Space Engineering - Thermal design handbook - Part 7: Insulations

There are 3 main categories of insulators used in spacecrafts:
1. foams: organic and inorganic;
2. fibrous insulations: for internal and external insulation and for high temperature environments
3. multilayer insulations (MLI): layers of radiation reflecting shields.
Properties, thermal behaviour and application areas of the insulation materials used in spacecrafts are detailed in this Part 7.
The Thermal design handbook is published in 16 Parts
TR 17603-31-01 Part 1
Thermal design handbook – Part 1: View factors
TR 17603-31-01 Part 2
Thermal design handbook – Part 2: Holes, Grooves and Cavities
TR 17603-31-01 Part 3
Thermal design handbook – Part 3: Spacecraft Surface Temperature
TR 17603-31-01 Part 4
Thermal design handbook – Part 4: Conductive Heat Transfer
TR 17603-31-01 Part 5
Thermal design handbook – Part 5: Structural Materials: Metallic and Composite
TR 17603-31-01 Part 6
Thermal design handbook – Part 6: Thermal Control Surfaces
TR 17603-31-01 Part 7
Thermal design handbook – Part 7: Insulations
TR 17603-31-01 Part 8
Thermal design handbook – Part 8: Heat Pipes
TR 17603-31-01 Part 9
Thermal design handbook – Part 9: Radiators
TR 17603-31-01 Part 10
Thermal design handbook – Part 10: Phase – Change Capacitors
TR 17603-31-01 Part 11
Thermal design handbook – Part 11: Electrical Heating
TR 17603-31-01 Part 12
Thermal design handbook – Part 12: Louvers
TR 17603-31-01 Part 13
Thermal design handbook – Part 13: Fluid Loops
TR 17603-31-01 Part 14
Thermal design handbook – Part 14: Cryogenic Cooling
TR 17603-31-01 Part 15
Thermal design handbook – Part 15: Existing Satellites
TR 17603-31-01 Part 16
Thermal design handbook – Part 16: Thermal Protection System

Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch für thermisches Design - Teil 7: Isolationen

Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel de conception thermique - Partie 7: Isolations

Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o toplotni zasnovi - 7. del: Izolacija

General Information

Status
Published
Public Enquiry End Date
19-May-2021
Publication Date
19-Aug-2021
Technical Committee
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
16-Aug-2021
Due Date
21-Oct-2021
Completion Date
20-Aug-2021

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-07:2021
01-oktober-2021
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o toplotni zasnovi - 7. del: Izolacija
Space Engineering - Thermal design handbook - Part 7: Insulations
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch für thermisches Design - Teil 7: Isolationen
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel de conception thermique - Partie 7: Isolations
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-07:2021
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
SIST-TP CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-07:2021 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-07:2021

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SIST-TP CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-07:2021


TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-
07
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE

TECHNISCHER BERICHT

August 2021
ICS 49.140

English version

Space Engineering - Thermal design handbook - Part 7:
Insulations
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel de conception thermique - Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch für thermisches Design -
Partie 7 : Isolations Teil 7: Isolationen


This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 21 June 2021. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/CLC/JTC 5.

CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
























CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means Ref. No. CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-07:2021 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.

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CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-07:2021 (E)
Table of contents
European Foreword . 14
1 Scope . 15
2 References . 16
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 17
3.1 Terms and definitions . 17
3.2 Abbreviated terms. 17
3.3 Symbols . 17
4 Foams . 22
4.1 General . 22
4.2 Inorganic foams . 25
4.3 Organic foams . 31
4.3.2 Thermal properties of organic foams . 32
4.3.3 Mechanical properties of organic foams . 35
4.3.4 Data on commercially available foams . 53
5 Fibrous insulations . 64
5.1 General . 64
5.2 Bulks. 66
5.3 Blankets and felts . 77
5.4 Papers . 102
6 Multilayer insulations . 108
6.1 General . 108
6.1.1 Fundamental concepts concerning MLI performance . 109
6.1.2 Failure modes . 111
6.1.3 Heat transfer through an MLI . 111
6.1.4 Cost . 118
6.2 Radiation shields . 118
6.2.1 Aluminium foils and aluminium coated plastic films . 118
6.2.2 Gold foils and gold coated plastic films . 119
6.2.3 Silver coated plastic films . 119
2

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6.2.4 Operating temperature ranges . 119
6.2.5 Normally used plastic films . 120
6.3 Emittance of metallic foils . 120
6.4 Emittance of metallized films . 135
6.5 Absorptance of metallic foils . 148
6.6 Radiation shields. miscellaneous properties . 165
6.7 Radiation shields. measurement of the coating thickness . 180
6.8 Spacers . 183
6.8.1 Multiple-resistance spacers . 184
6.8.2 Point-contact spacers . 184
6.8.3 Superfloc . 184
6.8.4 Single-component MLI . 185
6.8.5 Composite spacers . 185
6.8.6 One-dimensional heat flow through an mli with absorbing and
scattering spacers . 187
6.9 Spacers. miscellaneous properties . 189
6.10 Complete systems . 208
6.11 Normal heat transfer . 209
6.12 Lateral heat transfer . 251
6.13 Effect of singularities . 257
6.13.1 Joints . 257
6.13.2 Stitches and patches . 269
6.14 Effect of evacuating holes . 272
6.15 Effect of mechanical damage . 276
6.16 Effect of inner gas pressure . 277
6.17 Evacuation . 285
6.17.1 Interstitial pressure during rapid evacuation . 285
6.17.2 Interstitial pressure in outgas controlled situations . 292
6.17.3 Self-pumping multilayer insulations . 301
Bibliography . 319

Figures
Figure 4-1: Resin thermal conductivity . 23
Figure 4-2 : Gas thermal conductivity . 23
Figure 4-3: Radiation thermal conductivity . 24
Figure 4-4: Thermal conductivity, k, of several ceramic foams as a function of
arithmetic mean temperature, T . . 26
m
3

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Figure 4-5: Linear thermal expansion, ∆L/L, of several ceramic foams as a function of
temperature, T. 27
Figure 4-6: Temperature evolution of the hot and cold faces of several pieces of Zircon
foam. Solid line: T , hot face. Dashed line: T , cold face. . 28
H C
Figure 4-7: Thermal conductivity k, of polyurethane foams vs. arithmetic mean
temperature, T . . 32
m
Figure 4-8: Thermal conductivity, k, of cryopumped polystyrene foams. . 33
Figure 4-9: Thermal conductivity, k, vs. arithmetic mean temperature, T , of a
m
polyurethane foam in the proximity of the condensation temperature of the
filling gas. . 34
Figure 4-10: Linear thermal expansion, ∆L/L, of several organic foams as a function of
temperature, T. 35
Figure 4-11: Ultimate tensile strength, of several foams as a function of temperature, T. . 36
Figure 4-12: Ultimate shear strength, τ , of several foams as a function of temperature,
ult
T. 37
Figure 4-13: Tensile stress, σ, vs. strain, δ, for several polyurethane foams at 76, 195
and 300 K. . 46
Figure 4-14: Modulus of Elasticity-tensile-E, as a function of density, ρ, for several
organic foams. 46
Figure 4-15: Ultimate tensile strength, σ , as a function of density, ρ, for several
ult
organic foams. 47
Figure 4-16: Compressive stress, s, vs, strain, d, for several organic foams at 76, 195
and 300 K. . 47
Figure 4-17: Modulus of Elasticity-tensile-E, as a function of density, ρ, for several
organic foams. 48
Figure 4-18: Proportional limit-compressive-σ, as a function of density, ρ, for several
organic foams. 49
Figure 4-19: Ultimate tensile strength, σ , and Modulus of Elasticity-tensile-E, as
ult
functions of temperature, T. 50
Figure 4-20: Ultimate compressive strength, σ , and Modulus of Elasticity-
ult
compressive-E, as functions of temperature, T. 51
Figure 4-21: Ultimate compressive strength, σ , as a function of temperature, T. . 52
ult
Figure 4-22: Ultimate block shear strength, τ , and Modulus of Elasticity-shear block-E,
ult
as functions of temperature, T. . 53
Figure 4-23: Strain, δ, vs. compressive stress, σ, of Fiberfill Structural Foams. . 62
Figure 4-24: Dielectric constant, ε , and dissipation factor, D, vs. frequency, f. Stycast
r
1090. . 62
Figure 5-1: Thermal conductivity, k, vs. mean temperature, T , for several fibrous
m
insulations. From Glasser et al. (1967) [23]. . 65
Figure 5-2: Thermal conductivity, k, of B & W Kaowool bulk vs. mean temperature, Tm. . 74
Figure 5-3: Thermal conductivity, k, of Carborundum Fiberfrax bulk and washed fibers
vs. mean temperature, Tm. . 74
Figure 5-4: Temperature differential, T −T , vs. mean temperature of the hot face, T , . 75
H C H
4

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Figure 5-5: Temperature differential, TH−TC, vs. mean temperature of the hot face, TH, . 75
Figure 5-6: Temperature differential, T −T , vs. mean temperature of the hot face, T , . 76
H C H
Figure 5-7: Temperature differential, T −T , vs. mean temperature of the hot face, T
H C H
for different values of the insulation thickness, t. Fiberfrax washed fiber, ρ =
−3
96 kg.m . . 76
Figure 5-8: Sound absorption coefficient, α, as a function of frequency, f, for B & W
−2
Kaowool blanket 2,54x10 m thick. . 86
Figure 5-9: Sound absorption coefficient, α, as a function of frequency, f, for the
following Fiberfrax products:. 86
Figure 5-10: Air permeability across B & W Kaowool blankets . 87
Figure 5-11: Air permeability across Carborundum Fiberfrax blankets . 88
Figure 5-12: Thermal conductivity, k, of B & Kaowool blankets vs. mean temperature,
T . . 88
m
Figure 5-13: Thermal conductivity, k, of Fiberfrax blankets vs. mean temperature, T . . 89
m
Figure 5-14: Temperature differential, T −T , vs. temperature of the hot face T for
H C H
different values of the blanket thickness, t. Fiberfrax Lo-Con Blanket & felt,
−3
ρ = 64 kg.m . . 89
Figure 5-15: Temperature differential, T −T , vs. temperature of the hot face, T , . 90
H C H
Figure 5-16: Sound absorption coefficient, α, as a function of frequency, f, for J-M
Microlite Standard and Silicone Binder. . 91
Figure 5-17: Calculated specific heat, c, as a function of temperature, T, for J.M Dyna-
Quartz . 91
Figure 5-18: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M Micro-Quartz felt vs. mean temperature,
Tm. . 93
Figure 5-19: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M Dyna-Quartz vs. mean temperature, T . . 93
m
Figure 5-20: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M Microlite "AA" and "B" vs. mean
temperature, T . . 94
m
Figure 5-21: Compressive stress, σ, vs. compressive strain, δ, for J-M Dyna-Quartz. . 94
Figure 5-22: Linear Shrinkage, LS, and Total Weight Loss, TWL, of J-M Micro-Quartz
Felt as a function of temperature, T. . 95
Figure 5-23: Calculated specific heat, c, as a function of temperature, T, for several J-M
insulations. . 96
Figure 5-24: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M Min-K 1301 vs. mean temperature, T .
m
−3
Numbers on curves indicate the density in kg.m . . 97
Figure 5-25: Influence of ambient pressure on the variation of thermal conductivity, k, of
J-M Min-K 1301 vs. mean temperature, T , for several filling gases. . 97
m
Figure 5-26: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M Min-K 1301 vs. mean temperature, T , for
m
different values of thickness, t. . 98
Figure 5-27: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M Min-K 2000 vs. mean temperature, T . . 98
m
Figure 5-28: Influence of ambient pressure on the variation of thermal conductivity, k, of
J-M Min-K 2000 vs. mean temperature, T , for several filling gases. . 99
m
Figure 5-29: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M Min-K 2000 vs. mean temperature, T , for
m
different values of thickness, t. . 99
5

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Figure 5-30: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M unbounded B-Fiber batt vs. mean
temperature, T . . 100
m
Figure 5-31: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M Micro-Fibers felt Type "E" vs. mean
temperature, T . . 100
m
Figure 5-32: Compressive stress, σ, vs. compressive strain, δ, for J-M Min-K 1301.
−3
Numbers on curves indicate the density in kg.m . . 101
Figure 5-33: Compressive stress, σ, vs. compressive strain, δ, for J-M Min-K 2000. . 101
Figure 5-34: Thermal conductivity, k, of B & W Kaowool, Carborundum Fiberfrax 970
paper, and Fiberfrax Hi-Fi 660 paper vs. mean temperature, T . . 106
m
Figure 5-35: Temperature differential, T −T , vs. temperature of the hot face, T , for
H C H
different values of the paper thickness, t. Fiberfrax 970 paper, ρ = 160
−3
kg.m . 106
Figure 5-36: Temperature differential, T −T , vs. temperature of the hot face, T , for
H C H
different values of the paper thickness, t. Fiberfrax Hi-Fi 660 paper. . 107
Figure 5-37: Thermal reflectance, ρ, of Fiberfrax 970-J paper vs. mean temperature,
T . . 107
m
Figure 6-1: Effective thermal conductivity, k , of multilayer insulations as compared
eff
with other insulation materials. From Glaser et al. (1967) [23]. . 109
Figure 6-2: Effective thermal conductivity, keff, of several multilayer insulation systems
as a function of the characteristic temperature, T. Calculated by the
compiler. . 116
Figure 6-3: Summary of data concerning hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Aluminium
foils and thin sheets as a function of temperature, T. 121
Figure 6-4: Summary of data concerning hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Copper as
a function of temperature, T. . 122
Figure 6-5: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Copper as a function of temperature, T. . 123
Figure 6-6: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Copper as a function of temperature, T. . 124
Figure 6-7: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Gold vs. temperature, T. . 125
Figure 6-8: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Molybdenum vs. temperature, T. . 126
Figure 6-9: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Nickel vs. temperature, T. . 128
Figure 6-10: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of oxidized Nickel as a function of
temperature, T. 129
Figure 6-11: Normal total emittance, ε', of Nickel as a function of temperature, T. . 130
Figure 6-12: Normal total emittance, ε', of Inconel as a function of temperature, T. . 131
Figure 6-13: Normal total emittance, ε', of Inconel X as a function of temperature, T. . 132
Figure 6-14: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Platinum as a function of temperature,
T. 133
Figure 6-15: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Silver as a function of temperature, T. . 134
Figure 6-16: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Aluminized Mylar as a function of
coating thickness, t . . 136
c
Figure 6-17: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Copper on Mylar as a function of
coating thickness, t . . 137
c
6

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Figure 6-18: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Goldized Mylar as a function of
coating thickness, t . . 138
c
Figure 6-19: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Gold on Double Aluminized Mylar as a
function of Gold thickness, t . . 139
c
Figure 6-20: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Silvered Mylar as a function of coating
thickness, t . . 140
c
Figure 6-21: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Silvered Mylar overcoated with Silicon
Monoxide as a function of Silver thickness, t . . 141
c
Figure 6-22: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Aluminized Kapton as a function of
temperature, T. 143
Figure 6-23: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Aluminized Kapton as a function of
coating thickness, t , for T = 300 K. . 144
c
Figure 6-24: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Aluminized Kapton as a function of
coating thickness, t , for T = 400 K. . 145
c
Figure 6-25: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Silgle-Goldized Kapton as a function
of temperature, T. . 146
Figure 6-26: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Silgle-Silvered Kapton as a function of
temperature, T. 147
Figure 6-27: Normal spectral absorptance, α' , of Aluminium as a function of
λ
wavelength, λ. . 148
Figure 6-28: Normal solar absorptance, α , of Aluminium as a function of temperature,
s
T. 149
Figure 6-29: Normal spectral absorptance, α' , of Copper as a function of wavelength λ. . 150
λ
Figure 6-30: Normal solar absorptance, α , of Copper as a function of temperature T. . 151
s
Figure 6-31: Normal spectral absorptance, α' , of Gold as a function of wavelengthλ . . 152
λ
Figure 6-32: Normal solar absorptance, α , of Gold as a function of temperature T. . 153
s
Figure 6-33: Normal spectral absorptance, α' , of Molybdenum as a function of
λ
wavelength λ. . 154
Figure 6-34: Normal solar absorptance, αs, of Molybdenum as a function of
temperature T . 155
Figure 6-35: Normal spectral absorptance, α' , of Nickel as a function of wavelength λ . 156
λ
Figure 6-36: Normal solar absorptance, α , of Nickel as a function of temperature, T. . 158
s
Figure 6-37: Normal spectral absorptance, α' , of Incoel as a function of wavelength λ. . 159
λ
Figure 6-38: Normal solar absorptance, α , of Incoel as a function of the temperature,
s
T, to which samples had been previously heated. . 160
Figure 6-39: Normal spectral absorptance, α' , of Platinum as a function of
λ
wavelengthλ. . 161
Figure 6-40: Normal solar absorptance, α , of Platinum as a function of temperature, T. . 162
s
Figure 6-41: Normal spectral absorptance, α' , of Silver as a function of wavelength, λ. . 163
λ
Figure 6-42: Normal solar absorptance, α , of Silver as a function of temperature, T. . 164
s
7

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Figure 6-43: Linear thermal expansion, ∆L/L, of two nominally identical specimens of
−6
6,35x10 m thick Mylar Double-Goldized as a function of temperature, T. . 172
−6 −6
Figure 6-44: Linear thermal expansion, ∆L/L of 6,35x10 - 7,62x10 m thick Kapton
Double-Goldized, with Dacron Flocking, as a function of temperature, T . 173
Figure 6-45: Coating thickness, t , given by several methods, compared with that gives
c
by the electrical resistance method, t . . 181
cΩ
Figure 6-46: Thickness, t , of metallic coatings as a function of film electrical
cΩ
resistance, R. Calculated by the compiler. . 183
Figure 6-47: Apparent emittance, ε , of a gray V-Groove as a function of surface
a
emittance, ε, illustrating the effect of embossing or crinkling on the optical
properties of the shield. Calculated by the compiler. . 186
Figure 6-48: Effective thermal conductivity, k , of several fibrous spacers as a function
eff
of mean temperature, T. . 199
Figure 6-49: Effective thermal conductivity, k , of Fiber-glass batting as a function of
eff
Nitrogen gas pressure, p. . 200
Figure 6-50: Effective thermal conductivity, k , of Dexiglas as a function of warm-
eff
boundary temperature, T . . 201
H
, of Tissuglas as a function of warm-
Figure 6-51: Effective thermal conductivity, keff
boundary temperature, T . . 202
H
Figure 6-52: Effective thermal conductivity, k , of Refrasil as a function of warm-
eff
boundary temperature, T . . 203
H
Figure 6-53: Effective thermal conductivity, k , of several spacer materials as a
eff
function of bulk density, ρ. . 204
Figure 6-54: Specific Heat, c, of several spacer materials as a function of temperature,
T. 205
, and product of apparent density and
Figure 6-55: Effective thermal conductivity, keff
effective thermal conductivity, ρk , vs. the number of radiation shields per
eff
unit thick
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TP FprCEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-07:2021
01-maj-2021
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik za toplotno zasnovo - 7. del: Izolacija
Space Engineering - Thermal design handbook - Part 7: Insulations
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch für thermisches Design - Teil 7: Isolationen
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel de conception thermique - Partie 7: Isolations
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-07
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
kSIST-TP FprCEN/CLC/TR 17603-31- en,fr,de
07:2021
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-07:2021

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-07:2021


TECHNICAL REPORT
FINAL DRAFT
FprCEN/CLC/TR 17603-
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
31-07
TECHNISCHER BERICHT


February 2021
ICS 49.140

English version

Space Engineering - Thermal design handbook - Part 7:
Insulations
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel de conception thermique - Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch für thermisches Design -
Partie 7: Isolations Teil 7: Isolationen


This draft Technical Report is submitted to CEN members for Vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/CLC/JTC 5.

CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a Technical Report. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a Technical Report.




















CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means Ref. No. FprCEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-07:2021 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.

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kSIST-TP FprCEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-07:2021
FprCEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-07:2021 (E)
Table of contents
European Foreword . 14
1 Scope . 15
2 References . 16
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 17
3.1 Terms and definitions . 17
3.2 Abbreviated terms. 17
3.3 Symbols . 17
4 Foams . 22
4.1 General . 22
4.2 Inorganic foams . 25
4.3 Organic foams . 31
4.3.2 Thermal properties of organic foams . 32
4.3.3 Mechanical properties of organic foams . 35
4.3.4 Data on commercially available foams . 53
5 Fibrous insulations . 64
5.1 General . 64
5.2 Bulks. 66
5.3 Blankets and felts . 77
5.4 Papers . 102
6 Multilayer insulations . 108
6.1 General . 108
6.1.1 Fundamental concepts concerning MLI performance . 109
6.1.2 Failure modes . 111
6.1.3 Heat transfer through an MLI . 111
6.1.4 Cost . 118
6.2 Radiation shields . 118
6.2.1 Aluminium foils and aluminium coated plastic films . 118
6.2.2 Gold foils and gold coated plastic films . 119
6.2.3 Silver coated plastic films . 119
2

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6.2.4 Operating temperature ranges . 119
6.2.5 Normally used plastic films . 120
6.3 Emittance of metallic foils . 120
6.4 Emittance of metallized films . 135
6.5 Absorptance of metallic foils . 148
6.6 Radiation shields. miscellaneous properties . 165
6.7 Radiation shields. measurement of the coating thickness . 180
6.8 Spacers . 183
6.8.1 Multiple-resistance spacers . 184
6.8.2 Point-contact spacers . 184
6.8.3 Superfloc . 184
6.8.4 Single-component MLI . 185
6.8.5 Composite spacers . 185
6.8.6 One-dimensional heat flow through an mli with absorbing and
scattering spacers . 187
6.9 Spacers. miscellaneous properties . 189
6.10 Complete systems . 208
6.11 Normal heat transfer . 209
6.12 Lateral heat transfer . 251
6.13 Effect of singularities . 257
6.13.1 Joints . 257
6.13.2 Stitches and patches . 269
6.14 Effect of evacuating holes . 272
6.15 Effect of mechanical damage . 276
6.16 Effect of inner gas pressure . 277
6.17 Evacuation . 285
6.17.1 Interstitial pressure during rapid evacuation . 285
6.17.2 Interstitial pressure in outgas controlled situations . 292
6.17.3 Self-pumping multilayer insulations . 301
Bibliography . 319

Figures
Figure 4-1: Resin thermal conductivity . 23
Figure 4-2 : Gas thermal conductivity . 23
Figure 4-3: Radiation thermal conductivity . 24
Figure 4-4: Thermal conductivity, k, of several ceramic foams as a function of
arithmetic mean temperature, T . . 26
m
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Figure 4-5: Linear thermal expansion, L/L, of several ceramic foams as a function of
temperature, T. 27
Figure 4-6: Temperature evolution of the hot and cold faces of several pieces of Zircon
foam. Solid line: T , hot face. Dashed line: T , cold face. . 28
H C
Figure 4-7: Thermal conductivity k, of polyurethane foams vs. arithmetic mean
temperature, T . . 32
m
Figure 4-8: Thermal conductivity, k, of cryopumped polystyrene foams. . 33
Figure 4-9: Thermal conductivity, k, vs. arithmetic mean temperature, T , of a
m
polyurethane foam in the proximity of the condensation temperature of the
filling gas. . 34
Figure 4-10: Linear thermal expansion, L/L, of several organic foams as a function of
temperature, T. 35
Figure 4-11: Ultimate tensile strength, of several foams as a function of temperature, T. . 36
Figure 4-12: Ultimate shear strength,  , of several foams as a function of temperature,
ult
T. 37
Figure 4-13: Tensile stress, , vs. strain, , for several polyurethane foams at 76, 195
and 300 K. . 46
Figure 4-14: Modulus of Elasticity-tensile-E, as a function of density, , for several
organic foams. 46
Figure 4-15: Ultimate tensile strength,  , as a function of density, , for several
ult
organic foams. 47
Figure 4-16: Compressive stress, s, vs, strain, d, for several organic foams at 76, 195
and 300 K. . 47
Figure 4-17: Modulus of Elasticity-tensile-E, as a function of density, , for several
organic foams. 48
Figure 4-18: Proportional limit-compressive-, as a function of density, , for several
organic foams. 49
Figure 4-19: Ultimate tensile strength,  , and Modulus of Elasticity-tensile-E, as
ult
functions of temperature, T. 50
Figure 4-20: Ultimate compressive strength,  , and Modulus of Elasticity-
ult
compressive-E, as functions of temperature, T. 51
Figure 4-21: Ultimate compressive strength,  , as a function of temperature, T. . 52
ult
Figure 4-22: Ultimate block shear strength, ult, and Modulus of Elasticity-shear block-E,
as functions of temperature, T. . 53
Figure 4-23: Strain, , vs. compressive stress, , of Fiberfill Structural Foams. . 62
Figure 4-24: Dielectric constant,  , and dissipation factor, D, vs. frequency, f. Stycast
r
1090. . 62
Figure 5-1: Thermal conductivity, k, vs. mean temperature, T , for several fibrous
m
insulations. From Glasser et al. (1967) [23]. . 65
Figure 5-2: Thermal conductivity, k, of B & W Kaowool bulk vs. mean temperature, Tm. . 74
Figure 5-3: Thermal conductivity, k, of Carborundum Fiberfrax bulk and washed fibers
vs. mean temperature, Tm. . 74
Figure 5-4: Temperature differential, T T , vs. mean temperature of the hot face, T , . 75
H C H
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Figure 5-5: Temperature differential, T T , vs. mean temperature of the hot face, T , . 75
H C H
Figure 5-6: Temperature differential, T T , vs. mean temperature of the hot face, T , . 76
H C H
Figure 5-7: Temperature differential, T T , vs. mean temperature of the hot face, T
H C H
for different values of the insulation thickness, t. Fiberfrax washed fiber,  =
3
96 kg.m . . 76
Figure 5-8: Sound absorption coefficient, , as a function of frequency, f, for B & W
2
Kaowool blanket 2,54x10 m thick. . 86
Figure 5-9: Sound absorption coefficient, , as a function of frequency, f, for the
following Fiberfrax products:. 86
Figure 5-10: Air permeability across B & W Kaowool blankets . 87
Figure 5-11: Air permeability across Carborundum Fiberfrax blankets . 88
Figure 5-12: Thermal conductivity, k, of B & Kaowool blankets vs. mean temperature,
T . . 88
m
Figure 5-13: Thermal conductivity, k, of Fiberfrax blankets vs. mean temperature, T . . 89
m
Figure 5-14: Temperature differential, T T , vs. temperature of the hot face T for
H C H
different values of the blanket thickness, t. Fiberfrax Lo-Con Blanket & felt,
3
 = 64 kg.m . . 89
Figure 5-15: Temperature differential, T T , vs. temperature of the hot face, T , . 90
H C H
Figure 5-16: Sound absorption coefficient, , as a function of frequency, f, for J-M
Microlite Standard and Silicone Binder. . 91
Figure 5-17: Calculated specific heat, c, as a function of temperature, T, for J.M Dyna-
Quartz . 91
Figure 5-18: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M Micro-Quartz felt vs. mean temperature,
T . . 93
m
Figure 5-19: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M Dyna-Quartz vs. mean temperature, T . . 93
m
Figure 5-20: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M Microlite "AA" and "B" vs. mean
temperature, Tm. . 94
Figure 5-21: Compressive stress, , vs. compressive strain, , for J-M Dyna-Quartz. . 94
Figure 5-22: Linear Shrinkage, LS, and Total Weight Loss, TWL, of J-M Micro-Quartz
Felt as a function of temperature, T. . 95
Figure 5-23: Calculated specific heat, c, as a function of temperature, T, for several J-M
insulations. . 96
Figure 5-24: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M Min-K 1301 vs. mean temperature, T .
m
3
Numbers on curves indicate the density in kg.m . . 97
Figure 5-25: Influence of ambient pressure on the variation of thermal conductivity, k, of
J-M Min-K 1301 vs. mean temperature, T , for several filling gases. . 97
m
Figure 5-26: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M Min-K 1301 vs. mean temperature, T , for
m
different values of thickness, t. . 98
Figure 5-27: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M Min-K 2000 vs. mean temperature, T . . 98
m
Figure 5-28: Influence of ambient pressure on the variation of thermal conductivity, k, of
J-M Min-K 2000 vs. mean temperature, T , for several filling gases. . 99
m
Figure 5-29: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M Min-K 2000 vs. mean temperature, T , for
m
different values of thickness, t. . 99
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Figure 5-30: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M unbounded B-Fiber batt vs. mean
temperature, T . . 100
m
Figure 5-31: Thermal conductivity, k, of J-M Micro-Fibers felt Type "E" vs. mean
temperature, T . . 100
m
Figure 5-32: Compressive stress, , vs. compressive strain, , for J-M Min-K 1301.
3
Numbers on curves indicate the density in kg.m . . 101
Figure 5-33: Compressive stress, , vs. compressive strain, , for J-M Min-K 2000. . 101
Figure 5-34: Thermal conductivity, k, of B & W Kaowool, Carborundum Fiberfrax 970
paper, and Fiberfrax Hi-Fi 660 paper vs. mean temperature, T . . 106
m
Figure 5-35: Temperature differential, T T , vs. temperature of the hot face, T , for
H C H
different values of the paper thickness, t. Fiberfrax 970 paper,  = 160
3
kg.m . 106
Figure 5-36: Temperature differential, T T , vs. temperature of the hot face, T , for
H C H
different values of the paper thickness, t. Fiberfrax Hi-Fi 660 paper. . 107
Figure 5-37: Thermal reflectance, , of Fiberfrax 970-J paper vs. mean temperature,
T . . 107
m
Figure 6-1: Effective thermal conductivity, k , of multilayer insulations as compared
eff
with other insulation materials. From Glaser et al. (1967) [23]. . 109
Figure 6-2: Effective thermal conductivity, keff, of several multilayer insulation systems
as a function of the characteristic temperature, T. Calculated by the
compiler. . 116
Figure 6-3: Summary of data concerning hemispherical total emittance, , of Aluminium
foils and thin sheets as a function of temperature, T. 121
Figure 6-4: Summary of data concerning hemispherical total emittance, , of Copper as
a function of temperature, T. . 122
Figure 6-5: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Copper as a function of temperature, T. . 123
Figure 6-6: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Copper as a function of temperature, T. . 124
Figure 6-7: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Gold vs. temperature, T. . 125
Figure 6-8: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Molybdenum vs. temperature, T. . 126
Figure 6-9: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Nickel vs. temperature, T. . 128
Figure 6-10: Hemispherical total emittance, , of oxidized Nickel as a function of
temperature, T. 129
Figure 6-11: Normal total emittance, ', of Nickel as a function of temperature, T. . 130
Figure 6-12: Normal total emittance, ', of Inconel as a function of temperature, T. . 131
Figure 6-13: Normal total emittance, ', of Inconel X as a function of temperature, T. . 132
Figure 6-14: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Platinum as a function of temperature,
T. 133
Figure 6-15: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Silver as a function of temperature, T. . 134
Figure 6-16: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Aluminized Mylar as a function of
coating thickness, t . . 136
c
Figure 6-17: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Copper on Mylar as a function of
coating thickness, t . . 137
c
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Figure 6-18: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Goldized Mylar as a function of
coating thickness, t . . 138
c
Figure 6-19: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Gold on Double Aluminized Mylar as a
function of Gold thickness, t . . 139
c
Figure 6-20: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Silvered Mylar as a function of coating
thickness, t . . 140
c
Figure 6-21: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Silvered Mylar overcoated with Silicon
Monoxide as a function of Silver thickness, tc. . 141
Figure 6-22: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Aluminized Kapton as a function of
temperature, T. 143
Figure 6-23: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Aluminized Kapton as a function of
coating thickness, t , for T = 300 K. . 144
c
Figure 6-24: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Aluminized Kapton as a function of
coating thickness, t , for T = 400 K. . 145
c
Figure 6-25: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Silgle-Goldized Kapton as a function
of temperature, T. . 146
Figure 6-26: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Silgle-Silvered Kapton as a function of
temperature, T. 147
Figure 6-27: Normal spectral absorptance, ' , of Aluminium as a function of

wavelength, . . 148
Figure 6-28: Normal solar absorptance,  , of Aluminium as a function of temperature,
s
T. 149
Figure 6-29: Normal spectral absorptance, ' , of Copper as a function of wavelength . . 150

Figure 6-30: Normal solar absorptance,  , of Copper as a function of temperature T. . 151
s
Figure 6-31: Normal spectral absorptance, ' , of Gold as a function of wavelength . . 152

Figure 6-32: Normal solar absorptance,  , of Gold as a function of temperature T. . 153
s
Figure 6-33: Normal spectral absorptance, ' , of Molybdenum as a function of

wavelength . . 154
Figure 6-34: Normal solar absorptance,  , of Molybdenum as a function of
s
temperature T . 155
Figure 6-35: Normal spectral absorptance, ' , of Nickel as a function of wavelength  . 156

Figure 6-36: Normal solar absorptance,  , of Nickel as a function of temperature, T. . 158
s
Figure 6-37: Normal spectral absorptance, ' , of Incoel as a function of wavelength . . 159

Figure 6-38: Normal solar absorptance,  , of Incoel as a function of the temperature,
s
T, to which samples had been previously heated. . 160
Figure 6-39: Normal spectral absorptance, ' , of Platinum as a function of

wavelength. . 161
Figure 6-40: Normal solar absorptance,  , of Platinum as a function of temperature, T. . 162
s
Figure 6-41: Normal spectral absorptance, ' , of Silver as a function of wavelength, . . 163

Figure 6-42: Normal solar absorptance,  , of Silver as a function of temperature, T. . 164
s
7

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Figure 6-43: Linear thermal expansion, L/L, of two nominally identical specimens of
6
6,35x10 m thick Mylar Double-Goldized as a function of temperature, T. . 172
6 6
Figure 6-44: Linear thermal expansion, L/L of 6,35x10 - 7,62x10 m thick Kapton
Double-Goldized, with Dacron Flocking, as a function of temperature, T . 173
Figure 6-45: Coating thickness, t , given by several methods, compared with that gives
c
by the electrical resistance method, t . . 181
c
Figure 6-46: Thickness, t , of metallic coatings as a function of film electrical
c
resistance, R. Calculated by the compiler. . 183
Figure 6-47: Apparent emittance,  , of a gray V-Groove as a function of surface
a
emittance, , illustrating the effect of embossing or crinkling on the optical
properties of the shield. Calculated by the compiler. . 186
Figure 6-48: Effective thermal conductivity, k , of several fibrous spacers as a function
eff
of mean temperature, T. . 199
Figure 6-49: Effective thermal conductivity, k , of Fiber-glass batting as a function of
eff
Nitrogen gas pressure, p. . 200
Figure 6-50: Effective thermal conductivity, k , of Dexiglas as a function of warm-
eff
boundary temperature, T . . 201
H
Figure 6-51: Effective thermal conductivity, k , of Tissuglas as a function of warm-
eff
boundary temperature, T . . 202
H
Figure 6-52: Effective thermal conductivity, k , of Refrasil as a function of warm-
eff
boundary temperature, T . . 203
H
Figure 6-53: Effective thermal conductivity, k , of several spacer materials as a
eff
function of bulk density, . .
...

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