standards; it is not designed to be used solely during product development
or for assessment of products on the market.
6.2 Methodology
Separate hazard and risk assessment tables are provided for mechanical hazards, thermal hazards and
other non-chemical hazards.
All three tables list the known hazards that have been identified through review of available guides and
standards. Additional hazards not listed in the tables may be associated with certain product categories
and should also be considered.
Before the hazard and risk assessment tables can be completed, all available data, such as accident data,
RAPEX and recall notifications, expert opinion and other reliable sources of information (including
scientific literature) require analysis. There is also a need to fully review the products available and to
understand how children will interact with the product. It is also necessary to understand the type of
injuries that can occur and how they are caused, as well as how accidents themselves occur and the
likely outcomes.
Each table contains the same headings which are explained below:
— The hazard list, based on CEN/TR 13387-3, CEN/TR 13387-4, CEN/CLC Guide 14 and
ISO/IEC Guide 50.
— The hazard identification column utilizes available accident data, RAPEX and recall notifications,
reported incidents, expert opinion and other reliable sources of information to identify the hazards
associated with a product.
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— The hazard analysis column indicates the worst-case scenario should an accident occur with the
indicated hazard.
— The risk level column indicates the level of risk.
— The risk management measures column identifies those hazards addressed in other similar safety
standards, as well as providing the following three options for dealing with the hazard:
— include safety requirements to address the hazard; or
— include product information to address the hazard; or
— there is no need to address the hazard.
The decision on which option should be taken is based on the information entered in the row and
whether or not the hazard is considered a high, medium or low risk.
Hazards resulting in high or medium risk should be addressed within the standard by safety
requirements. Hazards resulting in low risk should be addressed in the standard by safety
requirements, providing they do not conflict with the requirements for high or medium risk.
Product information should be used to address any hazard that cannot be suitably addressed by
safety requirements.
— The comments column is used to explain the rationale and considerations for the decisions
indicated in the table and should be systematically filled in for each item in the tables.
Once all the relevant data has been analysed it should be easy to complete the relevant hazard risk
analysis table by placing an indication in the relevant boxes. With all the relevant boxes completed in
each row of each table it should be possible to draw a conclusion on the level of risk involved with the
hazard, as well as what action is needed to address the hazard in the safety standard.
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Table 1 — Mechanical hazards
Risk Risk management
Hazard list Hazard identification Hazard analysis Comments
level measures
Hazards from gaps and
openings:
- Entrapment of head and
neck
- Entrapment of fingers
- Entrapment of limbs
Hazards due to moving parts,
i.e. shearing and compression
Hazards due to crushing
Hazards due to protrusions
Entanglement hazards in
cords, ribbons and parts used
as ties
Ingestion hazards
Choking hazards
Hazards from plastic decals
or sheeting
Hazards from packaging
materials
Hazardous edges
11
Accident data
RAPEX
Recalls
Reported incidents
Product reports
Expert opinion
Minor or reversible injuries
Serious and reversible or
minor and irreversible
injuries
Serious and irreversible
injuries
Death
L (Low) – M (Medium) – H
(High)
Hazard addressed by another
similar safety standard or a
previous version
Hazard to be addressed by
safety requirements
Hazard to be addressed by
product information
Hazard not to be addressed
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Risk Risk management
Hazard list Hazard identification Hazard analysis Comments
level measures
Hazardous points and wire
Hazards from inadequate
stability
Hazards from inadequate
structural integrity
Hazards from inadequate
protective barrier function
Hazards from inadequate
protective restraint systems
Falling hazards due to
footholds
Hazards due to inadequate
size
Hazards due to inadvertent
release of attachment
mechanisms
12
Accident data
RAPEX
Recalls
Reported incidents
Product reports
Expert opinion
Minor or reversible injuries
Serious and reversible or
minor and irreversible
injuries
Serious and irreversible
injuries
Death
L (Low) – M (Medium) – H
(High)
Hazard addressed by another
similar safety standard or a
previous version
Hazard to be addressed by
safety requirements
Hazard to be addressed by
product information
Hazard not to be addressed
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Table 2 — Thermal hazards
Risk Risk management
Hazard list Hazard identification Hazard analysis Comments
level measures
Hazards due to flash effect
Hazards due to flame
propagation
Hazards from the melting
behaviour of materials
Hazards from contact with
flames
Hazards from hot and cold
surfaces
Hazards from hot and cold
liquids and food
Hypothermia and
hyperthermia hazards
13
Accident data
RAPEX
Recalls
Reported incidents
Product reports
Expert opinion
Minor or reversible injuries
Serious and reversible or minor
and irr
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 13387-1:2017
01-oktober-2017
Izdelki za otroke - Smernice o splošni varnosti - 1. del: Filozofija in ocena varnosti
Child care articles - General safety guidelines - Part 1: Safety philosophy and safety
assessment
Artikel für Säuglinge und Kleinkinder - Sicherheitsleitfaden - Teil 1 :
Sicherheitsgrundsätze und Sicherheitsbeurteilung
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN/TR 13387-1
ICS:
97.190 Otroška oprema Equipment for children
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 13387-1:2017 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 13387-1:2017
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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 13387-1:2017
FINAL DRAFT
TECHNICAL REPORT
FprCEN/TR 13387-1
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
August 2017
ICS 97.190 Will supersede CEN/TR 13387-1:2015
English Version
Child care articles - General safety guidelines - Part 1:
Safety philosophy and safety assessment
Artikel für Säuglinge und Kleinkinder -
Sicherheitsleitfaden - Teil 1 : Sicherheitsgrundsätze
und Sicherheitsbeurteilung
This draft Technical Report is submitted to CEN members for Vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC
252.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a Technical Report. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a Technical Report.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. FprCEN/TR 13387-1:2017 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 13387-1:2017
FprCEN/TR 13387-1:2017 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative reference . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 General safety . 8
5 Accident data . 9
6 Hazard and risk assessment . 9
6.1 Introduction . 9
6.2 Methodology . 9
7 Hazard-based standards . 16
7.1 Structure of a hazard-based standard . 16
7.2 Normative section . 16
7.3 Annexes . 16
8 Basic wording for the rationales in the Informative Annex . 16
8.1 General . 16
8.2 Chemical hazards (CEN/TR 13387-2) . 17
8.3 Mechanical hazards (CEN/TR 13387-3) . 17
8.3.1 Entrapment hazards. 17
8.3.2 Hazards from moving parts . 17
8.3.3 Hazards with products designed to fold . 17
8.3.4 Hazards due to inadvertent release of attachment mechanisms . 17
8.3.5 Entanglement hazards . 17
8.3.6 Choking hazards . 17
8.3.7 Suffocation hazards . 17
8.3.8 Ingestion hazards . 17
8.3.9 Hazardous edges and projections . 17
8.3.10 Structural integrity . 18
8.3.11 Protective function . 18
8.3.12 Hazards associated with stability. 18
8.4 Thermal hazards (CEN/TR 13387-4) . 18
8.4.1 Flammability and burning hazards . 18
8.4.2 Hazards from hot and cold surfaces . 18
8.4.3 Hazards from hot liquids or food . 18
8.4.4 Hazards from contact with flames . 18
8.4.5 Hyperthermia and hypothermia . 18
9 Relationship between the requirements in the standard and the safety requirements
in standardization request XXXX . 18
Annex A (informative) Anthropometric data and abilities of children from birth to 48
months . 20
A.1 General . 20
A.2 Terms and definitions related to anthropometric data . 20
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A.3 Recommendations for use of data . 21
A.4 Applications . 23
A.4.1 Accessibility . 23
A.4.2 Openings . 23
A.4.3 Structural integrity . 23
A.5 Tables with body dimensions . 24
A.6 Tables with force measurements . 32
A.7 Abilities of children . 34
A.8 Sources of data . 35
Bibliography . 38
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European foreword
This document (FprCEN/TR 13387-1:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 252
“Child care articles”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This document is currently submitted to the Formal Vote.
This document will supersede CEN/TR 13387-1:2015.
CEN/TR 13387 comprises the following five parts:
— Safety philosophy and safety assessment (CEN/TR 13387-1);
— Chemical hazards (CEN/TR 13387-2);
— Mechanical hazards (CEN/TR 13387-3);
— Thermal hazards (CEN/TR 13387-4);
— Product information (CEN/TR 13387-5).
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Introduction
This document is a revision of CR 13387 first published in 1999. It is a non-normative CEN publication
which provides guidance information on common hazards that should be taken into consideration
when developing safety standards for child use and care articles.
A general safety philosophy and safety assessment methodology is given in Part 1 of these guidelines
together with a collection of anthropometric data.
Chemical hazards are addressed in Part 2. The chemical risk associated with the use of materials for the
construction, coating and/or packaging of child use and care articles that may affect children’s health
are considered.
Mechanical hazards are addressed in Part 3. “Mechanical hazard” is a general designation for physical
factors which may give rise to injury due to the mechanical properties of products or parts of products.
Thermal hazards are addressed in Part 4. “Thermal hazards” include hazards associated with
flammability and the burning characteristics of materials, contact with hot and cold surfaces, liquids
and food, contact with flames, contact with products that melt on heating and overheating or exposure
of a child to very low and very high temperatures.
Product information which should be supplied with a child use and care article is addressed in Part 5.
“Product information” covers all the documentation and information that should be supplied to ensure
the safe use of the product and also the safety of the child using the product.
These guidelines deal with hazards that are common to child use and care articles. They have been
drawn-up by a working group of experts set up by CEN TC 252 with the prime objective of harmonizing
the approach to hazard and risk assessment and injury prevention. The guidelines give
recommendations on preventive safety measures to avoid injuries that could be caused by child use and
care articles. If the child use and care article has a protective function, this should be effective;
additionally the product itself should cause no injury to the child.
The standards being drafted by CEN/TC 252 are for child use and care articles intended for children
from birth to 48 months of age who form a very vulnerable group in society. Up to 18 months of age the
development of knowledge takes place through the combined use of sensory and motor skills, i.e.
children learn to see, hear, taste, smell and feel. Their movements are aimed at achieving familiarity
with their environment. As children become older they achieve increased muscular control and balance.
Even up to 48 months of age children are unpredictable in their behaviour. Special consideration should
be given to the fact that these children cannot understand how to avoid risks and thus are involuntarily
exposed to them.
Child use and care articles constitute a group with large variations between the different products.
However many safety hazards associated with this diverse group of products are very similar. These
guidelines identify many of these safety hazards and give details that enable similar safety principles to
be applied to the drafting of standards across the group of products.
The information given in these guidelines reflects the state of the art at publication. Standards and
regulations will continuously be developed. Other sources may also provide useful information for the
reader.
How to use these guidelines
The safety requirements and test methods given are intended to give guidance and to lead to
consistency when writing safety standards for child use and care articles. It is recommended to use
these guidelines when drafting standards.
In addition, these guidelines can assist those with a general professional interest in child safety.
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The safety requirements detailed do not constitute an exhaustive set that can be applied to all child use
and care articles. The application to particular products should be evaluated by experts.
In these guidelines rationales are given to explain the potential hazard. Wherever possible,
requirements, test equipment and test methods are given which can be used when drafting standards.
The terminology in these guidelines is not the one required for standards: the word 'shall' has to be
used in standards, not 'should' as given in these guidelines.
CEN/TC 252 is, wherever possible when writing new standards or revising existing standards, drafting
their standards on a hazard based format (see for example EN 16120 and EN 1930).
The different parts of the CEN/TR 13387 should enable working groups to draft their standards in a
hazard based format by proceeding in the following way:
— identification of the hazards and assessment of the risk;
— definition of the requirements to address an identified hazard and risk;
— definition of relevant test methods to check that the requirements are met;
— provision of an Annex which indicates the rationale for the inclusion of the requirements.
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1 Scope
This Technical Report, contains the general safety philosophy and a guideline on safety assessment that
experts are recommended to use when drafting standards.
It also contains an Annex A with a collection of available anthropometric data and details of the abilities
of children from birth to 48 months of age.
The general safety philosophy given in this part is based on the principle that child use and care articles
should be designed to be safe.
Children with special needs have not been taken into account while drafting these guidelines.
ISO/IEC Guide 71 can be consulted to ascertain any further requirements to address the hazards and
risks associated with children with special needs.
These guidelines do not cover all types of hazards and risks, such as inappropriate use of products,
inadequate supervision of children and products used in a non-domestic situation.
Attention is drawn to the importance of ensuring that all other potential hazards relevant to the
product are fully addressed e.g. hygiene, the effects of electrical power etc., where other safety
standards may apply.
2 Normative reference
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
harm
injury or damage to the health of people, or damage to property or the environment
3.2
hazard
potential source of harm
3.3
risk
combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm
Note 1 to entry: The probability of occurrence includes the exposure to a hazardous situation, the occurrence of
a hazardous event, and the possibility to avoid or limit the harm.
3.4
hazard characterisation
quantitative evaluation of the nature of the adverse health effects following exposure to a risk source(s)
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3.5
hazard identification
identification of a risk source(s) capable of causing adverse effect(s)
3.6
risk analysis
systematic use of available information to identify hazards and to estimate the risk
3.7
risk evaluation
procedure based on the risk analysis to determine whether tolerable risk has been exceeded
3.8
risk assessment
overall process comprising a risk analysis and a risk evaluation
Note 1 to entry: In practical terms this means the evaluation, including the identification of the related
uncertainties, of the likelihood and severity of an adverse effect(s) following exposure under defined means to a
risk source(s).
3.9
safety
freedom from risk which is not tolerable
3.10
intended use
use in accordance with information provided together with a product or system, or, in the absence of
such information, by generally understood patterns of usage
4 General safety
Safety is often a balance between being safe from injury and the other demands of a child use and care
article, for example, ensuring that the item is fit for purpose as well as meeting consumers’ needs and
expectations.
Attention should be paid to:
— the child’s stage of development (ability, weight, age, etc.);
— the intended or foreseeable use of the product, bearing in mind a child’s unpredictable behaviour.
This unpredictable behaviour exposes children to injury in ways that differ from those of adults,
making children a particularly vulnerable group in society;
— the hazard presented by the product in the environment where the product is used.
Child use and care articles should be designed to be safe. Hazards should be eliminated wherever
possible. For cases where a hazard cannot be eliminated or sufficiently minimized – by design or
safeguards – product related information should be given. However product related information should
not be used as an alternative to safe design.
Where the function of a product or part of a product changes by virtue of its use and is beyond the scope
of child use and care articles, appropriate requirements should be applied. An example may be a high
chair that can be converted into a normal chair.
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5 Accident data
Available accident and injury data should be consulted. The absence of an accident history cannot be a
good reason for an automatic presumption of a low level of risk. Other factors should be taken into
account, particularly when the possible severity of injury is high.
Appropriate data may not be available for many reasons, including the absence or ineffectiveness of a
data collection system, the time delay in collating and presenting statistics, changes in product design
and use conditions etc. For example, historical information related to a product or material used in a hot
climate may not apply to its use in colder countries or vice versa.
6 Hazard and risk assessment
6.1 Introduction
The approach to hazard risk assessment described in this clause should ensure that the major hazards
are assessed when considering child safety within standards.
This clause details a process to identify non-chemical hazards and to assess the risks of injury to
children associated with child use and care articles. The assessment of chemical hazards and risks is
included in CEN/TR 13387-2.
When developing a new child use and care article safety standard or revising an existing one or working
with a standard where child safety needs to be addressed, it is necessary to conduct a hazard and risk
assessment. This involves gathering together information from a variety of sources such as accident
data, RAPEX and recall notifications, expert opinion and other reliable sources of information.
Additionally, reference should be made to relevant child safety guidelines, publications and safety
standards.
The hazard risk assessment methodology described in this clause is intended to be used during
development or revision of standards; it is not designed to be used solely during product development
or for assessment of products on the market.
6.2 Methodology
Separate hazard and risk assessment tables are provided for mechanical hazards, thermal hazards and
other non-chemical hazards.
All three tables list the known hazards that have been identified through review of available guides and
standards. Additional hazards not listed in the tables may be associated with certain product categories
and should also be considered.
Before the hazard and risk assessment tables can be completed, all available data, such as accident data,
RAPEX and recall notifications, expert opinion and other reliable sources of information require
analysis. There is also a need to fully review the products available and to understand how children will
interact with the product. It is also necessary to understand the type of injuries that can occur and how
they are caused, as well as how accidents themselves occur and the likely outcomes.
Each table contains the same headings which are explained below:
— The hazard list, based on CEN/TR 13387-3, CEN/TR 13387-4, CEN Guide 12 and ISO/IEC Guide 50.
— The hazard identification column utilizes available accident data, RAPEX and recall notifications,
reported incidents, expert opinion and other reliable sources of information to identify the hazards
associated with a product.
— The hazard analysis column indicates the worst-case scenario should an accident occur with the
indicated hazard.
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— The risk level column indicates the level of risk.
— The risk management measures column identifies those hazards addressed in other similar safety
standards, as well as providing the following three options for dealing with the hazard:
— include safety requirements to address the hazard; or
— include product information to address the hazard; or
— there is no need to address the hazard.
The decision on which option should be taken is based on the information entered in the row and
whether or not the hazard is considered a high, medium or low risk.
Hazards resulting in high or medium risk should be addressed within the standard by safety
requirements. Hazards resulting in low risk should be addressed in the standard by safety
requirements, providing they do not conflict with the requirements for high or medium risk.
Product information should be used to address any hazard that cannot be suitably addressed by
safety requirements.
— The comments column is used to explain the rationale and considerations for the decisions
indicated in the table and should be systematically filled in for each item in the tables.
Once all the relevant data has been analysed it should be easy to complete the relevant hazard risk
analysis table by placing an indication in the relevant boxes. With all the relevant boxes completed in
each row of each table it should be possible to draw a conclusion on the level of risk involved with the
hazard, as well as what action is needed to address the hazard in the safety standard.
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Table 1 — Mechanical hazards
Risk Risk management
Hazard list Hazard identification Hazard analysis Comments
level measures
Hazards from gaps and
openings:
- Entrapment of head and
neck
- Entrapment of fingers
- Entrapment of limbs
Hazards due to moving parts,
i.e. shearing and compression
Hazards due to crushing
Hazards due to protrusions
Entanglement in cords,
ribbons and parts used as
ties
Ingestion hazards
Choking hazards
Hazards from plastic decals
or sheeting
Hazards from packaging
materials
Hazardous edges
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Accident data
RAPEX
Recalls
Reported incidents
Product reports
Expert opinion
Minor or reversible injuries
Serious and reversible or
minor and irreversible
injuries
Serious and irreversible
injuries
Death
L (Low) – M (Medium) – H
(High)
Hazard addressed by another
similar safety standard or a
previous version
Hazard to be addressed by
safety requirements
Hazard to be addressed by
product information
Hazard not to be addressed
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Risk Risk management
Hazard list Hazard identification Hazard analysis Comments
level measures
Hazardous points and wire
Hazards from inadequate
stability
Hazards from inadequate
structural integrity
Hazards from inadequate
protective barrier function
Hazards from inadequate
protective restraint systems
Falling hazards due to
footholds
Hazards due to inadequate
size
Hazards due to inadvertent
release of attachment
mechanisms
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Accident data
RAPEX
Recalls
Reported incidents
Product reports
Expert opinion
Minor or reversible injuries
Serious and reversible or
minor and irreversible
injuries
Serious and irreversible
injuries
Death
L (Low) – M (Medium) – H
(High)
Hazard addressed by another
similar safety standard or a
previous version
Hazard to be addressed by
safety requirements
Hazard to be addressed by
product information
Hazard not to be addressed
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Table 2 — Thermal hazards
Risk Risk management
Hazard list Hazard identification Hazard analysis Comments
level measures
Hazards due to flash effect
Hazards due to flame
propagation
Hazards from the melting
behaviour of materials
Hazards from contact with
flames
Hazards from hot and cold
surfaces
Hazards from hot and cold
liquids and food
Hypothermia and
hyperthermia hazards
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Accident data
RAPEX
Recalls
Reported incidents
Product reports
Expert opinion
Minor or reversible injuries
Serious and reversible or minor
and irreve
...
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