SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
(Main)Ergonomics - Demands and availability of anthropometric and strength data of children in Europe
Ergonomics - Demands and availability of anthropometric and strength data of children in Europe
This document contains guidance on identifying current (since 2000) reliable anthropometric and strength data sources for European population under the age of 18 years.
It is intended that this Technical Report will give guidance to the stake holders such as the standard makers, designers and manufacturers of products and environments for children on how to identify which currently available anthropometric data sources that are relevant to their needs in terms of age/gender groupings, types of anthropometric data. This technical report can also indicate the lack of data for specific applications hence implicitly indicating caution for the stake holders
This document also provides information about the anthropometric data sources listed within it. This information includes:
- Date of survey
- Organisation who carried out the survey
- Geographic limitations of the survey
- Size and gender of the population measured or scanned
- Types of anthropometric measurements included in them
This Technical Report has two annexes
- Annex A: Definition of body measurements by sectors
- Annex B: Existing data sources
Ergonomie - Bedarf und Verfügbarkeit von anthropometrischen und Kraftdaten von Kindern in Europa
Demandes et disponibilité des données anthropométriques et de force des enfants en Europe
Ergonomija - Zahteve in razpoložljivost antropometričnih podatkov in podatkov o telesni zmogljivosti otrok v Evropi
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
01-december-2021
Ergonomija - Zahteve in razpoložljivost antropometričnih podatkov in podatkov o
telesni zmogljivosti otrok v Evropi
Ergonomics - Demands and availability of anthropometric and strength data of children in
Europe
Ergonomie - Bedarf und Verfügbarkeit von anthropometrischen und Kraftdaten von
Kindern in Europa
Demandes et disponibilité des données anthropométriques et de force des enfants en
Europe
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 17698:2021
ICS:
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698
TECHNICAL REPORT
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
October 2021
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
ICS 13.180
English Version
Ergonomics - Demands and availability of anthropometric
and strength data of children in Europe
Ergonomie - Demandes et disponibilité des données Ergonomie - Bedarf und Verfügbarkeit von
anthropométriques et de force des enfants en Europe anthropometrischen und Kraftdaten von Kindern in
Europa
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 3 October 2021. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 122.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 17698:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 Background of the project . 5
5 Description of the project . 6
6 Anthropometric data needed by the stakeholders . 6
6.1 General. 6
6.2 Head measurements . 9
6.3 Hand measurements . 10
6.4 Foot measurements . 12
6.5 Supine measurements . 13
6.6 Standing measurements . 14
6.7 Sitting measurements . 18
6.8 Reach measurements . 19
6.9 Strength measurements . 20
7 Existing data sources . 22
7.1 General. 22
7.2 Methodology . 22
7.3 Characterization of databases . 23
7.3.1 General. 23
7.3.2 Identification of the database . 23
7.3.3 Context of the database . 24
7.3.4 Description of the sample . 25
7.3.5 Characterization of the measurement protocol . 25
7.3.6 Kind of measurements . 27
8 Information on data gaps . 31
Annex A (informative) Definition of body measurements . 34
Annex B (informative) Existing data sources . 84
Bibliography . 144
2
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
European foreword
This document (CEN/TR 17698:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122
“Ergonomics”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
3
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
Introduction
The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has carried out, within CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics” a
project to acquire anthropometric and strength data of children in Europe, initiated by the lack of
published data. These data have to be current and reliable being the basis for the safety, comfort and
usability of products used for or with children. From the economic point of view, they are the prerequisite
for a successful position of European stakeholders on the international market.
At present, there is no sufficient knowledge neither on the existing anthropometric data and its
availability nor on the specific demand of data from the relevant stakeholders. Therefore, the project has
been divided in two phases. This technical report is a consequence of the results of the first phase of the
project entitled “Analysis of the Demand and Availability of anthropometric data of children in Europe”.
This first phase of the project included an extensive research on the demands, necessity and existence of
Anthropometric and Strength data of European population under 18 years old. Background information
and summary of this research project is provided in Clauses 4 to 8 of this Technical Report.
4
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
1 Scope
This document contains guidance on identifying reliable sources of anthropometric and strength data
published since 2000 for the European population under the age of 18 years. It does not contain the
anthropometric data itself.
This document is intended to give guidance to the stakeholders such as the standard writers, designers
and manufacturers of products for children on how to identify currently available sources of
anthropometric data that are relevant to their needs in terms of age/gender groupings, types of
anthropometric data. This document also identifies the lack of data for specific applications hence
implicitly indicating caution for the stakeholders
This document also provides information about the sources of anthropometric data listed within it. This
information includes:
— Date of survey;
— Organization who carried out the survey;
— Geographic limitations of the survey;
— Size and gender of the population measured or scanned;
— Types of anthropometric measurements included in them.
This document has two annexes
— Annex A: Definition of body measurements;
— Annex B: Existing data sources.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
4 Background of the project
Experts involved in several CEN Technical Committees (CEN/TC) and working for the standardization
projects related to childcare products, toys and articles used by and for children have identified and
emphasized the need of having precise and relevant up-to-date anthropometric data, related to the use
of this kind of products.
Availability of correct anthropometric data and the use of updated data are important due to the changes
in body measures and physical strengths of children along the past 30 years and no European-wide
collection of data has been recently conducted to fill the gap in this population.
5
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
5 Description of the project
In order to describe the current scenario of anthropometric data of children in Europe, the first phase of
the project comprised the following aims:
1. Research on the existence, quality and availability of anthropometric data of children in Europe.
2. Research on the demands from relevant stakeholders on anthropometric data of children with regard
to the application of anthropometric data.
3. Comparison of the existence/availability of, and the demands for anthropometric data in order to
identify the gap between available data and demands concerning their application.
6 Anthropometric data needed by the stakeholders
6.1 General
The demands on anthropometric data has been explored using an online questionnaire that has been sent
to a long list of stakeholders with needs of children anthropometric and strength data. The stakeholders
that have answered the questionnaire were distributed along different groups whose professional
activity is related with the design, evaluation and/or commercialization of products for children. A set of
workshops and individual interviews were also performed in order to obtain more detailed information
about the demands on children anthropometry and strengths.
Finally, 251 participants from 204 organizations, institutions and companies answered the
questionnaire and 20 participants from 18 organizations, institutions and companies have
participated in the workshops and interviews.
The charts below show the profile of the participants in the questionnaires. Figure 1 shows the number
of participants in the survey shorted by professional profile. The stakeholders that have filled out the
questionnaire mainly belong to the areas of industry (designer/product developer and quality expert),
standardization and research. In addition, some participants belong to other areas of industry
(marketing, sales, and management) and the areas of laboratories, representative bodies of sector
(industrial associations) and consumer associations.
Key
1 Standardization 6 Laboratory – Other
2 Industry – Designer/Product Developer 7 Research
3 Industry – Quality Expert 8 Consumer Association
4 Industry – Other 9 Representative Body of Sector
5 Laboratory – Dummy/Mannequin Developer
Figure 1 — Profile of the participants in the questionnaire
6
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
Figure 2 shows the percentage of participants by sector that have answered the questionnaire. In ‘Other’,
sectors such as personal protective equipment and consumer goods are included. 73 % of participants
were from Standardization Technical Committees.
Key
Clothing/footwear
Toys
Child use and care
Playground
Educational furniture
Sport
Transport (child restraining systems)
Other
Figure 2 — Online questionnaire: Participation by sector
The 28 participants in the workshops and interviews are mainly from areas of the Industry
(Designer/Product developer) and Research laboratories/Universities (21 %), but also others from the
Standardization and Consumer associations (6 %), R&D departments or associations of the Industry
(3 %) and Certification laboratories (4 %) have participated.
Figure 3 shows the percentage of participants by sector that have participated in the workshops and
interviews.
7
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
Key
Transport
Toys
Child use and care
Education furniture
General
Sport
Construction
Playground
Figure 3 — Workshops and Interviews: Participation by sector
The measurements, sorted by sector and kind of measurement or part of the body, that are relevant for
the participants in the questionnaires, workshops and interviews are shown in the following sections.
The colour of the cell is related with the importance of the measurement for the sector. Therefore:
— Measurements in green colour are highlighted by 50 % of the respondents of the questionnaires and
the participants in the workshops consider them highly relevant.
— Measurements in yellow colour are highlighted by 25 % of the respondents of the questionnaires and
the participants in the workshops consider them relevant.
— Measurements in white colour were not mentioned as relevant or necessary for the sector.
The description and illustrations of the measurements are included in the Annex A.
8
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
6.2 Head measurements
Child use Educational Restraint
Head Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
1 Head breadth R HR R HR HR R HR HR HR
2 Ear-to-ear (bitragion) breadth R R
3 Face breadth (bizygomatic or cheekbones)
4 Face breadth (brow ridges)
5 Jaw breadth
6 Eye separation (Interpupilar distance)
7 Neck breadth R HR R R R R HR HR
8 Bitragion arc of the head
9 Neck circumference/Neck girth R HR HR HR HR R R HR
10 Neck-base girth R R R R R
11 Head circumference/Head girth R HR HR HR HR R HR
12 Sagittal arc of the head R R R R
13 Head length HR R R R HR HR
14 Maximum head diameter (chin to back of head) HR HR HR HR
15 Head height (7th Cervicale) R R R R R
16 Head height (Vertex to chin) R HR HR HR R R R HR
17 Face height
18 Face length (menton-sellion)
19 Mouth breadth HR HR
20 Mouth opening (between incisors) R HR HR
9
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
6.3 Hand measurements
Child use Educational Restraint
Hand Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
1 Hand length (stylion to wrist crease) R R R R R R R R R
2 Palm length perpendicular R R R R
3 Hand length (to thumb crotch) R R R HR HR
4 Hand breadth at metacarpals R HR R R HR R HR HR
5 Hand breadth at thumb R HR HR HR R R R HR HR
6 Hand circumference at palm R R HR HR HR R R HR
7 Thumb breadth at distal joint R HR HR HR R R HR
8 Index finger breadth, distal R HR HR HR HR HR
9 Index finger breadth, proximal R R HR R R HR
10 Middle finger breadth at distal joint HR HR HR HR HR
11 Middle finger breadth at middle joint R HR R R HR
12 Third finger breadth at distal joint HR HR HR HR HR
13 Third finger breadth at middle joint R HR R R HR
14 Little finger breadth at distal joint R HR HR HR HR HR
15 Little finger breadth at middle joint R R HR R R HR
16 Middle finger length (distal joint to tip) R HR HR HR HR HR
17 Middle finger length (middle joint to distal joint) R HR R HR
18 Thumb length HR R R HR
19 Index finger length R HR R R HR
20 Middle finger length R HR HR R R HR
21 Third finger length HR R R HR
22 Little finger length HR R R HR
10
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
Child use Educational Restraint
Hand Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
23 Hand depth R R HR HR R R R HR
24 Hand clearance (maximum aperture) R R HR R R HR
25 Middle finger depth at distal joint HR R HR
26 Middle finger depth at middle joint HR R R HR
27 Fist depth R R R HR R R HR
28 Fist circumference R R R
Middle finger length (knuckle to middle joint, hand
29 R R
clenched)
30 Fist breadth R R HR HR R HR HR
Maximum grip diameter (between thumb and index
31 HR HR HR HR R R HR
finger)
Maximum grip diameter (between thumb and middle
32 R HR R HR HR R HR
finger)
33 Grip length (middle finger to thumb) R HR R R HR
34 Thumb diameter (minimum aperture) R R HR HR R HR
35 Index finger diameter (minimum aperture) R R HR HR HR HR HR
36 Middle finger diameter (minimum aperture) R R HR HR HR R HR
37 Little finger diameter (minimum aperture) HR HR HR HR R HR
11
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
6.4 Foot measurements
Child use Educational Restraint
Foot Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
1 Foot length R HR R HR HR HR R HR HR
2 Forefoot length R R R
3 Distance heel — 1st metatarsal R R
4 Distance heel — 5th metatarsal R R
5 Toes width HR HR
6 Foot breadth R HR R HR HR R R HR HR
7 Heel breadth R R R
8 Ankle breadth R HR R HR
9 Toes girth
10 Ball girth R R R
11 Instep girth R R
12 Minimum leg girth R R
13 Ankle circumference R R R
14 Heel to instep girth R R
15 Foot height HR HR HR R HR HR
16 Height of 1st toe R R HR HR HR
17 Height of 1st metatarsal R R HR HR HR
18 Height of 5th toe HR HR
19 Height of 5th metatarsal HR HR
20 Instep height R R HR HR
21 Heel height
22 Ankle height R R R HR HR
12
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
6.5 Supine measurements
Measurements in supine posture are a specific set of the standing measurements that are taken in children under 24 months and only before they
can stand up.
Child use Educational Restraint
Supine Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
1
1 Body mass HR HR HR HR HR HR HR HR
2 Body length, crown to sole (Supine) /recumbent length R HR HR HR R HR HR HR
3 Shoulder height (supine) HR R R R HR HR
4 Elbow height (supine) R R R R R R
5 Sitting height/Crown to rump (supine) HR HR HR R HR HR HR
6 Leg length, buttock to sole (supine) R HR R HR R HR R HR
7 Hip depth (supine) R R HR R R R HR
8 Buttock to popliteal length (supine) R R R R R R
9 Lower leg length, popliteal to sole (supine) R R R R R R
10 Lower leg length, knee to sole (supine) R R R R R R
11 Mid-thigh depth (supine) R HR R HR
12 Waist breadth (in infants) HR HR HR R HR R HR
13 Hip breadth, standing (maximum in infants) R HR HR HR R HR R HR
14 Waist circumference (maximum in infants) R R HR R R HR
15 Mid-thigh girth (supine) R R R R
1
The body mass had not been addressed in the questionnaire described in 6.1 and its relevance for the sectors was, therefore, based on literature [7].
13
---------------------- Page: 15 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
6.6 Standing measurements
Child use Educational Restraint
Standing Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
2
1 Body mass HR HR HR HR HR HR HR HR
2 Stature R HR HR HR HR HR HR HR HR
3 Eye height (from floor) HR R R HR
4 Chin height R HR HR
5 Back neck height/Cervicale height R HR HR R HR
6 Shoulder height from floor R R HR HR R R HR
7 Chest height at armpit R R
8 Iliac spine height, standing R R
9 Hip height at trochanter R R R
10 Waist height R R
11 Upper hip height R R
12 Top hip height R R
Maximum hip girth height / Buttock height at
13 R R
maximum depth
14 Crotch height / Inside leg height R HR R HR R HR
15 Buttock height at gluteal furrow R R R R R R
16 Torso height HR R HR
17 Back neck point to ground (contoured) R R R
18 Back neck point to knee R R
19 Diagonal trunk girth R R
20 Centre trunk length HR HR HR
2
The body mass had not been addressed in the questionnaire described in 6.1 and its relevance for the sectors was, therefore, based on literature [7].
14
---------------------- Page: 16 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
Child use Educational Restraint
Standing Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
21 Shoulder breadth (bideltoid) R HR R R HR
22 Shoulder breadth (biacromial) R R
23 Elbow to elbow breadth R HR R R HR
24 Shoulder slope HR R HR
25 Back shoulder width R R
26 Shoulder length HR HR
27 Back width (armpit level) R R R
28 Across back width R R
29 Back neck point to waist HR R HR
30 Scye depth R R
31 Back point to bust point R R
32 Back neck point to waist level R R
33 Bust points around neck R R
34 Side neck point to bust point R R
35 Side neck point to waist level R R
36 Front width (armpit level) R R
37 Chest depth, standing R R R
38 Thorax depth/Bust depth R R R
39 Body depth, standing R R R
40 Abdomen/hip depth R R R
41 Straight body rise HR HR
42 Total crotch length HR HR
43 Front crotch length HR HR
15
---------------------- Page: 17 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
Child use Educational Restraint
Standing Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
44 Back crotch length HR HR
45 Side waist to hip R R
46 Waist to hips (trochanter) HR HR
47 Chest breadth at armpit R R
48 Chest breadth, standing (mesosternal level)
49 Bust point width R R
50 Chest breadth at nipples R R R
51 Waist breadth (at navel) HR HR R HR
52 Hip breadth (trochanter) HR HR R R HR
53 Chest circumference/Bust girth HR R HR
54 Chest girth (at axilla) HR HR
55 Underbust girth HR HR
56 Mid-riff girth R R
57 Waist circumference / Waist girth HR HR
58 Hip circumference (buttock)/Hip girth HR HR R HR
59 Hip circumference (trochanter) HR HR R R HR
60 Upper arm depth R R
61 Lower arm breadth R R
62 Wrist breadth R R
63 Wrist depth R R
64 Upper arm length HR R HR
65 Outer arm length HR R HR
66 Back neck point to wrist length HR R HR
67 Underarm length R R R
16
---------------------- Page: 18 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
Child use Educational Restraint
Standing Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
68 Elbow-wrist length HR R HR
69 Forearm-fingertip length R R HR R R HR
70 Armscye girth R R
71 Upper arm circumference at armpit R HR R HR
72 Upper arm girth R HR HR
73 Elbow girth R HR HR
74 Lower arm circumference R R R
75 Wrist circumference R R HR HR
76 Outside leg length HR R R HR
77 Thigh length HR R HR
78 Knee height (midpatella), standing R R R HR HR
79 Tibiale height R R R R
80 Calf height (at maximum circumference) R R
81 Upper thigh depth R R
82 Calf depth
83 Thigh circumference HR HR
84 Mid-thigh girth R R
85 Knee girth R HR HR
86 Lower knee girth R R R
87 Calf circumference R R R
17
---------------------- Page: 19 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
6.7 Sitting measurements
Child use Educational Restraint
Sitting Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
1 Sitting height R HR HR HR R HR HR HR
2 Eye height, sitting R HR HR HR
3 Cervical height, sitting/Back neck height, sitting R HR R HR
4 Shoulder height, sitting HR HR R HR
5 Shoulder- elbow length R R HR R HR HR
6 Elbow height, sitting HR R R R HR
7 Hip breadth, sitting (maximum when seated) R HR R HR R HR HR HR
8 Thigh breadth (maximum when seated) HR R HR
9 Knee breadth, sitting HR R HR
10 Abdominal depth, sitting HR R HR HR
11 Buttock-abdomen depth, sitting R HR R HR HR HR
12 Buttock-popliteal length, sitting (seat depth) R R HR HR HR HR
13 Buttock-knee length, sitting R R R HR R R HR
14 Thigh clearance, (depth) sitting R HR R HR HR
15 Knee height, sitting R HR R HR R HR R HR
16 Popliteal height, sitting R HR HR HR HR R HR
18
---------------------- Page: 20 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
CEN/TR 17698:2021 (E)
6.8 Reach measurements
Child use Educational Restraint
Reach Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
1 Span R HR HR R HR HR
2 Elbow span R R R R R
3 Sideways reach to grip (standing) HR HR HR HR
4 Knuckle height (from floor) R HR R HR
5 Middle finger tip height (from floor) R R R
6 Fist (grip axis) height R R R
7 Wall-acromion distance R R
8 Arm length to fingertip R R HR HR R HR HR
9 Arm length to grip HR HR HR
10 Forward reach to grip (standing)/Grip reach, standing R HR HR HR HR
11 Elbow height (from floor) R R HR HR HR
12 Elbow — grip length R R R
13 Step height R HR HR HR HR HR
14 Overhead reach to grip (standing) R HR R HR HR R R HR
15 Overhead reach to fingertip (on tiptoes) HR HR R HR
16 Overhead reach to fingertip (jumping) HR HR
17 Overhead reach to grip (sitting) HR R HR R HR HR
18 Forward reach to grip (sitting) R HR HR R R HR
19 Forward reach to grip (stretching and seated) R HR R R HR
Forward reach to fingertip (stretching and seated, legs
20 R R R R
outstretched)
21 Leg length, buttock to sole (sitting) HR HR R HR
19
------
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.