SIST EN ISO 19258:2018
(Main)Soil quality - Guidance on the determination of background values (ISO 19258:2018)
Soil quality - Guidance on the determination of background values (ISO 19258:2018)
This document gives guidelines for the principles and main methods for the determination of
background values for inorganic and organic substances in soils at a local/regional scale. The site scale
is excluded.
It gives guidelines for sampling and data processing strategies. It identifies methods for sampling and
analysis.
This document does not apply to the determination of background values for groundwater and
sediments.
Bodenbeschaffenheit - Leitfaden zur Bestimmung von Hintergrundwerte (ISO 19258:2018)
Dieses Dokument dient als Leitfaden für die Grundsätze und wesentlichen Vorgehensweisen bei der Bestimmung von Hintergrundwerten für anorganische und organische Stoffe in Böden in einem lokalen/regionalen Maßstab (Standort ausgenommen).
Es gibt Anleitungen für Probenahme und für Datenverarbeitungsstrategien und legt Verfahren für die Probenahme und die Untersuchung fest.
Dieses Dokument gibt keine Anleitung für die Ermittlung der Hintergrundwerte für Grundwasser und Sedimente.
Qualité du sol - Lignes directrices pour la détermination des valeurs de bruit de fond (ISO 19258:2018)
Le présent document fournit des lignes directrices concernant les principes et les principales méthodes de détermination des valeurs de fond relatives aux substances minérales et organiques présentes dans les sols, à l'échelle locale/régionale. L'échelle du site est exclue.
Il fournit des lignes directrices en matière de stratégies d'échantillonnage et de traitement des données. Il identifie des méthodes d'échantillonnage et d'analyse.
En revanche, le présent document ne s'applique pas à la détermination des valeurs de fond pour les eaux souterraines et les sédiments.
Kakovost tal - Navodilo za določanje vrednosti naravnega ozadja (ISO 19258:2018)
Ta dokument določa smernice za načela in glavne metode za določevanje vrednosti naravnega ozadja za anorganske in organske snovi v tleh na lokalni/regionalni ravni. Lestvica lokacije je izključena.
Določa smernice za vzorčenje in strategije za obdelavo podatkov. Identificira metode za vzorčenje in analizo. Ta dokument se ne uporablja za določevanje vrednosti naravnega ozadja za podtalnico in sedimente.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 19258:2018
01-december-2018
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 19258:2011
SIST ISO 19258:2006
.DNRYRVWWDO1DYRGLOR]DGRORþDQMHYUHGQRVWLQDUDYQHJDR]DGMD ,62
Soil quality - Guidance on the determination of background values (ISO 19258:2018)
Bodenbeschaffenheit - Leitfaden zur Bestimmung von Hintergrundwerte (ISO
19258:2018)
Qualité du sol - Lignes directrices pour la détermination des valeurs de bruit de fond (ISO
19258:2018)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 19258:2018
ICS:
13.080.99 Drugi standardi v zvezi s Other standards related to
kakovostjo tal soil quality
SIST EN ISO 19258:2018 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 19258:2018
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SIST EN ISO 19258:2018
EN ISO 19258
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
September 2018
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.080.99
English Version
Soil quality - Guidance on the determination of
background values (ISO 19258:2018)
Qualité du sol - Lignes directrices pour la Bodenbeschaffenheit - Leitfaden zur Bestimmung von
détermination des valeurs de bruit de fond (ISO Hintergrundwerte(ISO 19258:2018)
19258:2018)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 August 2018.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 19258:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 19258:2018
EN ISO 19258:2018 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 19258:2018
EN ISO 19258:2018 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 19258:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190 "Soil
quality" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 345 “Characterization of soils” the
secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2019, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by March 2019.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 19258:2011.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 19258:2018 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 19258:2018 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 19258:2018
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SIST EN ISO 19258:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19258
Second edition
2018-08
Soil quality — Guidance on the
determination of background values
Qualité du sol — Recommandations pour la détermination des
valeurs de fond
Reference number
ISO 19258:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018
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SIST EN ISO 19258:2018
ISO 19258:2018(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
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Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 19258:2018
ISO 19258:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General . 3
5 Procedures . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Objectives and technical approaches . 4
5.2.1 General. 4
5.2.2 Substances and parameters . 4
5.2.3 Study area . 6
5.2.4 Time period . 6
5.2.5 Scale of sampling . 7
5.3 Evaluation of existing data . 7
5.3.1 General. 7
5.3.2 Completeness of data sets/minimum requirements . 7
5.3.3 Comparability of data (sampling, nomenclatures, analyses) . 8
5.3.4 Examination of outliers . 8
5.4 Collection of new data . 9
5.4.1 Sampling. 9
5.4.2 Soil analysis .13
5.5 Data processing and presentation.14
5.5.1 Statistical evaluation of data .14
5.5.2 Data presentation and reporting .15
6 Data handling/quality control .16
Annex A (informative) Outlier tests .18
Annex B (informative) Examples of the main substances and parameters .22
Bibliography .24
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SIST EN ISO 19258:2018
ISO 19258:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 7,
Impact assessment.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 19258:2005), which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— Clauses 2 and 3, and subclauses 5.3, 5.4, 5.4 and Annex B (formerly Annex C) have been completely
technically revised;
— 5.2.2 has been revised and the structure of its subclauses has been changed to 5.2.2.1, Basic
parameters, 5.2.2.2, Persistent compounds (split up into 5.2.2.2.1, Inorganic substances, and 5.2.2.2.2,
Organic substances), and 5.2.2.3 Non persistent compounds (added);
— text has been added to 5.2.5;
— “typological” has been replaced by “judgemental” throughout the document;
— “scale of sampling” has been deleted from Annex A;
— the Bibliography has been updated.
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SIST EN ISO 19258:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19258:2018(E)
Soil quality — Guidance on the determination of
background values
1 Scope
This document gives guidelines for the principles and main methods for the determination of
background values for inorganic and organic substances in soils at a local/regional scale. The site scale
is excluded.
It gives guidelines for sampling and data processing strategies. It identifies methods for sampling and
analysis.
This document does not apply to the determination of background values for groundwater and
sediments.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 11074, Soil quality — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
background concentration
concentration of an element or a substance characteristic of a soil type in an area or region arising from
both natural sources and anthropogenic diffuse sources such as atmospheric deposition
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 3.5.1, modified — In the definition, “an element or” has been introduced
before “a substance” and “anthropogenic” has replaced “non-natural”. Note 1 to entry has been
removed.]
3.2
background value
statistical characteristics (3.8) of the total (natural pedo-geochemical and anthropogenic) content of a
substances in soil
Note 1 to entry: Commonly expressed in terms of average, typical, median, mode, a range of values or a
background value.
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 3.5.2, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added from ISO 11075:2014, 3.5.1.]
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3.3
diffuse source input
input of a substance emitted from moving sources, from sources with a large area or from many sources
Note 1 to entry: In practice, two situations are commonly recognized: rural areas with diffuse source inputs
typically from land spreading and aerial deposition; and urban areas where the diffuse source inputs come
typically from traffic and industrial activities.
Note 2 to entry: Diffuse source input usually leads to sites that are relatively uniformly contaminated. At
some sites, the input conditions can nevertheless cause a higher local input, such as near the source or where
atmospheric deposition/rain is increased. Two types of main diffuse source input can be considered: one in rural
areas (e.g. atmospheric deposits, spreading); and one in urban areas (e.g. traffic, industries).
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 3.3.9, modified — Note 1 to entry has been replaced with new text. The last
sentence in Note 2 to entry has been added.]
3.4
pedo-geochemical concentration
concentration of a substance in a soil resulting from natural geological and pedological processes,
excluding any addition of anthropogenic origin
Note 1 to entry: It is difficult to determine the precise pedo-geochemical concentration of certain substances in
soil due to the presence of anthropogenic diffuse contamination.
3.5
pedo-geochemical background value
statistical characteristic (3.8) of the pedo-geochemical concentration (3.4)
Note 1 to entry: Any estimate of pedo-geochemical background value is prone to certain errors given the
uncertainty associated with determining the pedo-geochemical concentration.
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 3.5.9, modified — In the definition, “concentration” has replaced “content”.]
3.6
anthropogenic concentration
concentration of a substance in a soil resulting from anthropogenic origin
3.7
anthropogenic background value
statistical characteristic (3.8) of the anthropogenic background concentration (3.1) of a substance in soils
3.8
statistical characteristic
numerical value calculated from a variate (3.10) of a selected parameter of the population
EXAMPLE Mean, median, standard deviation, standard error, percentiles of the ordered frequency
distribution.
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 3.5.11, modified — “selected” has replaced “chosen” and “standard error”
has been added in the example.]
3.9
study area
three-dimensional definition of the area where samples are to be obtained from and, thus, for which the
background values (3.2) are to be determined
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 5.2.29]
3.10
variate
set of observed values of a variable
EXAMPLE Series of numbers of the concentration of a substance in soil; numerous, individual soil samples.
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SIST EN ISO 19258:2018
ISO 19258:2018(E)
4 General
Soils retain the evidence of their past history, including impacts due to natural events or human
activities. Chemical impacts related to human activities can be detected in soils all over the world, even
in regions far from any source of contamination. For this reason, the determination of background
values of inorganic and organic substances in soils consists of a pedo-geochemical fraction and an
anthropogenic fraction. The ratio of these fractions varies widely depending on the type of substances,
the type of soil and land use, and the kind and extent of external impacts.
For many inorganic substances, the background concentration is dominated by the pedo-geochemical
concentration and, consequently, by the mineralogical composition of the soils’ parent material.
Pedogenetic processes can lead to a redistribution (enrichment/impoverishment) and, consequently, to
a horizon-specific differentiation of the substances within a soil profile. Persistent organic substances
in soils originate more often from non-natural sources. Therefore, the background concentration of
soils is governed by the kind and extent of diffuse contamination from non-soil sources.
In practice, it is often difficult to distinguish clearly between the pedo-geochemical and the
anthropogenic fraction of the background concentration of soils. Nonetheless, a detailed knowledge of
the background concentration and its natural fraction for the substances of concern is essential for any
evaluation of the current status of soils for environmental or land use related aspects, as well as for
scientific purposes within the scope of pedology or geochemistry. To this end, so-called background
values in terms of the statistical characteristics of both the pedo-geochemical and the anthropogenic
fraction should be determined.
A variety of different objectives can be identified for the determination of background values of
inorganic and/or organic substances in soils. The objectives themselves provide insufficient information
to define the technical programme that will produce the desired background values. Thus, a number of
technical approaches should be defined, which together form the basis of the technical programme.
This guidance identifies:
— essential requirements of sampling strategies and procedures;
— minimum requirements regarding the necessary steps and ways of sample pretreatment;
— analytical methods;
— statistical evaluation procedures for determining sound and comparable background values.
Guidance is given on:
a) evaluating existing data from different data sources;
b) setting up investigation programmes to compile background values for a clearly defined three-
dimensional picture of the soil.
These situations represent the two extreme starting positions for the process of compiling background
values. In practice, there is also a third intermediate situation in which additional data are collected
because the quantity or quality of the existing data are insufficient.
5 Procedures
5.1 General
The procedures to determine background values encompass aspects of sampling (e.g. strategy,
procedure), soil analysis (e.g. pretreatment, extraction, measurement), data processing and
presentation. In general, two starting positions can be distinguished, namely:
a) the evaluation of existing data, mostly from different data sources;
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SIST EN ISO 19258:2018
ISO 19258:2018(E)
b) the collection of new data based on an appropriate investigation strategy.
5.2 Objectives and technical approaches
5.2.1 General
Before commencing any survey on background values in soils, it is of crucial importance to define the
objective of the survey and the related technical approach.
The objective is, in general terms, the definition of “why” background values that are determined.
The technical approaches describe aspects such as the “where”, “what”, “how” and “when”. Together,
the technical approaches determine the technical programme that will provide the required
background values.
It should be noted that a technical approach that is fit for one objective will often be unfit for other
objectives.
The objectives for defining background values could be:
— to identify the current concentrations of substances in soils, e.g. in the context of soil-related
regulations;
— to assess the degree of contamination by human activities;
— to derive reference values for soil protection;
— to define soil values for reuse of soil material and waste;
— to calculate critical levels and tolerable additional critical loads;
— to identify areas/sites with atypically enhanced levels of chemical substance contents due to
geogenic reasons or human impact, etc.
In order to meet the objective, the technical approaches could include:
— definition of the substances and parameters, e.g. the background values to be estimated may be the
total metal concentration or the bioavailable metal concentration (see 5.2.2);
— definition of the study area, e.g. the (three-dimensional) definition of the area where samples are
obtained from, including a detailed description of what is to be considered as the study area, and
what is not (see 5.2.3);
— definition of the time period of interest, e.g. whether the historical or current concentration is
relevant for the objective (see 5.2.4);
— definition of the size and geometry of the area to be sampled at a sampling location (see 5.2.5);
— definition of the pretreatment of the sample (see 5.4.2.2) and the fraction of soil to be analysed.
5.2.2 Substances and parameters
5.2.2.1 Basic parameters
Background values can be determined for all kinds of inorganic and organic substances in soils, as well
as soil characteristics. In practice, the more persistent and immobile substances are of primary interest
because of their potential to adsorb and accumulate in the soil. Substances in which the concentration
can be influenced by remobilization and intrinsic biodegradation are of less significance.
As well as the substances of concern, basic soil parameters and site characteristics (see 5.4.1.3) should
be provided to assist in the interpretation of the concentrations of substances. A number of so-called
basic soil parameters influence soil processes that affect the concentrations of inorganic and organic
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ISO 19258:2018(E)
substances. Table B.1 lists these parameters, which should be analysed in accordance with the given
International Standards.
5.2.2.2 Persistent compounds
5.2.2.2.1 Inorganic substances
Within the group of inorganic substances, trace elements (e.g. metals, micronutrients) are most often
analysed (see Table B.2). While constituting an urban geochemical background, it is recommended to
analyse the whole package listed in Table B.2; most of these elements are found with high values due to
human activities, but some minerals can appear with high value naturally.
Concerning the analytical methods, a distinction should be drawn between different extraction/
preparation methods (see Table B.2), as very few methods determine the total concentration that could
be needed, e.g. when calculating element stocks. Besides total concentrations, the (eco-) toxicologically
more relevant mobile fractions (see Table B.2) are of increasing interest, e.g. if pathway-related
questions are to be examined. An analysis of the parameters in Table B.2 should be carried out in
accordance with International Standards given in Table B.2.
5.2.2.2.2 Organic substances
Surveys on organic substances usually refer to persistent compounds. The persistent organic
contaminants listed in Table B.3 are some of the more commonly encountered, but the list is not complete.
Analysis should be carried out in accordance with the International Standards listed in Table B.3. The
list should be adapted according to the objectives of the determination of background values.
It is not recommended to sample and analyse non-persistent substances as they will not be detected
by the laboratory because of their behaviour (e.g. volatilization, high degradation). These kinds of
substances are normally analysed for detecting sources of contamination.
Various methods are used for the analysis of organic substances. The aim of these methods is usually to
extract the greatest possible quantity of organic substances from soils. It is important to recognize that
organic compounds can be extracted from naturally occurring organic materials (e.g. organic matter,
decaying vegetation, peat, charcoal), and that non-specific analyses, in particular, can, therefore, give
misleading results.
When collecting new data for determining background values, it is recommended that the investigation
programme be designed with regard to additional questions that could arise in future. In most cases,
carrying out new sampling campaigns is much more expensive than analysing additional substances
in the first place. To this end, suitable storage of soil samples for subsequent analyses of organic or
inorganic substances is of crucial importance. Besides the substances of concern (see Tables B.2 and
B.3) and additional soil parameters (see Table B.1), it is essential to provide a comprehensive site
description (see 5.4.1.3) for interpretation purposes. The documentation of all the actions taken is of
utmost importance if the data measured are to be of use for other assessments in future investigations.
NOTE Guidance on the storage of soil samples is provided in ISO 18512.
5.2.2.3 Non-persistent compounds
In some cases, generating background values on non-persistent substances could be of interest. Special
care should be taken when volatile, degradable organic substances or transformable, inorganic species
are the subject of the study. A detailed description and documentation of sampling and analysis is of
particular importance in such cases. Storage or archiving of samples is not recommended because of
the behaviour of such organic and inorganic species.
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ISO 19258:2018(E)
5.2.3 Study area
The definition of the study area (see 5.2.3) can be based on two different principles:
— a purely spatial definition (X, Y, Z), defining the contours of the study area by the coordinates within
which the study area lies; apart from the defi
...
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