SIST EN 12999:2003
(Main)Cranes - Loader cranes
Cranes - Loader cranes
This European Standard specifies minimum requirements for design, calculation, examinations and tests of hydraulic powered loader cranes and their mountings onto vehicles or static foundations. Note: There are in the process of development a number of standards on design and other matters that will require incorporation into this standard when they are completed. This standard does not apply to loader cranes used on board ships and does not specify requirements for the lifting of persons with loader cranes. The hazards covered by this EN are identified in clause 4.
Krane - Ladekrane
Diese Europäische Norm legt die Mindestanforderungen für Gestaltung, Berechnung, Untersuchungen und Prüfungen von hydraulisch angetriebenen Ladekranen und ihre Montage auf Fahrzeuge oder ortsfeste Unterkonstruktion fest. Anmerkung: Eine Reihe von Normen bezüglich Gestaltung und anderer Punkte befindet sich im Entwicklungsstadium; dies wird deren Einbeziehung nach abgeschlossener Bearbeitung erforderlich machen. Diese Norm gilt nicht für Ladekrane auf Schiffen und legt nicht die Anforderungen für das Heben von Personen mit Ladekranen fest.
Appareils de levage a charge suspendue - Grues de chargement
La présente norme européenne spécifie les exigences minimales relatives a la conception, au calcul, aux examens et aux essais des grues de chargement hydrauliques et a leur montage sur des véhicules ou massifs pour montage poste fixe. Note: Un certain nombre de normes relatives a la conception et a d'autres sujets sont en cours d'élaboration et devront etre incorporées dans cette norme lorsqu'elles seront terminées. La présente norme ne s'applique pas aux grues de chargement utilisées a bord des navires et ne spécifie pas les exigences de transport de personnes a l'aide de grues de chargement.
Dvigala (žerjavi) – Nakladalna dvigala
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 12999:2003
01-maj-2003
Dvigala (žerjavi) – Nakladalna dvigala
Cranes - Loader cranes
Krane - Ladekrane
Appareils de levage a charge suspendue - Grues de chargement
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 12999:2002
ICS:
53.020.20 Dvigala Cranes
SIST EN 12999:2003 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 12999
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2002
ICS 53.020.20
English version
Cranes - Loader cranes
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Grues de Krane - Ladekrane
chargement
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 8 March 2001.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2002 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12999:2002 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
Contents
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions.6
4 List of significant hazards.11
5 Safety requirements and/or safety measures.14
6 Verification of the safety requirements and/or measures .29
7 Information for use .35
Annex A (informative) Examples of configurations and mountings.41
Annex B (informative) Structural calculations .46
Annex C (informativ) Explanatory notes .70
Annex D (informative) Examples of dangerous movements .71
Annex E (normative) Symbols for working and setting-up functions .72
Annex F (informative) Control system – Preferred vertical layout for controls operated from the
ground.74
Annex G (informative) Control system - Horizontal layout order .76
Annex H (informative) Control levers for high seats and remote controls.78
Annex I (Not used) .80
Annex J (normative) Minimum internal dimensions for cabins fitted on vehicle mounted loader
cranes up to a net lifting moment of 250 kNm.81
Annex K (informative) Examples of raised control stations .82
Annex L (normative) Raised control stations - Measures regarding hand rails and hand holds,
ladders and steps .84
Annex M (informative) Installation of a loader crane on a vehicle .87
Annex N (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application .93
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship of this document with EC Directives.95
Bibliography .96
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 12999:2002) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN /TC 147, "Cranes - Safety",
the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text
or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2003 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by March 2003.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this document: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
Introduction
This European Standard is a harmonised standard to provide one means for loader cranes to conform to the essential
health and safety requirements of the Machinery Directive 98/37/EEC.
This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in EN 1070.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards are covered are indicated in the scope of this standard.
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies minimum requirements for design, calculation, examinations and tests of
hydraulic powered loader cranes and their mountings onto vehicles or static foundations.
This standard does not apply to loader cranes used on board ships or floating structures and to articulated
boom system cranes which are designed as total integral parts of special equipment such as forwarders.
The hazards covered by this standard are identified in clause 4.
This standard does not cover hazards related to the lifting of persons.
This standard applies to loader cranes (including timber handling cranes) which are manufactured after the date
of approval by CEN of this standard.
NOTE 1 Winches will be covered by a special standard being in preparation by CEN/TC 147.
NOTE 2 The use of cranes for the lifting of persons may be subject to specific national regulations.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications apply to this European
Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the
publication referred to apply (including amendments).
EN 292-1:1991, Safety of machinery – Basic concepts – General principles for design – Part 1: Basic
terminology, methodology
EN 292-2:1991 + A1:1995, Safety of machinery – Basic concepts – General principles for design – Part 2:
Technical principles and specifications
EN 294:1992, Safety of machinery - Safety distances to prevent danger zones being reached by the upper
limbs.
EN 349:1993, Safety of machinery – Minimum distances to avoid crushing of parts of the human body.
EN 811:1996, Safety of machinery – Safety distances to prevent danger zones being reached by the lower
limbs.
EN 954-1:1996, Safety of machinery – Safety-related parts of control systems – Part 1: General principles for
design
EN 982:1996, Safety requirements for fluid power systems and components - Hydraulics
EN 1070:1998, Safety of machinery - Terminology
EN 12077-2:1998, Cranes safety – Requirements for health and safety – Part 2: Limiting and indicating devices
EN 12644-1:2001, Cranes – Information for use and testing – Part 1: Instructions
EN 12644-2:2000, Cranes – Information for use and testing – Part 2: Marking
prEN 13557:1999, Cranes - Controls and control stations
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
prEN 13586:1999, Cranes - Access
EN 50081-2:1993, Electromagnetic compatibility – Generic emission standard – Part 2: Industrial environment
EN 50082-2:1995, Electromagnetic compatibility – Generic immunity standard – Part 2: Industrial environment
EN 60204-32:1998, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 32: Requirements for
hoisting machines.
EN 61000-6-2:1999, Electromagnetic compatability (EMC) - Part 6-2: Generic standards – Immunity for
industrial environments (IEC 61000-6-2:1999)
EN ISO 5353:1998, Earth-moving machinery and tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry — Seat
index point (ISO 5353:1995)
ISO 4302:1981, Cranes — Wind load assessment
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 Definitions
For convenience of reference the definitions are - with the exception of 3.1.1 loader crane - grouped in
alphabetical order in the English version.
For the purposes of this standard, the definitions given in EN 1070:1998 apply, together with the following:
3.1.1
loader crane
powered crane comprising of a column, which slews about a base, and a boom system which is attached on to
the top of the column. The crane is usually fitted on a vehicle (including trailer) and is designed for loading and
unloading the vehicle.
NOTE 1 A crane, as defined above, installed on a static foundation is still considered a loader crane.
NOTE 2 Annex A give examples of configuration and mountings.
3.1.2
articulated
movement of boom members pivoting about a pin joint
3.1.3
base
housing incorporating anchoring points and bearings for the slewing column
3.1.4
boom
structural member in the boom system of the loader crane
3.1.5
boom extension, hydraulic
part of the boom which is capable of hydraulic telescopic movement to vary its length
3.1.6
boom extension, manual
part of the boom which can be manually extended or retracted
3.1.7
boom system
complete system, consisting of booms, boom extensions and cylinders
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
3.1.8
column
structural member which supports the boom system
3.1.9
control system
interface between the operating levers and the actuating components which provide movements of the loader
crane
3.1.10
control station
position from which the loader crane may be operated
3.1.11
danger zone
any zone within and/or around the mac hinery in which a person is exposed to risk of injury or damage to health.
(EN 1070:1998)
3.1.12
dead loads
forces due to the masses of the fixed and movable crane parts which act permanently on the structure while the
crane is being used
3.1.13
dynamic pressure
pressure in a hydraulic system component or part of hydraulic system caused by dynamic forces on actuators
when handling the load
3.1.14
fixed load lifting attachment
equipment from which the net load may be suspended and which is fitted directly to the boom head as an
integral part of the crane. This comprises e.g. hooks, grabs,
3.1.15
flow sensitive check valve
valve which stops the flow when a pre-set pressure drop level is exceeded
3.1.16
gross load
sum of payload, lifting attachments and if applicable a portion of the hoist rope
3.1.17
high seat
control station connected to the column, consequently rotating with the crane
3.1.18
hydraulic line rupture
failure of a hydraulic line which results in a loss of pressure in the line
3.1.19
load holding valve
valve which is normally closed and is opened by an external force to allow the flow of fluid out of a hydraulic
actuator
3.1.20
main relief valve
valve which limits the pressure supplied to the hydraulic system of the crane
3.1.21
maximum working pressure
maximum pressure in pump circuit or individual working function
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
3.1.22
net lifting moment
rated capacity multiplied by outreach
3.1.23
non-fixed load lifting attachment
interchangeable equipment which can be fitted directly or indirectly to the hook or any other coupling device of a
crane by the user without affecting its integrity
3.1.24
outreach
the horizontal distance between the axis of rotation of the boom/boom system/jib in a vertical plane and point of
load attachment.
3.1.25
outreach, hydraulic
outreach which can be obtained with hydraulically actuated parts of the boom system
3.1.26
payload
load, which is lifted by the crane and suspended from the non-fixed load-lifting attachment(s) or, if such an
attachment is not used, directly from the fixed load-lifting attachment(s)
3.1.27
port relief valve
valve which limits the pressure supplied to a hydraulic actuator
3.1.28
pressure relief valve
valve which automatically relieves the hydraulic oil to the tank when the pressure exceeds a specified value
3.1.29
raised control station
control station at a height above the ground level, i.e. a high seat attached to the column of the loader crane or
a platform positioned above the base of the loader crane (see annex K)
3.1.30
rated capacity
load that the crane is designed to lift for a given operating condition (e.g. configuration, position of the load)
3.1.31
rated capacity indicator
device which gives, within specified tolerance limits, at least a continuous indication that the rated capacity is
exceeded, and another continuous indication (on certain crane types) of the approach to the rated capacity
3.1.32
rated capacity limiter
device that automatically prevents the crane from handling loads in excess of its rated capacity, taking into
account the dynamic effects during normal operations use
3.1.33
setting-up function
crane function used to prepare the crane for lifting
3.1.34
sink rate
distance in a given time at which the load lowers due to internal leakage of hydraulic components
3.1.35
slewing
rotational movement of the column and boom system about a vertical axis
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
3.1.36
stabilizer
aid to the supporting structure connected to the base of the crane or to the vehicle to provide stability, without
lifting the vehicle from the ground
3.1.37
stabilizer extension
part of the stabilizer capable of extending the stabilizer leg laterally from the transport position to the operating
position
3.1.38
stabilizer leg
part of a stabilizer capable of contacting the ground to provide the required stability
3.1.39
static foundation
fixed support incorporating mounting points for a crane
3.1.40
timber handling crane
loader crane specifically designed, manufactured and equipped with a grapple for loading/unloading of
unprepared timber (e.g. tree trunks, branches). The operator controls the crane from a high seat or from a
cabin.
3.1.41
total lifting moment
sum of net lifting moment and the moment produced by dead loads.
3.2 Terminology
The terms which are used in this standard for the main parts of a loader crane are indicated in figure 1.
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
Boom system consists of items 6-12.
11
6
10
8 12
13
9
7
5
2
1
3
4
14
4
14
Key
1. Base 2. Stabilizer extension 3. Stabilizer leg 4. Slewing mechanism
5. Column 6. 1st boom 7. 1st boom cylinder 8. 2nd boom
9. 2nd boom cylinder 10. Boom extension, 11. Extension cylinders 12. Boom extension,
hydraulic manual
13. Hook 14. Controls
Figure 1 — Main parts of a loader crane
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
4 List of significant hazards
Table 1 shows a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to
persons during normal use and foreseeable misuse. It also contains corresponding cross-references to certain
Parts of EN 292, and the relevant clauses in this standard that are necessary to reduce or eliminate the risks
associated with those hazards.
Table 1 — List of significant hazards and associated requirements
No. Hazards Annex A of Relevant clause(s) in this standard
EN 292-2:
1991/A1:1995
Hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events
1 Mechanical hazards due to: 1.3, 1.4
- Inadequacy of mechanical strength of 4.1.2.3/4/5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.5.1, 5.5.4, 5.5.5, 5.5.8, 5.5.9,
the crane and its parts 4.2.1.4 5.8.2.1, 5.8.2.2, 5.10.2.1, 5.10.2, 7.2.3.7.
1.1 Crushing hazard 1.3, 1.3.4, 1.3.7 5.8.1, 5.8.2.2, 5.8.2.3, 5.10.2.3
1.2 Shearing hazard
1.3 Cutting or severing hazard
1.4 Entanglement hazard
1.5 Drawing-in or trapping hazard
1.6 Impact hazard
1.7 Stabbing or puncture hazard
1.8 Friction or abrasion hazard
1.9 High pressure fluid injection or ejection 1.3.2 5.5.1, 5.5.5, 5.10.7, 7.2.3.5, 7.2.4.2
hazard
1.10 Ejection of parts 1.3.3 5.4.1.1, 5.4.1.2, 5.4.1.3, 5.4.2, 5.4.3
1.11 Loss of stability 1.5.4 5.6.1, 5.6.2, 5.6.4, 5.6.5, 5.6.6.2, 5.10.3
1.12 Slip, trip, fall 1.6.2, 4.2.3 5.8.2.2, 5.8.2.3, 5.8.2.4, 5.10.8
2 Electrical hazards due to:
2.1 Contact of persons with live parts (direct 1.5.1, 1.6.3 5.6.1.3, 5.9, 5.10.6, 7.2.3.1d)
contact)
2.2 Contact of persons with parts which have 1.5.1
become live under faulty conditions
(indirect contact)
2.3 Approach to live parts under high voltage 1.5.1, 1.6.3
2.4 Electrostatic phenomena 1.5.2
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
Table 1 — List of significant hazards and associated requirements (continued)
No Hazards Annex A of Relevant clause(s) in this standard
. EN 292-2:
1991/A1:1995
2.5 Thermal radiation or other phenomena 1.5.1, 1.5.5
such as the projection of molten particles
and chemical effects from short circuits,
overloads, etc
3 Thermal hazards, resulting in:
3.1 Burns, scalds and other injuries by a 1.5.5, 1.5.6, 1.5.7 5.5.5, 5.10.2.3, 7.2.4.1
possible contact of persons with objects or
materials with an extreme high or low
temperature, by flames or explosions and
also by the radiation of heat sources
3.2 Damage to health by hot or cold working 1.5.5 7.2.3.7
environment
4 Hazards generated by noise 1.5.8, 1.7.4 f) “Not significant for cranes that do not
include the power source. See 7.2.3.8
regarding information on noise”.
5 Hazards generated by vibration 1.5.9 5.10.5
7 Hazards generated by materials and 5.10.2.3
substances (and their constituent
elements) processed or used by the
machinery
7.1 Hazards from contact with or inhalation of 1.1.3, 1.5.13, 7.2.4.1
harmful fluids, gases, mists, fumes and 1.6.5
dusts
8 Hazards generated by neglecting
ergonomic principles in machinery
design, as e.g. hazards from:
8.1 Unhealthy postures or excessive effort 1.1.2 d), 1.1.5, 5.4.1.3, 5.4.2, 5.4.3, 5.7, 5.8, 5.10.8
1.6.2, 1.6.4
8.2 Inadequate consideration of hand-arm or 1.1.2d), 2.2 5.7, 5.8
foot-leg anatomy
8.3 Neglected use of personal protection 1.1.2e) 7.2.4.1
equipment
8.4 Inadequate local lighting 1.1.4 5.8.1, 7.2.4.1, 7.2.3.6d)
8.6 Human error, human behaviour 1.1.2 d), 1.2.2, 5.6, 5.7.1, 5.7.2, 7.2.3, 7.2.4
1.2.5, 1.2.8,
1.5.4, 1.7
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
Table 1 — List of significant hazards and associated requirements (continued)
No Hazards Annex A of Relevant clause(s) in this standard
EN 292-2:
1991/A1:1995
8.7 Inadequate design, location or 1.2.2 5.4.1.3, 5.4.3, 5.7, 5.8
identification of manual controls
8.8 Inadequate design or location of 1.7.1
visual display units
9 Combination of hazards 5.2.3, 5.2.4
10 Unexpected start-up, unexpected
overrun/overspeed (or any similar
malfunction) from:
10.1 Failure/disorder of the control system 1,2,6, 1,6,3 5.5.6.1, 5.5.6.2, 5.5.7, 5.6.6, 5.6.8,5.7.1
11 Hazards caused by missing and/or
incorrectly positioned safety
related measures/ means
11.1 Guards 1.2.5, 1.4.2.2, 5.5.5, 5.7.1, 5.8.2.2, 5.8.2.3, 5.10.2.3
1.4.3
11.2 Safety related (protection) devices 1.2.5, 1.4.2.2, 5.4.1, 5.4.3, 5.6.3, 5.6.6, 5.6.7
1.4.3
11.4 Safety signs, signals, symbols 1.7.1, 1.7.2 5.4.1.3, 5.6.7, 5.7.2, 7.2.3.5, 7.3.4, 7.3.5
11.5 Information or warning devices 1.7.0, 1.7.1 5.6.1, 5.6.2, 5.6.4, 5.6.7, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
11.6 Visibility 3.2.1, 4.1.2.7 5.4.3, 5.8.1, 7.3.4.1
11.7 Emergency devices 1.2.4 5.6.3, 5.6.8
15 Assembly errors 1.5.4 7.2.2, 7.2.4
18 Loss of stability/overturning of 1.3.1 5.4.1, 5.6.1, 5.6.2, 5.6.4, 5.6.5, 5.6.6, 5.10.3
machine
Additional hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events due to lifting
27 Mechanical hazards and hazardous
events
27.1 From load falls, collisions, machine
tipping caused by:
27.1.1 Lack of stability 4.1.2.1 5.10.3, 6.2.5
27.1.2 Uncontrolled loading – overloading – 4.2.1.4, 4.3.3, 5.5.4, 5.6.1, 5.6.2, 5.6.3, 5.6.4, 5.6.5
overturning moments exceeded 4.4.2a)
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
Table 1 — List of significant hazards and associated requirements (continued)
No Hazards Annex A of Relevant clause(s) in this standard
EN 292-2:
1991/A1:1995
27.1.3 Uncontrolled amplitude of movements 4.1.2.6a), 4.2.1.3 5.6.6
27.1.4 Unexpected/unintended movement of 4.1.2.6c) 5.5.6, 5.5.7, 5.5.8
loads
27.1.5 Inadequate holding devices/ 4.1.2.6e), 4.4.1 5.4.2, 7.2.3.6
accessories
27.2 From access of persons to load support 4.3.3 1, 7.2.3.1 e)
27.4 From insufficient mechanical strength of 4.1.2.3 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.5.8, 5.5.9, 5.10.2
parts
27.8 From abnormal conditions of 4.4.1, 4.4.2.d) 5.10, 7.1, 7.2. 7.3
assembly/testing/use/maintenance
29 Hazards generated by neglecting
ergonomic principles
29.1 Insufficient visibility from the driving 4.1.2.7, 4.4.2c) 5.8.1
position
5 Safety requirements and/or safety measures
5.1 General
Machinery shall conform to the safety requirements and/or measures of this clause. In addition, the machine
shall be designed according to the principles of EN 292 for hazards relevant but not significant which are not
dealt with by this standard.
The rated capacity shall be calculated from the following:
a) the working pressure in the cylinders;
b) the area of the load carrying cylinders;
c) the geometry;
d) dead loads;
e) load combinations.
For the purpose of the calculations rated capacity is equal to gross load.
5.2 Structural calculation
5.2.1 Information to be given in the calculation
The following information shall be given in the calculation:
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
a) type of crane and method of operation;
b) the assumed number of all load or working cycles;
c) details of the load-carrying system reflecting actual service conditions including outline drawings and
principal dimensions;
d) the assumed loading conditions including ground slope;
e) the governing hoisting classes and loading groups;
f) the material for the individual components and joints;
g) the shapes, dimensions and static cross-section values of all load-carrying members;
h) the analyses separately for the individual structural components and essential connections.
5.2.2 Dynamic factors
5.2.2.1 Hoisting and gravity effects of the mass of the crane
The dynamic effects due to vibrations of the structure when raising or lowering a load shall be taken into
account by applying the factor F = 1,1 on the masses of the crane. It shall be used for the design of the crane
1
structure itself and its supports.
5.2.2.2 Hoisting and gravity effects of the gross load
The dynamic effects due to hoisting the gross load shall be taken into account by applying the factor F on the
2
gross load.
According to their dynamic characteristics cranes are assigned to hoisting classes as a basis for the
determination of the factor F . The hoisting classes of loader cranes are given in table 2:
2
Table 2 — Hoist load factor FF
2
Hoisting class Hoist load factor Hoist load factor
v £ 1.5 m/s v > 1.5 m/s
h h
H 1
F = 1,1 + 0,132 · v F = 1,3
h
2 2
H 2
F = 1,2 + 0,264 · v F = 1,6
h
2 2
v …. Raising/ lowering speed of the load in m/s
h
For loader cranes the following hoisting classes shall be applied:
H 1 for crane mounted on a vehicle or foundation of equivalent flexibility.
H 2 for crane mounted on a static foundation.
5.2.2.3 Effect of sudden release of a part of the gross load
For cranes that release or drop a part of the gross load as a normal working procedure, such as when grabs or
magnets are used, the peak dynamic effect on the crane can be simulated by multiplying the gross load by the
factor F .
3
The value is given by: F = 1 - D m x (1 + b ) /m where:
3
m . the mass of the gross load;
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
D m . the released or dropped part of the gross load;
b = 0,5 for cranes equipped with grabs or similar slow-release devices;
b = 1,0 for cranes equipped with magnets or similar rapid-release devices.
5.2.2.4 Effects caused by acceleration/deceleration of all crane drives including hoist drives
These effects shall be taken into account by various factors F .
5
The factor F = F shall apply on the masses of the boom system and the gross load in order to take into
5v 2
account the effects caused by raising or lowering the boom system with the gross load.
The factor F shall apply on the horizontal forces caused by slewing the crane with the gross load. The values
5h
of F shall be chosen according to 5.2.3.2.3:
5h
For superposing the loads resulting from the factors F and F load combination A, the max. vertical speed for
5v 5h,
F , F may be reduced to 0,5 x v for cranes with a stepless variable speed control. The value v is
5v 2 hmax hmax
calculated as the maximum speed at the load position resulting from the actuation of any one of the boom lift
cylinders.
5.2.3 Loads and forces
5.2.3.1 General
The following loads and forces shall be taken into account:
a) Regular loads:
1) dead loads;
2) gross load;
3) dynamic forces;
4) centrifugal forces;
b) Occasional loads:
1) in-service wind loads;
2) other climatic and environmental effects such as temperature, snow and ice;
3) loads on stairways, platforms and hand rails;
c) Exceptional loads:
1) test loads;
2) loads caused by movements suddenly stopped by a mechanical device, e.g. end stroke of slewing cylinder
or a safety device, e.g. emergency stop, hydraulic line rupture valve;
3) sudden release of the load, e.g. rope failure, sling failure.
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
5.2.3.2 Regular loads
5.2.3.2.1 Dead loads
See 3.1.12.
5.2.3.2.2 Gross load
See 3.1.16.
5.2.3.2.3 Forces due to acceleration/deceleration of the slewing drive
The horizontal force F shall be calculated according to the following:
h
M
F F
h = x 5h
R
where:
F = 1,05 for hook duty and 1,3 for bucket or grapple duty;
5
h
F = horizontal load in [N];
h
M = gross slewing moment [Nm] - (theoretical slewing moment with 100% efficiency);
R = outreach at calculated position [m]. If R < R /2 the value R = R /2 is used in the equation for
max max
calculating F ;
h
R = maximum hydraulic outreach [m].
max
As an alternative the value of F may be based on practical tests.
h
5.2.3.2.4 Centrifugal forces (see table 3)
The centrifugal forces acting on slewing cranes shall only be calculated from the dead load of the boom system
components, the counterweight, if applicable, and the gross load without applying the factors mentioned in
5.2.2.2 or 5.2.2.3.
5.2.3.3 Occasional loads
5.2.3.3.1 Wind loads
Wind loads shall be calculated according to ISO 4302:1981. Only in-service wind loads need to be applied.
5.2.3.3.2 Loads on stairways, platforms and hand rails
See 5.8.2.
5.2.3.3.3 Exceptional loads
Such loads may act in exceptional situations (e.g. testing, hydraulic line rupture).
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EN 12999:2002 (E)
5.2.4 Load combinations
5.2.4.1 Basic load combinations
Loads shall be
...
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