SIST EN 771-1:2004
(Main)Specification for masonry units - Part 1: Clay masonry units
Specification for masonry units - Part 1: Clay masonry units
This EN specifies the characteristics and performance requirements for masonry units manufactured from clay for use in masonry construction (e.g. facing and rendered masonry, loadbearing or non-loadbearing masonry structures, including internal linings and partitions, for building and civil engineering). This EN is intended to apply to all fired-clay masonry units used in masonry construction, including those of an overall non-rectangular parallelepiped shape.
Festlegungen für Mauersteine - Teil 1: Mauerziegel
Diese Europäische Norm beschreibt die Eigenschaften von Mauersteinen aus Ton sowie die an sie gestellten Anforderungen für die Verwendung im Mauerwerk (z. B. Sichtmauerwerk und verputztes Mauerwerk, tragendes und nichttragendes Mauerwerk einschließlich innerer Verkleidungen und Trennwände von Bauwerken des Hoch- und Tiefbaus).
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für zwei Gruppen von Mauersteinen aus gebranntem Ton (Mauerziegel):
LD-Ziegel (siehe 3.4 und 5.2), d.h.:
Mauerziegel mit einer Brutto-Trockenrohdichte 1000 kg/m3 zur Verwendung in geschütztem Mauerwerk.
HD-Ziegel (siehe 3.5 und 5.3), d. h.:
a) alle Mauerziegel zur Verwendung in ungeschütztem Mauerwerk;
b) Mauerziegel mit einer Brutto-Trockenrohdichte > 1000 kg/m3 zur Verwendung in geschütztem Mauerwerk.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt ebenfalls für Mauerziegel mit einer nicht allseitig von Rechtecken begrenzten Form.
Darin werden die Produkteigenschaften unter anderem bezüglich Maßabweichungen, Festigkeit und Rohdichte, die nach den entsprechenden, in gesonderten Europäischen Normen enthaltenen Prüfverfahren bestimmt werden, definiert.
Die Konformitätsbewertung der von dieser Europäischen Norm erfassten Produkte wird festgelegt.
Enthalten ist auch die nach dieser Europäischen Norm geforderte Kennzeichnung der Produkte.
Diese Europäische Norm enthält keine genormten Größen für Mauerziegel, keine Sollmaße und keine Winkel für Formziegel.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt nicht für Pflastersteine, Steine für die Auskleidung von Rauchabzügen, geschosshohe Ziegelelemente und Ziegel mit einem Wärmedämmstoff, der auf die Seiten des Steins, die Feuer ausgesetzt sein können, aufgebracht ist. Sie gilt jedoch für Mauerziegel für Schornsteinaußenmauerwerk.
Spécifications pour éléments de maçonnerie - Partie 1: Briques de terre cuite
La présente Norme européenne spécifie les caractéristiques et les exigences de performances pour les briques de terre cuite destinées aux constructions de maçonnerie (par exemple, maçonnerie apparente et enduite, structures en maçonnerie porteuses ou non, y compris les cloisons de distribution et de doublage pour le bâtiment et le génie civil).
La présente Norme européenne est destinée a etre appliquée a deux groupes de briques de terre cuite utilisées dans la construction de maçonnerie :
Les briques LD (voir 3.4 et 5.2), a savoir :
les briques de terre cuite d'une masse volumique apparente seche inférieure ou égale a 1 000 kg/m3 utilisées pour les maçonneries protégées.
Les briques HD (voir 3.5 et 5.3), a savoir :
a) toutes les briques de terre cuite utilisées pour les maçonneries non protégées ;
b) les briques de terre cuite d'une masse volumique apparente seche supérieure a 1 000 kg/m3 utilisées pour les maçonneries protégées.
La présente Norme européenne porte également sur les briques de terre cuite n'ayant pas une forme générale de parallélépipede rectangle.
Elle définit les performances concernant par exemple les tolérances dimensionnelles, la résistance et la masse volumique, dont le mesurage est effectué selon les méthodes d'essais correspondantes se trouvant dans des normes européennes séparées.
Elle permet d'évaluer la conformité du produit par rapport a la présente Norme européenne.
Elle inclut les prescriptions de marquage des produits qui y sont traités.
La présente Norme européenne ne spécifie pas les formats standards des briques de terre cuite, les dimensions de fabrication courantes, ni les caractéristiques d'angles des briques de terre cuite de forme particuliere.
La présente Norme européenne ne couvre pas les prescriptions relatives aux éléments de pavage, conduits intérieurs de fumées, panneaux hauteur d'étage et briques de terre cuite dont les faces susceptibles d'etre exposée au feu sont revetues d'un enduit contenant un isolant th
Specifikacija za zidake – 1. del: Opečni zidaki
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Specification for masonry units - Part 1: Clay masonry unitsSpécifications pour éléments de maçonnerie - Partie 1: Briques de terre cuiteFestlegungen für Mauersteine - Teil 1: MauerziegelTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 771-1:2003SIST EN 771-1:2004en91.100.25ICS:SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 771-1:200401-januar-2004
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 771-1April 2003ICS 91.100.25English versionSpecification for masonry units - Part 1: Clay masonry unitsSpécifications pour éléments de maçonnerie - Partie 1:Briques de terre cuiteFestlegungen für Mauersteine - Teil 1: MauerziegelThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 2 October 2002.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and UnitedKingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2003 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 771-1:2003 E
EN 771-1:2003 (E)2ContentsPageForeword.41Scope.52Normative references.53Terms and definitions.64Materials and manufacture.95Requirements for clay masonry units.95.1General.95.2LD-units.105.2.1Dimensions and tolerances (LD units).105.2.2Configuration (LD units).135.2.3Density (LD units).155.2.4Compressive strength (LD units).165.2.5Thermal properties (LD units).165.2.6Durability (LD units).175.2.7Water absorption (LD units).175.2.8Active soluble salts content (LD units).175.2.9Moisture movement (LD units).175.2.10Reaction to fire (LD units).175.2.11Water vapour permeability (LD units).185.2.12Bond strength (LD units).185.3HD units.195.3.1Dimensions and tolerances (HD units).195.3.2Configuration (HD units).205.3.3Density(HD units).215.3.4Compressive strength (HD units).225.3.5Thermal properties (HD units).235.3.6Durability (HD units).235.3.7Water absorption (HD units).235.3.8Initial rate of water absorption (HD units).245.3.9Active soluble salts content (HD units).255.3.10Moisture movement (HD units).255.3.11Reaction to fire (HD units).255.3.12Water vapour permeability (HD units).255.3.13Bond strength (HD units).266Description, designation and classification of clay masonry units.266.1Description and designation.266.1.1LD units.266.1.2HD units.276.2Classification.287Marking.288Evaluation of conformity.288.1General.288.2Initial type tests.288.3Factory production control.298.3.1General.298.3.2Raw materials.298.3.3Production process.308.3.4Finished product test.308.3.5Traceability.30
EN 771-1:2003 (E)3Annex A (normative)
Sampling for initial type testing and for independent testing ofconsignments.31A.1General.31A.2Sampling procedure.31A.2.1Random sampling.31A.2.2Representative sampling.31A.2.3Dividing the sample.32A.2.4Number of units required for testing.32Annex B (informative)
Additional information.35B.1The use of clay masonry units.35B.2Durability.36B.3Freeze/thaw resistance.36B.3.1General.36B.3.2Masonry subjected to severe exposure.37B.3.3Masonry subjected to moderate exposure.37B.3.4Masonry subjected to passive exposure.37B.4Sulfate action on mortars and plasters.37B.5Efflorescence and staining.38B.6General guidance on the appearance of facing clay masonry units.38Annex C (normative)
Determination of water absorption.39Annex ZA (informative)
Clauses of this European standard addressing the provisions ofthe EU Construction Products Directive.40
EN 771-1:2003 (E)4ForewordThis document (EN 771-1:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 125 "Masonry",the secretariat of which is held by BSI, following initial preparation by Working Group 1.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of anidentical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2003, and conflicting national standardsshall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2005.This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission andthe European Free Trade Association and supports the essential requirements of the EU ConstructionProducts Directive (89/106/EEC)For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative annex ZA, which is an integral part of thisdocument.It also takes into account the general rules for unreinforced and reinforced masonry in Eurocode 6.Annexes A and C of this document are normative, annexes B and ZA are informative.EN 771 Specification for masonry units consists of:¾ Part 1: Clay masonry units¾ Part 2: Calcium silicate masonry units¾ Part 3: Aggregates concrete masonry units (dense and light-weight aggregates)¾ Part 4: Autoclaved aerated concrete masonry units¾ Part 5: Manufactured stone masonry units¾ Part 6: Natural stone masonry unitsAccording to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of thefollowing countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UnitedKingdom.
EN 771-1:2003 (E)51 ScopeThis European Standard specifies the characteristics and performance requirements for masonryunits manufactured from clay for use in masonry construction (e.g. facing and rendered masonry,loadbearing or non-loadbearing masonry structures, including internal linings and partitions, forbuilding and civil engineering).This European Standard is intended to apply to two groups of fired-clay masonry units:LD units (see 3.4 and 5.2) comprising:clay masonry units with a gross dry density of less than or equal to 1000 kg/m3 for use inprotected masonry.HD units (see 3.5 and 5.3) comprising:a) all clay masonry units for use in unprotected masonry;b) clay masonry units with a gross dry density of greater than 1000 kg/m3 for use in protectedmasonry.This European Standard includes those clay masonry units of an overall non-rectangularparallelepiped shape.It defines the performance related to e.g. dimensional tolerances, strength, density measuredaccording to the corresponding test methods contained in separate European Standards.It provides for the evaluation of conformity of the product to this European Standard.The marking requirement for products covered by this European Standard is included.This European Standard does not specify standard sizes for clay masonry units, nor standard workdimensions and angles of specially shaped clay masonry units.This European Standard does not cover requirements for the following: units for paving, flue linersand storey height clay units and clay masonry units with an incorporated thermal insulation materialbonded to the faces of the unit susceptible to be exposed to fire. It does, however, include clay unitsfor external chimney masonry.2 Normative referencesThis European Standard incorporates by dated and undated reference, provisions from other publi-cations. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publica-tions are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any ofthese publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment orrevision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (includingamendments).EN 772-1:2000, Methods of test for masonry units — Part 1: Determination of compressive strengthEN 772-3, Methods of test for masonry units — Part 3: Determination of net volume and percentageof voids of clay masonry units by hydrostatic weighing
EN 771-1:2003 (E)6EN 772-5, Methods of test for masonry units — Part 5: Determination of the active soluble salts con-tent of clay masonry unitsEN 772-7, Methods of test for masonry units — Part 7: Determination of water absorption of claymasonry damp proof course units by boiling in waterEN 772-11, Methods of test for masonry units — Part 11: Determination of water absorption ofaggregate concrete, manufactured stone and natural stone masonry units due to capillary action andthe initial rate of water absorption of clay masonry unitsEN 772-13, Methods of test for masonry units — Part 13: Determination of net and gross dry densityof masonry units (except for natural stone)EN 772-16: 2000, Methods of test for masonry units — Part 16: Determination of dimensionsEN 772-19, Methods of test for masonry units — Part 19: Determination of moisture expansion oflarge horizontally perforated clay masonry unitsEN 1052-3, Methods of test for masonry — Part 3: Determination of initial shear strengthEN 1745, Masonry and masonry products — Methods for determining design thermal valuesEN 13501-1, Fire classification of construction products and building elements —Part 1: Classification using test data from reaction to fire tests3 Terms and definitionsFor the purpose of this European standard, the following terms and definitions apply.NOTEAnnex B to this European standard is informative and gives descriptions of such matters asapplications, exposure, and durability.3.1masonry unitpreformed component intended for use in masonry construction3.2clay masonry unitmasonry unit made from clay or other argillaceous materials with or without sand, fuel or otheradditives fired at a sufficiently high temperature to achieve a ceramic bond3.3protected masonrymasonry which is protected against water penetration. It can either be masonry in external walls whichis protected, (e.g. by a layer of suitable render or by cladding), or it can be the inner leaf of a cavitywall or it can be an internal wall. It may or may not be loadbearing3.4LD unitclay masonry unit with a low gross dry density for use in protected masonry3.5HD unitclay masonry unit for unprotected masonry as well as clay masonry unit with a high gross dry densityfor use in protected masonry
EN 771-1:2003 (E)73.6co-ordinating sizesize of the co-ordinating space allocated to a masonry unit including allowances for joints andtolerances3.7work sizesize of a masonry unit specified for its manufacture, to which the actual size conforms withinpermissible deviations3.8actual sizesize of a masonry unit as measured3.9regular shaped masonry unitmasonry unit with an overall rectangular parallelepiped shape3.10specially shaped masonry unitmasonry unit which is not a rectangular parallelepiped3.11accessory unitmasonry unit which is shaped to provide a particular function, e.g. to complete the geometry of themasonry3.12interlocking featuresshaped matched projections and indentations on masonry units, e.g. tongue and groove systems3.13vertical perforationformed void that passes completely through a masonry unit perpendicular to the bed face3.14horizontal perforationformed void that passes completely through a masonry unit parallel to the bed face3.15cellformed void that does not pass through a masonry unit3.16frogdepression formed in one or both bed faces of a unit, the total volume of all such depressions whichdoes not exceed a certain limit of the overall volume of the unit, i.e. length ´ width ´ height
EN 771-1:2003 (E)83.17recessdepression or indentation in one or more surfaces of a masonry unit (e.g. mortar pocket, renderingkeyway, griphole)3.18grip holea formed void that passes completely through a masonry unit perpendicular to the bed face for thepurpose of
handling the masonry unit3.19shellperipheral material between a perforation and the surface of a masonry unit3.20websolid material between the perforations in a masonry unit3.21declared valuevalue that a manufacturer is confident in achieving, bearing in mind the precision of test and thevariability of the manufacturing process3.22mean compressive strength of masonry unitsarithmetic mean of the compressive strengths of masonry units3.23normalised compressive strengthcompressive strength of masonry units converted to the air dry compressive strength of an equivalent100 mm wide ´ 100 mm high masonry unitNOTESee the procedure given in Annex A of EN 772-1: 20003.24damp proof course unitclay masonry unit which when laid in two courses with broken bond in a strong cementitious mortar,will resist rising damp in masonry3.25high precision clay masonry unitclay masonry unit with small dimensional tolerance especially in unit height3.26vertically perforated or hollow clay masonry unitclay masonry unit with one or more formed voids that pass completely through a masonry unit per-pendicular to the bed face3.27horizontally perforated or hollow clay masonry unitclay masonry unit with one or more formed voids that pass completely through a masonry unit parallelto the bed face3.28clay masonry unit for concrete or mortar infillclay masonry unit with special perforation suitable for concrete or mortar infill
EN 771-1:2003 (E)93.29clay masonry unit for masonry panelsclay masonry unit suitable for production of reinforced masonry or masonry storey height panels withvertical channels for mortar or concrete infill3.30clay masonry subject to severe exposuremasonry or elements of masonry which under end use conditions are subjected to saturation withwater (driving rain, ground water) combined with frequent freeze/thaw-cycling, due to climaticconditions and absence of protective features3.31clay masonry subject to moderate exposuremasonry or elements of masonry which under end use conditions are exposed to moisture andfreeze/thaw-cycling, excluding constructions subjected to severe exposure3.32clay masonry subject to passive exposuremasonry or elements of masonry which under end use conditions are not intended to be exposed tomoisture and freezing conditions3.33Category I masonry unitsunits with a declared compressive strength with a probability of failure to reach it not exceeding 5 %.This may be determined via the mean or characteristic value3.34Category II masonry unitsunits not intended to comply with the level of confidence of Category I units4 Materials and manufactureSee 3.2 and 8.3.2.5 Requirements for clay masonry units5.1 GeneralThe requirements and properties specified in this standard shall be defined in terms of the testmethods and other procedures referred to in this European Standard.NOTEIt should be noted that the test methods are not usually applicable to specially shaped and accessoryunits as defined in 3.10 and 3.11.The conformity criteria given in the following subclauses relate to initial type testing (see 8.2) and,when relevant, to consignment testing (see annex A). For the compressive strength of Category Iunits use a 50 % fractile (p = 0,50) for mean values and a confidence level of 95 %.For production evaluation the manufacturer shall define the conformity criteria in the factoryproduction control documentation (see 8.3).
EN 771-1:2003 (E)10The manufacturer shall declare whether the unit fulfils the requirements for LD-units (see Figure 2) orHD-units (see Figure 3).5.2 LD-units5.2.1 Dimensions and tolerances (LD units)5.2.1.1 Dimensions (LD units) The dimensions of a clay masonry unit shall be declared by themanufacturer in mm for length, width, and height, in that order (see Figure 1). They shall be given interms of work size.NOTE 1In addition the co-ordinating size may be given.324651Key1
Length2
Width3
Height4
Bed5
Face6
HeaderNOTEThis relates to the normal use of the masonry unit in the wall.Figure 1 — Dimensions and surfacesThe manufacturer shall also declare which of the tolerance categories for mean values in 5.2.1.2 theclay masonry units fulfil.When relevant to the uses for which the unit is put on the market, the manufacturer shall declarewhich of the range categories in 5.2.1.2 a given consignment of the clay masonry units fulfils.NOTE 2This additional declaration may be made for example in relation to:¾ the achievement of the required accuracy (planarity, bonds and thin layer joints) of the masonry;¾ the use of detailed project drawings to achieve these requirements.
EN 771-1:2003 (E)115.2.1.2 Tolerances (LD units)Mean valueWhen clay masonry units are sampled from a consignment in accordance with annex A and tested inaccordance with EN 772-16 using the measurement procedure stated below the difference for alldimensions between the declared value and the mean value derived from measurements of the testsample shall be not greater than the declared one of the following categories, where the value shallbe rounded to whole mm:T1:± 0,40 dimension) size(work
mm or 3 mm whichever is the greaterT1+:± 0,40 dimension) size(work
mm or 3 mm for length and width whichever is thegreater and± 0,05 dimension) size(work
mm or 1 mm for the height whichever is the greaterT2:± 0,25 dimension) size(work
mm or 2 mm whichever is the greaterT2+:± 0,25 dimension) size(work
mm or 2 mm for length and width whichever is thegreater and± 0,05 dimension) size(work
mm or 1 mm for the height whichever is the greateror Tm:a deviation in mm declared by the manufacturer (may be wider or closer than theother categories).RangeWhen declared and the clay masonry units are sampled from a consignment in accordance withannex A and tested in accordance with EN 772-16 using the measurement procedure stated belowthe maximum range for any given dimension (i.e. the difference between the largest and smallestdetermined dimensions on individual units) to be found within the test sample shall be within thedeclared one of the three categories indicated below, where the value shall be rounded to whole mm:
CategoryMaximum rangeR1:0,6 dimension) size(work
mmR1+:0,6 dimension) size(work
mm for length and width and1,0 mm for the heightR2:0,3 dimension) size(work
mmR2+:0,3 dimension) size(work
mm for length and width and1,0 mm for the heightor Rm:a range in mm declared by the manufacturer (may be wider or closer than theother categories)
EN 771-1:2003 (E)12Measurement procedureThe following measurement procedure shall be used:¾ when at least two of the work dimensions of the unit are not greater than 250 mm, 125 mm and100 mm for length, width and height respectively procedure b as described in EN 772-16:2000shall be followed using a calliper with overlapping jaws with the jaws aligning with the dotted linesin Fig. 1 b) of EN 772-16:2000 with the exception for the measurement of the height which isdetermined as the average of two measurements, where the second measurement is transverseto the dotted line at the middle of the unit. The width of the jaws shall be not less than 5 and notgreater than 10 mm.¾ for all other units procedure a as described in EN 772-16:2000 shall be followed.
EN 771-1:2003 (E)135.2.2 Configuration (LD units)5.2.2.1 General (LD units)a.Vertically perforatedunitb.Vertically perforatedunit with mortarpocketc.Vertically perforatedunit with grip holesd. Vertically perforatedunit with tongue andgroove systeme. Horizontally perforatedunit (for partition walls)f. Horizontally perforatedunit with renderingkeywaysg.Horizontallyperforated unit withmortar pocketh. Unit for concrete ormortar infilli. Unit for masonrypanelsFigure 2 — Examples of LD units
EN 771-1:2003 (E)14The shape of a clay masonry unit and the directions and percentage of voids shall be declared by themanufacturer.NOTE 1The manufacturer may also declare, whether the units comply with the limits for one or another ofthe groups specified in relevant parts of Eurocode 6.NOTE 2The header of clay masonry units may have interlocking features, e.g. mortar pockets, tongue andgroove systems. The face of clay masonry units may have a surface-profile (rendering keyways).When relevant to the uses for which the unit is put on the market and in all cases for masonry unitsintended to be used in elements subject to acoustic requirements, the volume and shape ofperforations, cells, recesses and frogs, the area of grip holes and the minimum thickness of shells andwebs shall be declared by the manufacturer. The minimum thickness of shells shall be measured inthe rendering keyways if any.NOTE 3The declaration may be made by using the definitions in Clause 3 or by reference to anillustration.NOTE 4Examples of cases in which such a declaration may be made are:¾ for numerical calculations of the thermal performance of clay masonry units;¾ for the choice of appropriate tabulated thermal values;¾ for acoustical calculations;¾ for the determination of the fire resistance;¾ for certain applications of clay masonry units, e.g. for external chimney masonry or in seismic zones.The configuration shall be determined in accordance with EN 772-16 and EN 772-3 on specimenssampled in accordance with annex A.NOTE 5There are no tolerances specified related to volume of perforations, cells and recesses and thethickness of shells and webs.5.2.2.2 Thickness of shells and webs (LD units)If relevant for vertically or horizontally perforated loadbearing clay masonry units, the manufacturershall declare the thickness of shells and webs. The minimum thickness of shells shall be measured inthe rendering keyways if appropriate.For clay masonry unit for concrete or mortar infill the minimum thickness of shells in the facing and ofshells in the header and of webs shall be declared by the manufacturer.NOTEFor clay masonry units intended to establish storey height channels to be filled with concrete ormortar experience shows that a minimum thickness of shells in the facing of 20 mm and a minimumthickness of shells in the header and of webs of 14 mm are sufficient.5.2.2.3 Grip hole (LD units)If relevant for vertically perforated loadbearing clay masonry units, the manufacturer shall declare thearea of grip holes.
EN 771-1:2003 (E)155.2.2.4 Channel for concrete/mortar infill (LD units)The perforation shall be arranged in such a way, that a vertically continuous channel is established ifclay masonry units are set in bonds. The channel for concrete/mortar infill shall be arranged axial indirection of the unit's width. The channel for concrete/mortar infill shall have a minimum area of1500 mm2 and a minimum dimension of 30 mm.5.2.2.5 Percentage of voids (LD units)The determination of the percentage of voids shall be obtained in accordance t
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