SIST EN ISO 23864:2022
(Main)Non‐destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Use of automated total focusing technique (TFM) and related technologies (ISO 23864:2021)
Non‐destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Use of automated total focusing technique (TFM) and related technologies (ISO 23864:2021)
This document specifies the application of the FMC/TFM technology for the ultrasonic testing of
fusionwelded joints in metallic materials of minimum thickness 3.2 mm. It's is applicable only to
components with welds fabricated using metals which lead to isotropic (constant properties in all
directions) and homogeneous conditions. These classes of materials include welds in low carbon
alloy steels and common aerospace grade aluminum and titanium alloys, provided they are
homogeneous and isotropic.
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen - Ultraschallprüfung - Verwendung der automatisierten Totalfokussierungsmethode (TFM) und verwandte Technologien (ISO 23864:2021)
Dieses Dokument legt die Anwendung der TFM Technik und verwandter Technologien für die halb- oder vollautomatische Ultraschallprüfung von Schmelzschweißverbindungen in metallischen Werkstoffen mit einer Mindestdicke von 3,2 mm fest.
ANMERKUNG Wenn nicht anders angegeben, beziehen sich in diesem Dokument „TFM“ und „TFM Technik“ auf die TFM Techniken, wie sie in ISO 23243 definiert sind, und auf alle verwandten Technologien, siehe z. B. ISO 23865 und ISO 23243.
Dieses Dokument ist für Bauteile mit Schweißnähten, die aus Metallen hergestellt werden, die isotrope (konstante Eigenschaften in allen Richtungen) und homogene Bedingungen aufweisen, anzuwenden. Dies schließt Schweißnähte in kohlenstoffarmen legierten Stählen und gängigen Aluminium- und Titanlegierungen für die Luft- und Raumfahrt ein, sofern sie homogen und isotrop sind.
Dieses Dokument ist für Schweißverbindungen mit vollständiger Durchschweißung einfacher Geometrie in Blechen, Rohren und Behältern anzuwenden.
In diesem Dokument sind vier Prüfklassen (A, B, C, D) festgelegt, die jeweils unterschiedlichen Wahrscheinlichkeiten für den Nachweis von Unregelmäßigkeiten entsprechen. Es wird Hilfestellung zur Wahl der Prüfklassen gegeben. Grobkörnige Metalle und austenitische Schweißnähte können geprüft werden, wenn die Bestimmungen dieses Dokuments berücksichtigt wurden.
Dieses Dokument enthält Festlegungen zu den spezifischen Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der TFM Technik für den Nachweis, die Lokalisierung, die Größenbestimmung und Charakterisierung von Inhomogenitäten in Schmelzschweißverbindungen. Die TFM Technik kann als eigenständiger Ansatz oder in Kombination mit anderen zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren (ZfP) für Herstellungs-, Betriebs- und Nachreparaturprüfungen genutzt werden.
Dieses Dokument umfasst die Beurteilung von Anzeigen für Zulassungszwecke, basierend entweder auf Amplitude (äquivalente Reflektorgröße) und Länge oder Höhe und Länge.
Dieses Dokument enthält keine Zulässigkeitsgrenzen für Inhomogenitäten.
In diesem Dokument wird auf die folgenden zwei typischen Prüftechniken für Schweißverbindungen Bezug genommen:
a) Abtastung von der Seite, bei der der Prüfkopf/die Prüfköpfe neben der Schweißnahtdecklage positioniert wird/werden, üblicherweise unter Verwendung von Keilen. Die Abtastung von der Seite kann von einer Seite oder von beiden Seiten der Schweißnaht durchgeführt werden;
b) Abtastung von oben, bei der der Prüfkopf auf der Schweißnahtdecklage mit einem flexiblen, anpassungsfähigen Vorlaufkörper oder mit Hilfe der Tauchtechnik oder der Kontakttechnik nach Entfernen der Schweißnahtdecklage positioniert wird.
Die halbautomatische Prüfung umfasst eine kontrollierte Bewegung eines oder mehrerer Prüfköpfe entlang einer Vorrichtung (Führungsleiste, Lineal usw.), wobei die Prüfkopfposition mit einem Positionssensor gemessen wird. Die Abtastung wird manuell durchgeführt.
Die vollautomatische Prüfung umfasst zusätzlich einen mechanisierten Antrieb.
Essais non destructifs des assemblages soudés - Contrôle par ultrasons - Utilisation de la technique d’acquisition automatisée de focalisation en tout point (FTP) et de techniques associées (ISO 23864:2021)
Neporušitveno preskušanje zvarnih spojev - Ultrazvočno preskušanje - Uporaba avtomatske popolne fokusirne metode (TFM) in sorodnih postopkov (ISO 23864:2021)
Ta dokument določa uporabo tehnologije FMC/TFM za ultrazvočno preskušanje talilno zvarjenih spojev v kovinskih materialih z debelino najmanj 3,2 mm. Uporablja se samo za komponente z zvarnimi spoji, izdelanimi z uporabo kovin, ki ustvarijo izotropne (enake lastnosti v vse smeri) in homogene pogoje. Ti razredi materialov vključujejo zvarne spoje na malolegiranih ogljikovih jeklih ter običajnih aluminijevih in titanovih zlitinah vesoljskega razreda, če so ti homogeni in izotropni.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 23864:2022
01-marec-2022
Neporušitveno preskušanje zvarnih spojev - Ultrazvočno preskušanje - Uporaba
avtomatske popolne fokusirne metode (TFM) in sorodnih postopkov (ISO
23864:2021)
Non‐destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Use of automated total focusing
technique (TFM) and related technologies (ISO 23864:2021)
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen - Ultraschallprüfung - Verwendung
der automatisierten Totalfokussierungsmethode (TFM) und verwandte Technologien
(ISO 23864:2021)
Essais non destructifs des assemblages soudés - Contrôle par ultrasons - Utilisation de
la technique d’acquisition automatisée de focalisation en tout point (FTP) et de
techniques associées (ISO 23864:2021)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 23864:2021
ICS:
25.160.40 Varjeni spoji in vari Welded joints and welds
SIST EN ISO 23864:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 23864:2022
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SIST EN ISO 23864:2022
EN ISO 23864
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2021
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 25.160.40
English Version
Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Use
of automated total focusing technique (TFM) and related
technologies (ISO 23864:2021)
Essais non destructifs des assemblages soudés - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen -
Contrôle par ultrasons - Utilisation de la technique Ultraschallprüfung - Verwendung der automatisierten
d'acquisition automatisée de focalisation en tout point Totalfokussierungsmethode (TFM) und verwandte
(FTP) et de techniques associées (ISO 23864:2021) Technologien (ISO 23864:2021)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 December 2021.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 23864:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 23864:2022
EN ISO 23864:2021 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 23864:2022
EN ISO 23864:2021 (E)
European foreword
The text of ISO 23864:2021 has been prepared by Technical Committee IIW "International Institute of
Welding” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as
EN ISO 23864:2021 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 121 “Welding and allied processes” the secretariat
of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2022, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2022.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 23864:2021 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 23864:2021 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 23864:2022
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SIST EN ISO 23864:2022
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23864
First edition
2021-01
Non‐destructive testing of welds —
Ultrasonic testing — Use of automated
total focusing technique (TFM) and
related technologies
Essais non destructifs des assemblages soudés — Contrôle par
ultrasons — Utilisation de la technique d’acquisition automatisée de
focalisation en tout point (FTP) et de techniques associées
Reference number
ISO 23864:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
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SIST EN ISO 23864:2022
ISO 23864:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 23864:2022
ISO 23864:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Testing levels . 2
5 Information required before testing . 3
5.1 Items to be defined before procedure development . 3
5.2 Specific information required by the operator before testing . 4
5.3 Written test procedure . 4
6 Requirements for personnel and equipment . 5
6.1 Personnel qualifications . 5
6.2 Test equipment . 5
6.2.1 General. 5
6.2.2 Instrument . 5
6.2.3 Probes. 6
6.2.4 Scanning mechanisms . 6
7 Preparation for testing . 6
7.1 Volume to be tested . 6
7.2 Imaging typical weld discontinuities . 6
7.2.1 Discontinuity orientation . 6
7.2.2 Discontinuity location . 7
7.2.3 Suitable imaging paths for specific discontinuity types . 7
7.3 Verification of test setup .10
7.4 Scan increment setting .10
7.5 Geometry considerations .10
7.6 Preparation of scanning surfaces .11
7.7 Temperature .11
7.8 Couplant .11
8 Testing of parent material .11
9 Range and sensitivity .11
9.1 General .11
9.2 Range and sensitivity settings .12
9.2.1 General.12
9.2.2 Setting range and sensitivity on the test object itself .12
9.2.3 Gain corrections .12
9.3 Checking of the settings .12
10 Reference blocks and test blocks .13
10.1 General .13
10.2 Material .13
10.3 Dimensions and shape .13
10.4 Reference reflectors .13
11 Equipment checks .13
12 Procedure verification .14
13 Weld testing .14
14 Data storage .14
15 Interpretation and analysis of TFM images .14
15.1 General .14
15.2 Assessing the quality of TFM images .15
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 23864:2022
ISO 23864:2021(E)
15.3 Identification of relevant indications .15
15.4 Classification of relevant indications .15
15.5 Determination of location and length of an indication .15
15.5.1 Location .15
15.5.2 Length.15
15.6 Determination of amplitude or height of an indication .15
15.6.1 General.15
15.6.2 Based on amplitude .16
15.6.3 Based on height .16
15.7 Evaluation against acceptance criteria .16
16 Test report .16
17 Austenitic welds .18
Annex A (informative) Typical reference blocks and reference reflectors .19
Annex B (informative) TFM images of typical discontinuities .24
Bibliography .32
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 23864:2022
ISO 23864:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by the IIW, International Institute of Welding, Commission V, NDT and
Quality Assurance of Welded Products, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization
(CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 121, Welding and allied processes, in accordance with the Agreement
on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 23864:2022
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SIST EN ISO 23864:2022
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23864:2021(E)
Non‐destructive testing of welds — Ultrasonic testing
— Use of automated total focusing technique (TFM) and
related technologies
IMPORTANT — The electronic file of this document contains colours which are considered to be
useful for the correct understanding of the document. Users should therefore consider printing
this document using a colour printer.
1 Scope
This document specifies the application of the TFM technique and related technologies for semi- or fully
automated ultrasonic testing of fusion- welded joints in metallic materials of minimum thickness 3,2 mm.
NOTE Unless stated otherwise, in this document ‘TFM” and ‘TFM technique” refer to the TFM technique as
defined in ISO 23243, and to all related technologies, see for example ISO 23865 and ISO 23243.
This document is applicable to components with welds fabricated using metals which have isotropic
(constant properties in all directions) and homogeneous conditions. This includes welds in low
carbon alloy steels and common aerospace grade aluminium and titanium alloys, provided they are
homogeneous and isotropic.
This document applies to full penetration welded joints of simple geometry in plates, pipes and vessels.
This document specifies four testing levels (A, B, C, D), each corresponding to a different probability
of detection of imperfections. Guidance on the selection of testing levels is provided. Coarse-grained
metals and austenitic welds can be tested when the provisions of this document have been taken into
account.
This document gives provisions on the specific capabilities and limitations of the TFM technique for
the detection, locating, sizing and characterization of discontinuities in fusion-welded joints. The TFM
technique can be used as a stand-alone approach or in combination with other non-destructive testing
(NDT) methods for manufacturing, in-service and post-repair tests.
This document includes assessment of indications for acceptance purposes based on either amplitude
(equivalent reflector size) and length or height and length.
This document does not include acceptance levels for discontinuities.
The following two typical testing techniques for welded joints are referred to in this document:
a) side scanning, where the probe(s) is (are) positioned adjacent to the weld cap, typically using
wedges. Side scanning can be performed from one side or both sides of the weld;
b) top scanning where the probe is positioned on top of weld cap with a flexible, conformable delay
line or using immersion technique, or using contact technique after removing the weld cap.
Semi-automated testing encompasses a controlled movement of one or more probes along a fixture
(guidance strip, ruler, etc.), whereby the probe position is measured with a position sensor. The scan is
performed manually.
In addition, fully automated testing includes mechanized propulsion.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 23864:2022
ISO 23864:2021(E)
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5577, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Vocabulary
ISO 5817, Welding — Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding
excluded) — Quality levels for imperfections
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
ISO 17635, Non-destructive testing of welds — General rules for metallic materials
ISO 18563-1, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic phased array
equipment — Part 1: Instruments
ISO 18563-2, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic phased array
equipment — Part 2: Probes
ISO 23865:2021, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — General use of full matrix capture/ total
focusing method technique
ISO 23243, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing with arrays - Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5577, ISO 17635, ISO 23865
and ISO 23243 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Testing levels
Quality requirements for welded joints are mainly associated with the material, the welding process
and the service conditions. To accommodate all these requirements, this document specifies four
testing levels (A, B, C, and D).
From testing level A to testing level C, an increasing probability of detection is achieved by an increasing
testing coverage, i.e. covering the test volume in multiple ways, e.g. number of imaging paths, number of
array positions.
Testing level D may be agreed for special applications using a written procedure which shall take into
account the general requirements of this document. This includes tests of metals other than ferritic
steel, tests on partial penetration welds, tests at object temperatures outside the range of 7.7. For level
D, a verification on test blocks is mandatory.
Testing levels related to quality levels shall be in accordance with ISO 5817 or technically equivalent
standards. The appropriate testing level can be specified by standards for testing of welds (e.g.
ISO 17635), by product standards or by other documents. When ISO 17635 is specified, the recommended
testing levels are as given in Table 1.
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 23864:2022
ISO 23864:2021(E)
Table 1 — Recommended testing levels
Testing level Quality level in accordance
with ISO 5817
A C, D
B B
C by agreement
D special application
Table 2 shows the minimum requirements. As described in 7.3, the setup shall be verified with reference
blocks and/or test blocks in all cases.
Top scanning can be performed with TFM if the weld cap has been removed and the test surface is flat,
otherwise adaptive focusing is required to take the geometry of the weld cap into account.
Side scanning with two probes simultaneously at both sides of the weld allows for imaging paths from
one probe to the other probe (see ISO 23865).
Table 2 — Details of testing levels, minimum requirements
Testing levels
Testing technique
a a b b
A B C D
Top scanning at fixed Direct imaging path Direct imaging path Direct imaging path Suitable imaging
probe position to the and imaging path and imaging path(s) paths and positions
weld (line scan) using reflection at which ensure(s) re- (sides) by agreement
the opposite surface flected signals from
planar discontinui-
ties on the weld bevel
Side scanning at fixed Direct imaging path, Direct imaging path Direct imaging path Suitable imaging
probe position to the two sides and imaging path and (multiple) im- paths and positions
weld (line scan) using reflection at aging path(s) using (sides) by agreement
the opposite surface, reflection at the op-
two sides or two posite surface, two
probe positions sides or two probe
positions
Side scanning with Direct imaging path, Direct imaging path Direct imaging Suitable imaging
raster scanning one side and imaging path path and (multiple) paths and positions
using reflection at imaging path(s) (sides) by agreement
the opposite surface, using reflection at
one side the opposite surface,
one side, images
from different probe
positions to the weld
are merged
a
For testing levels A and B: imaging using reflection at the opposite surface can be done by extending the ROI (only for
TT-TT or LL-LL) or by using corresponding imaging paths.
b
For testing levels C and D: The choice of the imaging paths shall depend on weld bevel design and be motivated in the
scan plan based on Table 3.
5 Information required before testing
5.1 Items to be defined before procedure development
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 23864:2021
01-september-2021
Neporušitveno preskušanje zvarnih spojev - Ultrazvočno preskušanje - Uporaba
tehnike TFM in sorodnih tehnik/postopkov (ISO 23864:2021)
Non‐destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Use of automated total focusing
technique (TFM) and related technologies (ISO 23864:2021)
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen - Ultraschallprüfung - Verwendung
der automatisierten Totalfokussierungsmethode (TFM) und verwandte Technologien (ISO
23864:2021)
Essais non destructifs des assemblages soudés - Contrôle par ultrasons - Utilisation de
la technique d’acquisition automatisée de focalisation en tout point (FTP) et de
techniques associées (ISO 23864:2021)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 23864
ICS:
25.160.40 Varjeni spoji in vari Welded joints and welds
oSIST prEN ISO 23864:2021 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO 23864:2021
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oSIST prEN ISO 23864:2021
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23864
First edition
2021-01
Non‐destructive testing of welds —
Ultrasonic testing — Use of automated
total focusing technique (TFM) and
related technologies
Essais non destructifs des assemblages soudés — Contrôle par
ultrasons — Utilisation de la technique d’acquisition automatisée de
focalisation en tout point (FTP) et de techniques associées
Reference number
ISO 23864:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
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oSIST prEN ISO 23864:2021
ISO 23864:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 23864:2021
ISO 23864:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Testing levels . 2
5 Information required before testing . 3
5.1 Items to be defined before procedure development . 3
5.2 Specific information required by the operator before testing . 4
5.3 Written test procedure . 4
6 Requirements for personnel and equipment . 5
6.1 Personnel qualifications . 5
6.2 Test equipment . 5
6.2.1 General. 5
6.2.2 Instrument . 5
6.2.3 Probes. 6
6.2.4 Scanning mechanisms . 6
7 Preparation for testing . 6
7.1 Volume to be tested . 6
7.2 Imaging typical weld discontinuities . 6
7.2.1 Discontinuity orientation . 6
7.2.2 Discontinuity location . 7
7.2.3 Suitable imaging paths for specific discontinuity types . 7
7.3 Verification of test setup .10
7.4 Scan increment setting .10
7.5 Geometry considerations .10
7.6 Preparation of scanning surfaces .11
7.7 Temperature .11
7.8 Couplant .11
8 Testing of parent material .11
9 Range and sensitivity .11
9.1 General .11
9.2 Range and sensitivity settings .12
9.2.1 General.12
9.2.2 Setting range and sensitivity on the test object itself .12
9.2.3 Gain corrections .12
9.3 Checking of the settings .12
10 Reference blocks and test blocks .13
10.1 General .13
10.2 Material .13
10.3 Dimensions and shape .13
10.4 Reference reflectors .13
11 Equipment checks .13
12 Procedure verification .14
13 Weld testing .14
14 Data storage .14
15 Interpretation and analysis of TFM images .14
15.1 General .14
15.2 Assessing the quality of TFM images .15
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
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oSIST prEN ISO 23864:2021
ISO 23864:2021(E)
15.3 Identification of relevant indications .15
15.4 Classification of relevant indications .15
15.5 Determination of location and length of an indication .15
15.5.1 Location .15
15.5.2 Length.15
15.6 Determination of amplitude or height of an indication .15
15.6.1 General.15
15.6.2 Based on amplitude .16
15.6.3 Based on height .16
15.7 Evaluation against acceptance criteria .16
16 Test report .16
17 Austenitic welds .18
Annex A (informative) Typical reference blocks and reference reflectors .19
Annex B (informative) TFM images of typical discontinuities .24
Bibliography .32
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oSIST prEN ISO 23864:2021
ISO 23864:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by the IIW, International Institute of Welding, Commission V, NDT and
Quality Assurance of Welded Products, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization
(CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 121, Welding and allied processes, in accordance with the Agreement
on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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oSIST prEN ISO 23864:2021
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23864:2021(E)
Non‐destructive testing of welds — Ultrasonic testing
— Use of automated total focusing technique (TFM) and
related technologies
IMPORTANT — The electronic file of this document contains colours which are considered to be
useful for the correct understanding of the document. Users should therefore consider printing
this document using a colour printer.
1 Scope
This document specifies the application of the TFM technique and related technologies for semi- or fully
automated ultrasonic testing of fusion- welded joints in metallic materials of minimum thickness 3,2 mm.
NOTE Unless stated otherwise, in this document ‘TFM” and ‘TFM technique” refer to the TFM technique as
defined in ISO 23243, and to all related technologies, see for example ISO 23865 and ISO 23243.
This document is applicable to components with welds fabricated using metals which have isotropic
(constant properties in all directions) and homogeneous conditions. This includes welds in low
carbon alloy steels and common aerospace grade aluminium and titanium alloys, provided they are
homogeneous and isotropic.
This document applies to full penetration welded joints of simple geometry in plates, pipes and vessels.
This document specifies four testing levels (A, B, C, D), each corresponding to a different probability
of detection of imperfections. Guidance on the selection of testing levels is provided. Coarse-grained
metals and austenitic welds can be tested when the provisions of this document have been taken into
account.
This document gives provisions on the specific capabilities and limitations of the TFM technique for
the detection, locating, sizing and characterization of discontinuities in fusion-welded joints. The TFM
technique can be used as a stand-alone approach or in combination with other non-destructive testing
(NDT) methods for manufacturing, in-service and post-repair tests.
This document includes assessment of indications for acceptance purposes based on either amplitude
(equivalent reflector size) and length or height and length.
This document does not include acceptance levels for discontinuities.
The following two typical testing techniques for welded joints are referred to in this document:
a) side scanning, where the probe(s) is (are) positioned adjacent to the weld cap, typically using
wedges. Side scanning can be performed from one side or both sides of the weld;
b) top scanning where the probe is positioned on top of weld cap with a flexible, conformable delay
line or using immersion technique, or using contact technique after removing the weld cap.
Semi-automated testing encompasses a controlled movement of one or more probes along a fixture
(guidance strip, ruler, etc.), whereby the probe position is measured with a position sensor. The scan is
performed manually.
In addition, fully automated testing includes mechanized propulsion.
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2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5577, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Vocabulary
ISO 5817, Welding — Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding
excluded) — Quality levels for imperfections
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
ISO 17635, Non-destructive testing of welds — General rules for metallic materials
ISO 18563-1, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic phased array
equipment — Part 1: Instruments
ISO 18563-2, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic phased array
equipment — Part 2: Probes
ISO 23865:2021, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — General use of full matrix capture/ total
focusing method technique
ISO 23243, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing with arrays - Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5577, ISO 17635, ISO 23865
and ISO 23243 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Testing levels
Quality requirements for welded joints are mainly associated with the material, the welding process
and the service conditions. To accommodate all these requirements, this document specifies four
testing levels (A, B, C, and D).
From testing level A to testing level C, an increasing probability of detection is achieved by an increasing
testing coverage, i.e. covering the test volume in multiple ways, e.g. number of imaging paths, number of
array positions.
Testing level D may be agreed for special applications using a written procedure which shall take into
account the general requirements of this document. This includes tests of metals other than ferritic
steel, tests on partial penetration welds, tests at object temperatures outside the range of 7.7. For level
D, a verification on test blocks is mandatory.
Testing levels related to quality levels shall be in accordance with ISO 5817 or technically equivalent
standards. The appropriate testing level can be specified by standards for testing of welds (e.g.
ISO 17635), by product standards or by other documents. When ISO 17635 is specified, the recommended
testing levels are as given in Table 1.
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Table 1 — Recommended testing levels
Testing level Quality level in accordance
with ISO 5817
A C, D
B B
C by agreement
D special application
Table 2 shows the minimum requirements. As described in 7.3, the setup shall be verified with reference
blocks and/or test blocks in all cases.
Top scanning can be performed with TFM if the weld cap has been removed and the test surface is flat,
otherwise adaptive focusing is required to take the geometry of the weld cap into account.
Side scanning with two probes simultaneously at both sides of the weld allows for imaging paths from
one probe to the other probe (see ISO 23865).
Table 2 — Details of testing levels, minimum requirements
Testing levels
Testing technique
a a b b
A B C D
Top scanning at fixed Direct imaging path Direct imaging path Direct imaging path Suitable imaging
probe position to the and imaging path and imaging path(s) paths and positions
weld (line scan) using reflection at which ensure(s) re- (sides) by agreement
the opposite surface flected signals from
planar discontinui-
ties on the weld bevel
Side scanning at fixed Direct imaging path, Direct imaging path Direct imaging path Suitable imaging
probe position to the two sides and imaging path and (multiple) im- paths and positions
weld (line scan) using reflection at aging path(s) using (sides) by agreement
the opposite surface, reflection at the op-
two sides or two posite surface, two
probe positions sides or two probe
positions
Side scanning with Direct imaging path, Direct imaging path Direct imaging Suitable imaging
raster scanning one side and imaging path path and (multiple) paths and positions
using reflection at imaging path(s) (sides) by agreement
the opposite surface, using reflection at
one side the opposite surface,
one side, images
from different probe
positions to the weld
are merged
a
For testing levels A and B: imaging using reflection at the opposite surface can be done by extending the ROI (only for
TT-TT or LL-LL) or by using corresponding imaging paths.
b
For testing levels C and D: The choice of the imaging paths shall depend on weld bevel design and be motivated in the
scan plan based on Table 3.
5 Information required before testing
5.1 Items to be defined before procedure development
Information on the following items is required:
a) purpose and extent of testing;
b) type(s) of parent material (i.e. cast, forged, rolled); grain size and anisotropy;
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NOTE 1 Several properties of the parent material, in particular deviations in grain elongation due to
rolling, have influence on the images generated by TFM. This influence also exists in other ultrasonic testing
techniques but is experienced differently. ISO 23865:2021, Clause 15, gives guidance.
NOTE 2 Variation in wall thickness has an influence on the image generated, in particular when using
imaging paths containing one or more reflections. ISO 23865:2021, Clause 15, gives guidance.
c) testing level;
d) acceptance criteria, including method for evaluation of indications and method for establishing
reference level;
e) specification of calibration blocks, reference blocks, test blocks used;
f) stage (e.g. manufacturing or in-service) at which the testing is to be carried out;
g) object and weld geometry details and information on the size of the heat-affected zone. If the size of
the heat affected zone is not known, practical values according to the welding process used may be
considered;
h) requirements for access, surface conditions and temperature. Material temperature has a
significant influence on the images generated by TFM. Where the test object has a temperature
outside the range specified in 7.7, ISO 23865:2021, Clause 15, gives guidance;
i) personnel qualifications;
j) reporting requirements.
5.2 Specific information required by the operator before testing
Before any testing of a welded joint can begin, the operator shall have access to all the information as
specified in 5.1, together with the following additional information:
a) the written test procedure (see 5.3);
b) joint preparation and dimensions;
c) relevant information on the welding process;
d) time of testing relative to any post-weld heat treatment.
5.3 Written test procedure
For all testing using the TFM technique, a written test procedure is required. The procedure shall
include the following information as a minimum:
a) the purpose and extent of testing, including details of the region of interest (ROI) and grid;
b) the testing technique, including acquisition scheme and imaging algorithm (processing parameters);
c) the testing level;
d) the personnel qualification/training requirements;
e) the equipment to be used (including but not limited to frequency, sampling rate, pitch, element size,
wedge dimensions and velocity);
f) the reference and/or test blocks;
g) examples of calibration and reference scans;
h) the sensitivity settings;
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i) required access and surface conditions;
j) requirements for testing of parent material;
k) evaluation of indications, including sizing methodology;
l) acceptance level and/or recording level;
m) reporting requirements;
n) any environmental and safety issues;
o) scan plan showing the following, to provide a standardized and repeatable methodology for testing:
— object and weld geometry;
— probe positioning and movement, relative to the weld;
— the imaging path(s) used, and how these correspond to the location and orientation of expected
discontinuities;
— the coverage of the test object and the ROI.
6 Requirements for personnel and equipment
6.1 Personnel qualifications
Personnel performing testing in accordance with this document shall be qualified to an appropriate
level in accordance with ISO 9712 or equivalent in the relevant product sector or industrial sector.
In addition to general knowledge of ultrasonic weld testing, the operators shall be familiar with, and
have practical experience in, the use of the TFM technique or related technology. Specific training
and examination of personnel should be performed on representative test pieces. These training and
examination results should be documented. If this is not the case, specific training and examination
should be performed with the finalized ultrasonic test procedures and selected ultrasonic test
equipment o
...
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