SIST EN 1745:2012
(Main)Masonry and masonry products - Methods for determining thermal properties
Masonry and masonry products - Methods for determining thermal properties
This European Standard gives procedures for the determination of thermal properties of masonry and masonry products.
Mauerwerk und Mauerwerksprodukte - Verfahren zur Bestimmung von wärmeschutztechnischen Eigenschaften
Diese Europäische Norm stellt Verfahren zur Ermittlung der wärmeschutztechnischen Eigenschaften von Mauerwerk und Mauerwerksprodukten zur Verfügung.
Maçonnerie et éléments de maçonnerie - Méthodes pour la détermination des propriétés thermiques
La présente Norme européenne donne les procédures de détermination des propriétés thermiques de
la maçonnerie et des éléments de maçonnerie.
Zidovje in zidarski proizvodi - Metode za določanje projektnih (računskih) toplotnih lastnosti
Ta evropski standard določa postopke za določanje toplotnih lastnosti zidovja in zidarskih proizvodov.
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.ODVWQRVWLMauerwerk und Mauerwerksprodukte - Verfahren zur Bestimmung von wärmeschutztechnischen EigenschaftenMaçonnerie et éléments de maçonnerie - Méthodes pour la détermination des propriétés thermiquesMasonry and masonry products - Methods for determining thermal properties91.120.10Toplotna izolacija stavbThermal insulation91.080.30Zidane konstrukcijeMasonryICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1745:2012SIST EN 1745:2012en,fr,de01-julij-2012SIST EN 1745:2012SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 1745:20041DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 1745:2012
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 1745
April 2012 ICS 91.080.30; 91.120.10 Supersedes EN 1745:2002English Version
Masonry and masonry products - Methods for determining thermal properties
Maçonnerie et éléments de maçonnerie - Méthodes pour la détermination des propriétés thermiques
Mauerwerk und Mauerwerksprodukte - Verfahren zur Bestimmung von wärmeschutztechnischen EigenschaftenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 March 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1745:2012: ESIST EN 1745:2012
EN 1745:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 4Introduction . 51 Scope. 72 Normative references . 73 Terms, definitions and symbols . 73.1 Terms and definitions . 73.2 Symbols . 93.3 Subscripts . 104 Procedures to determine λλλλ10,dry, unit-values for solid masonry units and λλλλ10,dry,mor-values for mortars . 114.1 General . 114.2 10,dry, mat-values for solid masonry units and mortars . 114.2.1 Model S1. Determination of λλλλ10,dry,unit-values from tabulated λλλλ10,dry,mat /net dry density relation . 114.2.2 Model S2. Determination of λλλλ10,dry,unit-values based on λλλλ10,dry,mat /net dry density curve . 114.2.3 Model S3. Procedures to determine λλλλ10,dry,unit-values from determining the thermal transmittance (Umas) of masonry built from solid masonry units and mortar . 134.3 Test methods and numbers of samples to be taken for the different models . 145 Procedures to determine equivalent λλλλ10,dry,unit-values for masonry units with formed voids and composite masonry units . 145.1 General . 145.2 Calculation methods . 155.3 10,dry,unit-values of masonry units . 155.3.1 Determination of λλλλ10,dry,unit-values from tabulated λλλλunit /λλλλmat relation . 155.3.2 Determination of λλλλ10,dry,unit-values based on calculation . 165.3.3 Model P5. Determination of λλλλ10,dry,unit-values from determining the thermal transmittance (Umas) of masonry built from masonry units with formed voids or composite masonry units and mortar . 165.4 Test methods and numbers of samples to be taken for the different models . 196 Moisture conversion . 197 Procedures to determine design thermal values (Rdesign,mas or λλλλdesign, mas) for masonry built from masonry units and mortar . 207.1 General . 207.2 Rdesign,mas- or λλλλdesign,mas-values based on calculation . 207.3 Rdesign,mas- or λλλλdesign,mas-values of masonry built from masonry units with formed voids or composite masonry units and mortar based on tabulated values . 217.3.1 Tabulated values . 218. Determination of the thermal transmittance of masonry . 239. Specific heat capacity. 2310. Rounding rules for λλλλ-values for masonry . 23Annex A (normative)
Tabulated λλλλ10,dry,mat-values of materials used for masonry products . 24Annex B (informative)
Rdry,mas- or λλλλ10,dry,mas-values of masonry built from a range of masonry units containing formed voids . 35SIST EN 1745:2012
EN 1745:2012 (E) 3 Annex C (informative)
Example of how to use the tables in Annex B . 62Annex D (normative)
Requirements for appropriate calculation procedures . 64D.1 Capabilities of the program . 64D.2 Input data and results . 64D.3 Testing of the program accuracy . 65D.4 Reference cases . 65Annex E (informative)
Evaluation of conformity . 73Annex F (informative)
Alternative procedure for the moisture correction of units with formed voids . 75Bibliography . 76 SIST EN 1745:2012
EN 1745:2012 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 1745:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 125 “Masonry”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 1745:2002. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. The following is a list of significant technical changes since the last edition: addition of Figure 1 to show the procedures and calculation possibilities; editorial improvement; extension of Annex B; adaption of Annex E; addition of Annex F; deletion of Annex ZA. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 1745:2012
EN 1745:2012 (E) 5 Introduction This European Standard provides rules for the determination of dry and design thermal conductivity and thermal resistance values of masonry products and masonry. It describes how dry thermal values are determined. It also describes the correction methods to derive design values from a dry value. The dry value is a characteristic of a masonry material, masonry unit or of masonry. On the basis of dry thermal conductivity values determination methods of design thermal values are given. Three procedures (model S1 – S3) for the determination of dry thermal conductivity (λ10,dry,unit) of solid masonry units are described and five procedures (model P1 – P5) for the determination of equivalent dry thermal conductivity (λ10,dry,unit) of masonry units with formed voids and composite masonry units are described, see Figure 1. For mortars according to EN 998-1 and EN 998-2, the models S1 – S2 can be used. Additionally three procedures for the determination of thermal resistance are described. These procedures are: the use of tabulated R-values; the measurement of R-value; the numerical calculation of R-value. The following major types of masonry units are covered by this European Standard: solid masonry units; masonry units with formed voids; composite masonry units. In Figure 1, the different models and procedures are illustrated. The design value of a product characteristic is the value determined for a specific application and for use in calculations. Design thermal values are determined, according to the procedure given in this European Standard according to the intended application, environmental and climatic conditions, bearing in mind the purpose of this determination, such as: energy consumption; design of heating and cooling equipment; surface temperature determination; compliance with national building regulations; consideration of non-steady state thermal conditions in buildings. SIST EN 1745:2012
EN 1745:2012 (E) 6
Figure 1 — Determination of thermal properties of masonry units and masonry
SIST EN 1745:2012
EN 1745:2012 (E) 7 1 Scope This European Standard specifies procedures for the determination of thermal properties of masonry and masonry products. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 772-4, Methods of test for masonry units — Part 4: Determination of real and bulk density and of total and open porosity for natural stone masonry units EN 772-13, Methods of test for masonry units — Part 13: Determination of net and gross dry density of masonry units (except for natural stone) EN 1015-10, Methods of test for mortar for masonry — Part 10: Determination of dry bulk density of hardened mortar EN 1934, Thermal performance of buildings — Determination of thermal resistance by hot box method using heat flow meter — Masonry EN 1936, Natural stone test methods — Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity EN 12664, Thermal performances of building materials and products — Determination of thermal resistance by means of guarded hot plate and heat flow meter methods — Dry and moist products of medium and low thermal resistance EN ISO 6946:2007, Building components and building elements — Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance — Calculation method (ISO 6946:2007) EN ISO 7345:1995, Thermal insulation — Physical quantities and definitions (ISO 7345:1987) EN ISO 10211, Thermal bridges in building construction — Heat flows and surface temperatures — Detailed calculations (ISO 10211) EN ISO 10456, Building materials and products — Hydrothermal properties — Tabulated design values and procedures for determining declared and design thermal values (ISO 10456) 3 Terms, definitions and symbols For the purposes of this document, the following terms, definitions and symbols and those given in
EN ISO 7345:1995 apply. 3.1 Terms and definitions 3.1.1 masonry assemblage of masonry units laid in a specified pattern and joined together with masonry mortar SIST EN 1745:2012
EN 1745:2012 (E) 8 3.1.2 masonry product masonry units, masonry mortars, rendering and plastering mortars 3.1.3 solid masonry unit masonry unit containing no perforations except external indentations such as grip holes, grooves, etc. 3.1.4 masonry unit with formed voids masonry unit with a system of intentionally formed voids 3.1.5 composite masonry unit masonry unit incorporating one or more layers of additional material to enhance performance 3.1.6 thermal value common term for either the thermal conductivity [W/(m·K)] or the thermal resistance [m2·K/W] 3.1.7 dry state state after drying under conditions stated in the relevant standards 3.1.8 dry thermal value value of a thermal property of a building material or product in a dry state determined according to this European Standard as a basis for the calculation of design thermal values Note 1 to entry: The dry thermal value can be expressed as thermal conductivity or thermal resistance. 3.1.9 design thermal value value of a thermal property of a building material or product under specific external and internal conditions which can be considered as typical of the performance of that material or product when incorporated in a building component or building 3.1.10 masonry thermal conductivity value which is derived by dividing the thickness of a given masonry element by its thermal resistance excluding surface resistance 3.1.11 reference conditions set of conditions identifying a state of equilibrium selected as the base to which the thermal values of building materials and products are referred 3.1.12 equivalent thermal conductivity value derived by dividing the width of a masonry unit with formed voids or a composite masonry unit or masonry by its thermal resistance excluding surface resistance SIST EN 1745:2012
EN 1745:2012 (E) 9 3.2 Symbols The order of the indices for thermal values is temperature, condition and subject Symbol Quantity Unitλ10,dry,mat thermal conductivity at an average temperature of 10 °C in dry state for the material W/(mK) λ10,dry,mas thermal conductivity at an average temperature of 10 °C in dry state for the masonry W/(mK) λ10,dry,mor thermal conductivity at an average temperature of 10 °C in dry state for the mortar W/(mK) λ10,dry,unit thermal conductivity at an average temperature of 10 °C in dry state for the unit. For solid units the λ10,dry, unit
is the same as λ10,dry, mat
and for units with formed voids and composite units the λ10,dry, unit
is the equivalent thermal conductivity. W/(mK) λdesign,mas design thermal conductivity for the masonry W/(mK) λdesign,mor design thermal conductivity for the mortar W/(mK) λdesign,unit design thermal conductivity for the unit W/(mK)
λi individual measured or calculated
thermal conductivity W/(mK) Ri individual measured thermal resistance m2K/W Rdry,mas thermal resistance of masonry m2K/W Rdesign,mas design thermal resistance of masonry m2K/W Rsi, Rse internal and external surface resistance m2K/W Rt,mas the true thermal resistance of the masonry m2K/W amor percentage area of mortar joint in the measured masonry % aunit percentage area of units in the measured masonry % d thickness of the masonry m T temperature K µ water vapour diffusion coefficient
cp specific heat capacity J/(kg·K) l length of a masonry unit mm w width of a masonry unit mm hunit height of a masonry unit mm SIST EN 1745:2012
EN 1745:2012 (E) 10 hmor thickness of a mortar joint mm Fm moisture conversion factor
fu moisture conversion coefficient by mass kg/kg fψ moisture conversion coefficient by volume m3/m3 u moisture content mass by mass kg/kg ψ moisture content volume by volume m3/m3 U10,dry,mas thermal transmittance of the masonry in dry state
W/(m2K) Umas thermal transmittance of the masonry W/(m2K) Umor thermal transmittance of the mortar W/(m2K) Uunit thermal transmittance of the units W/(m2K) P fractile of population % g,dry gross dry density kg/m3 n,dry net dry density kg/m3 v percentage of voids %
3.3 Subscripts 10
average test temperature of 10 °C dry
state after drying under conventional conditions as stated in the relevant standards mas
masonry mat
material mor
mortar unit
masonry unit
SIST EN 1745:2012
EN 1745:2012 (E) 11 4 Procedures to determine λλλλ10,dry, unit-values for solid masonry units and λλλλ10,dry,mor-values for mortars 4.1 General λ10,dry,unit-values for solid masonry units and λ10,dry,mor-values for mortars are identical to the λ10,dry,mat-values. The λ10,dry,mat-values of solid masonry units and of mortars can be determined from tests carried out on samples of the material or from tables or graphs which relate λ10,dry,mat to density or from determining the thermal transmittance (Umas) of masonry built from masonry units and mortar. In all cases the λ10,dry,mat-value is to be representative of the material. 4.2 λλλλ10,dry, mat-values for solid masonry units and mortars 4.2.1 Model S1. Determination of λλλλ10,dry,unit-values from tabulated λλλλ10,dry,mat /net dry density relation Tabulated λ10,dry,mat-values for different materials used for masonry products are given in Annex A, differentiated by material and dry density. This annex also contains values for the water vapour diffusion coefficient, the specific heat capacity and the moisture conversion coefficient. These tabulated values are valid for materials where there is factory production control of the net dry density but no directly measured λ-values. λ10,dry,mat - values are given as 50 % and 90 % fractiles (P). 4.2.2 Model S2. Determination of λλλλ10,dry,unit-values based on λλλλ10,dry,mat /net dry density curve 4.2.2.1 General To determine a λ10,dry,mat-value from a λ10,dry,mat
/net dry density relationship the following procedure shall be used: 4.2.2.2 Test specimens Test specimens shall be in accordance with the requirements of EN 12664. Care should be taken that the test specimens are representative of the masonry product itself. NOTE An appropriate way to ensure this is to cut specimens from masonry units. 4.2.2.3 Conditioning of specimens Normally masonry materials are tested in a dry condition. It is also possible to carry out tests in a moist condition (e.g. conditioned to constant mass in an environment of (23 ± 2) °C and 50 % ± 5 % relative humidity), in which case the measured value has to be converted to the dry state following one of the procedures given in Clause 6. 4.2.2.4 Test measurement The reference test method is given in EN 12664. The test shall be carried out at a mean temperature of 10 °C. Alternative test methods, which may require different test specimens and different conditioning methods, may be used, if the correlation between the reference test method and the alternative method can be given. SIST EN 1745:2012
EN 1745:2012 (E) 12 4.2.2.5 Establishing a product related λλλλ10,dry,mat /net dry density-curve Three items of information are necessary for this determination procedure: 1) the tabulated λ10,dry,mat
/net dry density-correlation for the given material (see Annex A); 2) the product net dry density range, which can be derived either from the production history or from the net dry density tolerances which are given in the relevant product standards; 3) at least three individual test measurements of the net dry density and λi , on material which is representative for the current material produced. The measurements of net dry density and λ shall be carried out on the same specimens. The three tests have to be carried out on specimens from different production batches to represent the manufactured product net dry density range. These three measurements are used to determine the distance of the individual λ10,dry,mat /net dry density-curve, for a defined production, from the tabulated λ10,dry,mat /net dry density curve. Determine the measured λi-value as prescribed in 4.2.2.1 to 4.2.2.3 and calculate the arithmetic mean value of the 3 λi -results. Measure the net dry density of each of the three samples following the procedure prescribed in EN 772-4 or EN 772-13 or EN 1015-10 and calculate the arithmetic mean value of the 3 results. Then use the following procedure. Through the point A representing mean thermal conductivity and mean net dry density draw a λ/net dry density-curve parallel to the general λ10,dry,mat /net dry density-curve obtained from plotting the tabulated λ- and net dry density-values for the product (material) given in Annex A. Derive the mean λ-value of the product from the average net dry density. Derive the upper and lower limit values as the values that represent 90 % and 10 % of the manufactured product under consideration density range with a confidence level of 90 % according to EN ISO 10456. Use the product related λ10,dry, mat /net dry density-curve to determine the λ10,dry,mat-value related to the mean net dry density the manufacturer is confident to achieve. Express the λ10,dry,unit-values for solid masonry units or the λ10,dry mor-values for mortars as the mean λ10,dry mat-value together with the difference between the limit and the mean value. Figure 2 shows this process in the form of a graph. SIST EN 1745:2012
EN 1745:2012 (E) 13
Key 1 λ,10,dry,mat (W/mK) 2 upper limit λ value 3 mean λ value 4 lower limit λ value 5 curve resulting from tabulated values (Annex A) 6 parallel curve drawn through point A (mean of the single values a, b, c) 7 10 % of production of the product under consideration 8 mean net dry density 9 90 % of production of the product under consideration 10 product density range 11 net dry density (kg/m3) Figure 2 — Derivation of the material λλλλ10,dry,mat-value NOTE For factory production control purposes thermal conductivity may be controlled from the net dry density of the material, see Annex E. 4.2.3 Model S3. Procedures to determine λλλλ10,dry,unit-values from determining the thermal transmittance (Umas) of masonry built from solid masonry units and mortar To determine a λ10,dry unit-values from test measurements of the thermal transmittance of masonry built from masonry units and mortars, the procedure in 5.3.3 shall be used. SIST EN 1745:2012
EN 1745:2012 (E) 14 4.3 Test methods and numbers of samples to be taken for the different models In the following table test methods and numbers of samples to be taken for the different models is given. Table 1 — Test methods and minimum numbers of specimens within the test Test methods Minimum numbers of specimens Model S1: Material density, EN 772-13 or EN 1936 (natural stone units) Model S2: Material density, EN 772-13, EN 1015-10 or EN 1936 (natural stone units) Thermal conductivity, EN 12664 Model S3: Gross dry density, EN 772-13, EN 1015-10 or EN 1936 (natural stone units) Thermal transmittance, EN 1934
6
3 3
3 × 6 3
5 Procedures to determine equivalent λλλλ10,dry,unit-values for masonry units with formed voids and composite masonry units 5.1 General The thermal properties of masonry units with formed voids cannot fully be determined by the
λ10,dry,mat-value of the material, there is also a high influence from the shape and the geometry of the voids in the unit. The thermal conductivity of the materials can be derived from tables or measurements. The λ10,dry,unit-values of masonry units with formed voids can be determined: from tables; from calculations; from test measurements carried out on masonry samples. The λ10,dry,unit-values of composite masonry units can be determined: from calculations; from measurements carried out on masonry samples. SIST EN 1745:2012
EN 1745:2012 (E) 15 5.2 Calculation methods There are several different numerical methods in use (e.g. Finite Difference, Finite Element) for the calculation of the thermal properties of masonry units with formed voids or composite masonry units. The thermal conductivities of the materials and the configuration of the units are necessary input parameters for such calculations. The requirements for appropriate calculation programs (accuracy, boundary conditions, etc.) are given in Annex D. The method described in EN ISO 6946 may also be used. 5.3 λλλλ10,dry,unit-values of masonry units 5.3.1 Determination of λλλλ10,dry,unit-values from tabulated λλλλunit /λλλλmat relation 5.3.1.1 General λ10,dry,unit-values used for masonry units with different void patterns are given in Annex B. Annex C provides an example of how to use Annex B. No tabulated values for composite masonry units are given in Annex B. NOTE The types of units shown and the pattern of voids are intended as examples of units typically found on the market. They are not intended to cover every size and type of unit or void pattern produced. 5.3.1.2 Application of Annex B Examples for λ10,dry,unit-values of masonry units with formed voids given in Annex B, are differentiated by: material; geometry of the units and geometry of formed voids; λ-value of the material of the masonry units; Linear interpolation may be used for material conductivities between the values given in the tables in Annex B. 5.3.1.3 Model P1. The determination of the λλλλ10,dry,unit-value using Annex B using measured thermal conductivity of the masonry unit material To determine a λ10,dry,unit-value from using Annex B using measured thermal conductivity of the masonry unit material, the following procedure shall be used: Select the table relevant for the actual units. Express the λ10,dry,unit-value as the value given in the relevant table for the λ10,dry,mat-value the manufacturer is confident to achieve. The λ10,dry,mat-value is a measured thermal conductivity of the masonry unit material as specified in 4.2.2. 5.3.1.4 Model P2. The determination of the λλλλ10,dry,unit-value using Annex B using tabulated value from Annex A To determine a λ10,dry,unit-value from using Annex B using tabulated value from Annex A, the following procedure shall be used: SIST EN 1745:2012
EN 1745:2012 (E) 16 Select the table relevant for the actual units. Express the λ10,dry, unit-value as the value given in the relevant table for the λ10,dry,mat-value the manufacturer is confident to achieve. The λ10,dry,mat-value is a tabulated value from Annex A. 5.3.2 Determination of λλλλ10,dry,unit-values based on calculation 5.3.2.1 General To determine a λ10,dry,unit-value for a masonry unit by calculation methods following 5.2, the following procedure shall be used: Based on: the geometry of the units; the geometry of formed voids; the λ10,dry,mat-value; the orientation of the unit in use a numerical model of the
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