SIST EN ISO 19152-4:2025

Geographic information - Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) - Part 4: Valuation information (ISO 19152-4:2025)

This document:
a)       builds on the models established in ISO 19152-1 and ISO 19152-2 to cover the valuation aspect of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM);
b)       provides an abstract conceptual model covering:
1)       values (assessed values, valuation procedures, mass valuation);
2)       transaction prices;
3)       sales statistics;
4)       valuation units (parcel (legal space parcel), building, condominium unit, valuation unit group).
c)        provides terminology for the valuation component of land administration/georegulation, based on various national and international systems, that is as simple as possible in order to be useful in practice. The terminology allows a shared description of different formal or informal practices and procedures in various jurisdictions;
d)       specifies a content model independent of encoding that can be employed as a basis for local, national and regional profiles for valuation processes; and
e)       enables the combining of valuation information from different sources in a coherent manner.
NOTE            This document does not interfere with national property valuation-related regulations with potential legal implications.

Geoinformationen - Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) - Teil 4: Informationen zur Bewertung (ISO 19152-4:2025)

Information géographique - Modèle du domaine de l'administration des terres (LADM) - Partie 4: Informations d'évaluation (ISO 19152-4:2025)

Le présent document:
a)       s'appuie sur les modèles établis dans l'ISO 19152-1 et l'ISO 19152-2 pour couvrir l'aspect relatif à l'évaluation du modèle du domaine de l'administration des terres (LADM);
b)       fournit un modèle conceptuel abstrait couvrant:
1)       les valeurs (valeurs évaluées, procédures d'évaluation, évaluation de masse);
2)       les prix de transaction;
3)       les statistiques des ventes;
4)       les unités d'évaluation (parcelle (parcelle d'espace juridique), bâtiment, unité de copropriété, groupe d'unités d'évaluation);
c)        propose une terminologie pour le composant d'évaluation de l'administration des terres et de la géoréglementation, fondée sur divers systèmes nationaux et internationaux, aussi simple que possible afin d'être utile dans la pratique. La terminologie permet d'obtenir une description commune de différentes pratiques et procédures, officielles ou non, dans diverses juridictions;
d)       spécifie un modèle de contenu indépendant de l’encodage, qui peut être utilisé comme base pour les profils locaux, nationaux et régionaux des processus d'évaluation; et
e)       permet la combinaison cohérente des informations d'évaluation issues de différentes sources.
NOTE            Le présent document n'interfère pas avec les réglementations nationales relatives à l'évaluation d'une propriété susceptibles d'avoir des implications juridiques.

Geografske informacije - Model domene za zemljiško administracijo (LADM) - 4. del: Informacije o vrednotenju (ISO 19152-4:2025)

Ta dokument: a)      temelji na modelih, določenih v standardih ISO 19152-1 in ISO 19152-2, in zajema vidik vrednotenja modela domene za zemljiško administracijo (LADM); b)      podaja abstrakten konceptualni model, ki zajema: 1)      vrednosti (ocenjene vrednosti, postopki vrednotenja, množično vrednotenje); 2)      transakcijske cene; 3)      statistiko prodaje; 4)      enote vrednotenja (parcela (pravna prostorska parcela), stavba, del stavbe v etažni lastnini, skupina enot vrednotenja). c)      zagotavlja terminologijo za komponento vrednotenja zemljiške administracije/georegulacije, ki temelji na različnih nacionalnih in mednarodnih sistemih ter je zaradi uporabnosti v praksi čim bolj preprosta. Terminologija omogoča skupen opis številnih uradnih in neuradnih praks ter postopkov v okviru različnih pravnih pristojnosti; d)      določa vsebinski model, neodvisen od kodiranja, ki ga je mogoče uporabiti kot osnovo za lokalne, nacionalne in regionalne profile v postopkih vrednotenja; ter e)      omogoča skladno združevanje informacij o vrednotenju iz različnih virov. OPOMBA:            Ta dokument ne posega v nacionalne predpise o vrednotenju nepremičnin, kar bi lahko imelo pravne posledice.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 25-Jul-2024
• Publication Date: 20-Aug-2025
• ICS: 07.040 - Astronomy. Geodesy. Geography
• ICS: 35.240.70 - IT applications in science
• Technical Committee: GIG - Geographic information
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-Aug-2025
• Due Date: 06-Oct-2025
• Completion Date: 21-Aug-2025
• Ref Project: EN ISO 19152-4:2025 - Geographic information - Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) - Part 4: Valuation information (ISO 19152-4:2025)

Relations

• Replaces: SIST EN ISO 19152:2013 - Geographic information - Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) (ISO 19152:2012)
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2025

Overview

EN ISO 19152-4:2025 - Geographic information - Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) - Part 4: Valuation information specifies an abstract, conceptual model for property valuation as part of the LADM family. Published by CEN/ISO in 2025, this standard extends ISO 19152-1 and ISO 19152-2 to define a consistent, encoding-independent content model, shared terminology and structures for representing property valuation, transaction prices and sales statistics across jurisdictions. It is intended to support integration and exchange of valuation data while not overriding national valuation laws.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Conceptual valuation model: Defines classes and associations for valuation workflows, including versioning (VersionedObject), valuation units and groups, spatial units, buildings and condominium units.
• Valuation objects: Covers assessed values, valuation procedures, mass appraisal, transaction prices and sales statistics.
• Valuation units: Supports multiple unit types - legal space parcels, buildings, condominium units and valuation unit groups - enabling precise identification of what is valued.
• Terminology and code lists: Provides standardized, simplified vocabulary to map diverse national and international valuation practices into a shared schema.
• Encoding independence: A content model designed to be used as a basis for local, national or regional profiles and for different data encodings (XML, GML, JSON, etc.).
• Interoperability & data fusion: Enables combining valuation information from different sources coherently (cadastre, land registry, planning, building/dwelling registries).
• Conformance and testability: Includes conformance classes and an abstract test suite (annexes) to support implementation verification.
• Informative annexes: Guidance on 3D profiles, country profiles, instance cases, international valuation standards and property measurement links.

Practical applications and users

This standard is practical for organizations and professionals who need standardized valuation information integrated with geospatial and land administration systems:

• Cadastral and land registry agencies - to link valuation data with property identifiers and spatial units.
• Tax authorities and mass appraisal teams - for consistent property tax assessment and mass valuation workflows.
• Valuers and appraisal firms - to exchange valuation records and transaction price data.
• Municipal planning and public authorities - for compensation, expropriation, value capture and land readjustment.
• GIS/IT vendors and system integrators - to build interoperable valuation modules and national profiles.
• Banks, insurers and real estate analysts - for standardized access to sales statistics and transaction price datasets.

Related standards

• ISO 19152 (LADM) base parts: ISO 19152-1, ISO 19152-2 (models it builds upon).
• ISO 19152-5 (related profile/specification work) and other international valuation guidance referenced in the standard’s annexes.
• EN ISO 19152-4:2025 supersedes the earlier ISO 19152:2012 edition and is endorsed by CEN for national adoption.

By standardizing valuation terminology, units and data structures, EN ISO 19152-4:2025 supports interoperable land administration, fair property taxation and reliable property market analytics across jurisdictions.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2025
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 19152:2013
Geografske informacije - Model domene za zemljiško administracijo (LADM) - 4.
del: Informacije o vrednotenju (ISO 19152-4:2025)
Geographic information - Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) - Part 4: Valuation
information (ISO 19152-4:2025)
Geoinformationen - Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) - Teil 4: Informationen
zur Bewertung (ISO 19152-4:2025)
Information géographique - Modèle du domaine de l'administration des terres (LADM) -
Partie 4: Informations d'évaluation (ISO 19152-4:2025)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 19152-4:2025
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 19152-4
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
July 2025
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 35.240.70 Supersedes EN ISO 19152:2012
English Version
Geographic information - Land Administration Domain
Model (LADM) - Part 4: Valuation information (ISO 19152-
4:2025)
Information géographique - Modèle du domaine de Geoinformationen - Land Administration Domain
l'administration des terres (LADM) - Partie 4: Model (LADM) - Teil 4: Informationen zur Bewertung
Informations d'évaluation (ISO 19152-4:2025) (ISO 19152-4:2025)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 June 2025.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2025 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 19152-4:2025 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 19152-4:2025) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211
"Geographic information/Geomatics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 287
“Geographic Information” the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2026, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by January 2026.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 19152:2012.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 19152-4:2025 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 19152-4:2025 without any
modification.
International
Standard
ISO 19152-4
First edition
Geographic information — Land
2025-07
Administration Domain Model
(LADM) —
Part 4:
Valuation information
Information géographique — Modèle du domaine de
l'administration des terres (LADM) —
Partie 4: Informations d'évaluation
Reference number
ISO 19152-4:2025(en) © ISO 2025

ISO 19152-4:2025(en)
© ISO 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 19152-4:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 2
3.1 Terms and definitions .2
3.2 Abbreviated terms .5
4 Conformance . 5
4.1 Conformance requirements and testing .5
4.2 Conformance class.6
4.2.1 General .6
4.2.2 Dependencies .6
5 Notation . 6
6 Overview of LADM valuation information . 7
6.1 General requirements of the conceptual LADM valuation information .7
6.2 LADM valuation information .7
6.3 Conceptual overview.8
7 Content of classes of the LADM valuation information and their associations .10
7.1 General .10
7.2 VersionedObject and LADM valuation information .11
7.3 Classes of LADM valuation information. 12
7.3.1 General . 12
7.3.2 VM_ValuationUnit . 13
7.3.3 VM_ValuationUnitGroup . 13
7.3.4 VM_SpatialUnit . 15
7.3.5 VM_Building .16
7.3.6 VM_CondominiumUnit .16
7.3.7 VM_Valuation .17
7.3.8 VM_MassAppraisal .18
7.3.9 VM_TransactionPrice .18
7.3.10 VM_SalesStatistic . .18
7.3.11 VM_ValuationSource . 20
7.3.12 Data types for valuation information package .21
7.4 LADM valuation information package and ISO 19152-5 .24
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .25
Annex B (informative) 3D profiles for spatial analysis .27
Annex C (informative) Instance level cases .30
Annex D (informative) International valuation standards, guidelines and LADM.32
Annex E (informative) Valuation of unregistered land .33
Annex F (informative) Code lists .36
Annex G (informative) Country profiles .44
Annex H (informative) International property measurement standards and LADM valuation
information package. 51
Bibliography .52

iii
ISO 19152-4:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics, in
collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 287,
Geographic Information, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN
(Vienna Agreement).
This edition of ISO 19152-4, together with all other parts of the ISO 19152 series, cancels and replaces the
first edition (ISO 19152:2012), which has been technically revised. This document is a new part to the
ISO 19152 series.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19152 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
ISO 19152-4:2025(en)
Introduction
Property valuation is the process of estimating the value of a property at a particular moment in time. It
is performed by public and private sector actors for several land administration (LA) processes, such as
property taxation, compensation on expropriation, land readjustment, land consolidation, public value
capture, insurance assessment, real estate financing and property transactions.
Appropriate systems are required for fair and timely valuation of tenure rights in order to promote broader
social, economic, environmental and sustainable development objectives. One of the key components of an
effective valuation system is access to information on the nature and extent of property units, together with
the location and physical characteristics; uniform and accurate valuation of property units requires correct,
complete and up-to-date property data. Therefore, property valuation systems require the establishment of
links between multiple public registries that keep and maintain information about property units, such as
cadastre, land registry, planning and permitting registries, and building and dwelling registries.
The fundamental elements underpinning immovable property valuation are public registries, which
accommodate regular data maintenance and updating of property characteristics, ownership details, and
transaction information. It is important for valuation processes to ensure that property units and rights
have been unambiguously identified. This is supported by the land administration systems, including
cadastre and land registry. ISO 19152:2012 provided a descriptive conceptual model with a reference for
land administration systems. However, it focused on legal, geometric, and administrative aspects of land
administration. The “semantics of value” component of LA was considered to be out of the scope.
This document defines property valuation system-related information in the context of LA and as an
extension of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM; see ISO 19152-1 and ISO 19152-2). This
document is a conceptual model and not a data product specification (in the sense of ISO 19131).
The first goal of this document is to enable involved parties, both within one country and between different
countries, to communicate based on the shared vocabulary implied by the model. This document is not
intended to replace existing property valuation systems but rather to provide formal language for describing
them so that their similarities and differences can be better understood.
The second goal is to provide an extensible basis for the development and refinement of efficient and effective
property valuation systems based on a model-driven architecture (MDA). This document is designed to
represent all stages of administrative property valuation, namely identification of properties, assessment
of properties through single or mass appraisal procedures, recording transaction prices, generation and
representation of sales statistics, and dealing with appeals. This document can provide public bodies with a
common basis for the development of local or national information models, or both, and databases, enabling
the integration of valuation databases with land administration databases. It can also act as a guide for the
private sector. This document is designed especially for representing and refining administrative valuations
(e.g. immovable property taxation, compensation on expropriation, land readjustment, land consolidation,
and public value capture). However, it can be also used for other purposes.
This document is relevant for creating standardized information services in a local, national or regional
context, where valuation domain semantics have to be shared between organizations or countries in order
to enable necessary translations. Four considerations during the design of the model were:
— that it will cover the common aspects shared by objects created by the value component of land
[48]
administration all over the world;
— that it will be based on the conceptual framework of "Cadastre 2014" of the International Federation of
[36]
Surveyors (FIG);
— that it will be as simple as possible in order to be useful in practice;
— that the geospatial aspects will follow the ISO/TC 211 conceptual model and that the valuation aspects
will follow international property valuation standards, e.g. International Valuation Standards of
International Standards Council and Technical Standards of the International Association of Assessing
Officers (IAAO).
v
ISO 19152-4:2025(en)
Conformance in relation to this document is specified in Clause 4, and a conformance test is specified in
Annex A. Clause 5 provides the notation. Clause 6 gives a global overview of classes used in this document.
Clause 7 introduces the classes, attributes, and associations in detail. Annex B presents an extension of the
model (i.e. profiles) for representing 2D and 3D spatial analysis conducted for property valuation processes.
A set of informative examples using instance-level diagrams is available in Annex C. Annex D gives an
overview about the relationships between this document and international property valuation standards
and guidelines. Annex E details an approach for the valuation of unregistered land. Annex F presents code
lists as a basis to describe flexible enumeration. A set of country profiles is presented in Annex G. Annex H
presents an overview of how the International Property Measurement Standards (IPMS) can be used within
the context of this document.
vi
International Standard ISO 19152-4:2025(en)
Geographic information — Land Administration Domain
Model (LADM) —
Part 4:
Valuation information
1 Scope
This document:
a) builds on the models established in ISO 19152-1 and ISO 19152-2 to cover the valuation aspect of the
Land Administration Domain Model (LADM);
b) provides an abstract conceptual model covering:
1) values (assessed values, valuation procedures, mass valuation);
2) transaction prices;
3) sales statistics;
4) valuation units (parcel (legal space parcel), building, condominium unit, valuation unit group).
c) provides terminology for the valuation component of land administration/georegulation, based on
various national and international systems, that is as simple as possible in order to be useful in practice.
The terminology allows a shared description of different formal or informal practices and procedures in
various jurisdictions;
d) specifies a content model independent of encoding that can be employed as a basis for local, national and
regional profiles for valuation processes; and
e) enables the combining of valuation information from different sources in a coherent manner.
NOTE This document does not interfere with national property valuation-related regulations with potential legal
implications.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 4217, Codes for the representation of currencies
ISO 19103, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language
ISO 19105, Geographic information — Conformance and testing
ISO 19152-1, Geographic information — Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) — Part 1: Generic
conceptual model
ISO 19152-2, Geographic information — Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) — Part 2: Land registration

ISO 19152-4:2025(en)
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 19152-1, ISO 19152-2 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1.1
appraisal
process of estimating the value of property
Note 1 to entry: ISO 19152-1 describes BAUnit as a synonym of a basic property unit, i.e. property.
3.1.2
accessory part
privately owned building part, generally attached to one or more condominium unit
EXAMPLE A garage in the basement and a shop on the ground floor are examples of an accessory part.
Note 1 to entry: Adapted from OGC LandInfra 2016, 7.11.
3.1.3
assessed value
monetary worth of property
Note 1 to entry: The assessed value of a property is generally used for tax purposes. On the other hand, the value
of a property can be assessed for other purposes such as compensation on expropriation, land readjustment, land
consolidation, public value capture, insurance assessment, etc.
3.1.4
building
construction works that have the provision of shelter for its occupants or contents as one of its main
purposes, usually partially or totally enclosed and designed to stand permanently in one place
Note 1 to entry: Buildings are constructions above and/or underground that are intended or used for the shelter of
humans, animals, things, the production of economic goods, or the delivery of services, and that refer to any structure
permanently constructed or erected on the site.
Note 2 to entry: Buildings can be used for dwelling (e.g. detached and semi-detached), industrial, retail or other
purposes. A condominium building contains condominium units established according to condominium schemes. A
whole building or a part of a building can be subject to a valuation. A building can be considered a complementary part
of the parcel(s) and can be valued separately from the parcels on which they are located. A building can represent a
condominium building, which consists of:
a) condominium units (e.g. apartments, offices);
b) accessory parts assigned for exclusive use (e.g. garages, storage areas);
c) joint facilities covering parcel, structural components (e.g. foundations, roofs), accession areas (e.g. entrance
halls, spaces), and other remaining areas of buildings (e.g. staircases, heating rooms).
[SOURCE: ISO 6707-1:2020, 3.1.13, modified — Note 1 to entry has been replaced; a new Note 2 to entry has
been added.]
ISO 19152-4:2025(en)
3.1.5
condominium unit
one or more privately used building parts together with commonly used joint facilitates in a building
Note 1 to entry: This includes compounds of one or more condominium building elements.
Note 2 to entry: A condominium is concurrent ownership of real property that has been divided into private and
common portions, in which the privately used part is made up of clearly demarcated parts of a building.
Note 3 to entry: Adapted from OGC LandInfra 2016, 4.8.6.
3.1.6
cost approach
valuation of property based on estimates of costs
Note 1 to entry: This approach estimates the value of property by:
a) estimating the cost of construction based on replacement or reproduction cost new, or trended historical cost
(often adjusted by a local multiplier);
b) subtracting depreciation; and
c) adding the estimated land value.
3.1.7
income approach
valuation of property on the basis of its income stream
Note 1 to entry: This is a valuation approach that involves any valuation method whereby the capital value is found by
capitalizing or discounting the estimated future income to be derived from the property, whether this income is rent
or whether it is income generated by the business that is carried out on the property.
3.1.8
market value
highest price that a ready, willing and able buyer will pay and the lowest price a seller will accept
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC TR 27016:2014, 3.14]
3.1.9
mass appraisal
process of valuing a group of properties as of a given date, using standard methods, employing
common data, and allowing for statistical testing
[27]
Note 1 to entry: Adapted from Standard on Mass Appraisal of Real Property, IAAO.
3.1.10
sales comparison approach
market approach
comparable sales approach
valuation of property based on estimates of the worth of similar properties
Note 1 to entry: The sales comparison approach uses sales prices as evidence of the value of similar properties. The
price at which a particular property sells is the price determined by the interaction of supply and demand at the time
of sale. If supply or demand factors shift, prices generally rise or fall.
Note 2 to entry: In this approach, sales data of similar properties is employed to estimate the value of a property.
3.1.11
sales statistic
statistical analysis produced through transaction prices for properties meeting required reporting
criteria
Note 1 to entry: Contracts, declarations and mortgage documents can be used in order to produce sales statistics.

ISO 19152-4:2025(en)
Note 2 to entry: Sale statistics are generally produced for a specific period and at a specific administrative/
geographic level.
3.1.12
transaction price
amount of consideration for transferring right(s) on property, excluding amounts collected on
behalf of third parties
Note 1 to entry: The sale price or rental price of a property can be considered as a transaction price. In the case of a
sale/purchase, the type of transaction can be an exchange, family transfer, forced sale, inheritance, open market sale,
voluntary transfer, etc.
3.1.13
valuation
process to estimate the value of any administrative unit/spatial unit
Note 1 to entry: This results in a valuation unit.
Note 2 to entry: The value of a property produced through an administrative valuation process pertains to an amount
that a local or central government has designated for a specific property and specific purpose(s). The legal, geometric,
physical and environmental characteristics of the immovable property, together with the economic indicators, are
taken into consideration during this process.
3.1.14
value
value of a property or a property unit estimated under certain assumptions at a particular
moment of time
EXAMPLE Possible value types can include annual rental value, assessed value, book value, cadastral value,
capital value, commercial value, fair value, market value, tax value, use value, etc.
Note 1 to entry: A property or a property unit can have more than one value.
Note 2 to entry: The value of a property or a property unit, in some cases, can be equal to the assessed value or
market value.
3.1.15
valuation approach
approach used to determine the value of a property
Note 1 to entry: Each valuation approach includes different methods that can be used to apply the principles of the
approach to specific properties or situations. The basic approaches are cost, income and sales comparison.
3.1.16
valuation source
sources used or produced in the valuation process
EXAMPLE Possible valuation source types can include transaction declaration documents, valuation reports, etc.
3.1.17
valuation unit
smallest unit that is subject to the property valuation process
Note 1 to entry: The object of the valuation can be:
a) only a land parcel,
b) only a building,
c) land parcel(s) with/without building(s) together as land property,
d) condominium unit consisting of building part(s) (e.g. condominium main part, condominium accessory part, joint
access facility), and
e) a share in land parcel(s).
ISO 19152-4:2025(en)
Note 2 to entry: For any BAUnit, there can be multiple valuation units, for example, a BAUnit can have different
valuation units for sale or lease.
Note 3 to entry: Valuation unit types can vary by jurisdiction. Moreover, the basic registration unit of cadastral
systems (e.g. a cadastral parcel) can differ from the basic units of valuation systems.
3.1.18
valuation unit group
group of valuation units that share similar characteristics to support mass or individual appraisal
approaches and sales statistics
Note 1 to entry: Valuation units can be grouped according to zones (e.g. administrative divisions, market zones)
that have similar environmental and economic characteristics. Valuation units can also be grouped considering the
functions (e.g. commercial, residential and agricultural).
3.2 Abbreviated terms
BAUnit basic administrative unit
FIG International Federation of Surveyors
GIS geographic information system
GLTN Global Land Tool Network
IAAO International Association of Assessing Officers
INSPIRE infrastructure for spatial information in Europe
IVSC International Valuation Standards Council
LA land administration
LADM Land Administration Domain Model
MDA model-driven architecture
OGC Open Geospatial Consortium
RICS Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
RRR right, restriction, responsibility
STDM Social Tenure Domain Model
TEGoVA The European Group of Valuers' Associations
UML Unified Modeling Language
4 Conformance
4.1 Conformance requirements and testing
Conformance to this document consists of alignment with the requirements established in Clause 6 and
Clause 7. The abstract test suite given in Annex A specifies the methodology which shall be used for testing
conformance to these requirements. The conformance class, requirement classes, requirements, and
abstract test suites are constructed according to ISO 19105.

ISO 19152-4:2025(en)
4.2 Conformance class
4.2.1 General
In this document, one conformance class is defined. The related tests are provided in the abstract test suite
in Annex A. Requirements are explicitly marked, and a requirement identifier is assigned. The name and
contact information of the maintenance agency for this document can be found at https:// www .iso .org/
maintenance _agencies.
The contents of the conformance class, as specified in this document, are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 — Content conformance class
Conformance class https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19152/ -4/ 1/ conf/ valuation
Standardization target type Valuation information registration and dissemination system.
Dependency https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19152/ -1/ 1/ (Generic conceptual model)
Dependency https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19152/ -2/ 1/ (Land registration)
Dependency https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19103/ -/ 1/ (Conceptual schema language)
Dependency https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19105/ -/ 2/ (Conformance and testing)
Dependency https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19107/ -/ 2/ (Spatial schema)
Dependency https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19109/ -/ 2/ ( Rules for application schema)
Requirement class https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19152/ -4/ 1/ req/ valuation (see 6.1)
Test All tests in Clause A.2.
4.2.2 Dependencies
The dependency to ISO 19152-1 and ISO 19152-2 means that an effective land administration system for
valuation information compatible with this document shall be modelled using or extending the core LADM
concepts (i.e. ISO 19152-1 and ISO 19152-2), namely party, RRR, BAUnit, spatial unit and versioned object,
which are all based on source documents.
This dependency also implicitly implies the modelling of the effective land administration system for
valuation information in accordance with ISO standards, including ISO 19103, ISO 19107, ISO 19109 and
ISO 4217.
5 Notation
The conceptual schema specified in this document is described using the Unified Modeling Language (UML),
following the guidance of ISO 19103.
Several model elements used in this schema are defined in other ISO geographic information International
Standards. By convention, within some ISO/TC 211 documents, names of UML classes, with the exception
of basic data type classes, include a two-letter prefix that identifies the document and the UML package
in which the class is defined. This provides a global unique name for the class. UML classes defined in this
document have the two-letter prefix of VM. Table 2 lists the prefixes used for some of the other parts of the
ISO 19152 series.
Table 2 — Sources of internally defined UML classes
Prefix Document Part
LA 19152-1 Generic conceptual model
LA 19152-2 Land registration
VM 19152-4 Valuation information
SP 19152-5 Spatial plan information

ISO 19152-4:2025(en)
6 Overview of LADM valuation information
6.1 General requirements of the conceptual LADM valuation information
The generic model specified in this document as a product is a conceptual schema. This is a high-level model
that is created through extending ISO 19152-1 and ISO 19152-2.
Table 3 lists the requirements defined in this document.
Table 3 — List of requirements
Requirement class https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19152/ -4/ 1/ req/ valuation
Standardization Valuation information registration and dissemination system
target type
Dependency https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19152/ -1/ 1/ (Generic conceptual model)
Dependency https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19152/ -2/ 1/ (Land registration)
Dependency https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19103/ -/ 1/ (Conceptual schema language)
Dependency https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19105/ -/ 2/ (Conformance and testing)
Dependency https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19107/ -/ 2/ (Spatial schema)
Dependency https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19109/ -/ 2/ ( Rules for application schema)
Requirement 1 https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19152/ -4/ 1/ req/ valuation/ i nformation management
Requirement 2 https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19152/ -4/ 1/ req/ valuation/ li nkedpublic registries
Requirement 3 https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19152/ -4/ 1/ req/ valuation/ valua tionunitre gistration
Requirement 4 https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19152/ -4/ 1/ req/ valuation/ valuationprocedure
Requirement 5 https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19152/ -4/ 1/ req/ valuation/ transactio npricesand statistics
Requirement 6 https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19152/ -4/ 1/ req/ valuation/ val uationsour cedocument
Requirement 7 https:// standards .isotc211 .org/ 19152/ -4/ 1/ req/ valuation/ valuedissemination
6.2 LADM valuation information
This document is organized into a set of packages. The relationship between ISO 19152-1 and ISO 19152-2
represents the core LADM content; see Figure 1.

ISO 19152-4:2025(en)
Figure 1 — Relationships between the LADM valuation information package (in this document) and
packages of the core LADM (ISO 19152-1 and ISO 19152-2)
The complete model may be implemented through a distributed set of (geo-related) information systems
(e.g. valuation information management system, sale price register and sale statistics), each supporting data
maintenance activities and the provision of elements of the model. The model may also be implemented
by one or more maintenance organizations operating at local, regional or national levels. This underlines
the relevance of the model: different organizations have their own responsibilities in data maintenance and
supply but can communicate on the basis of standardized administrative and technical update processes.
6.3 Conceptual overview
This document defines the high-level structure for the LADM valuation information. Figure 2 shows ten
basic classes of the LADM valuation information package.

ISO 19152-4:2025(en)
Figure 2 — Basic classes of the LADM valuation information package
Valuation units, as instances of VM_ValuationUnit, are the basic recording units of valuation registries,
realized by an aggregation relationship of VM_ValuationUnit onto itself; see Figure 2. The object of the
valuation may be:
a) only a land parcel,
b) only a building,
c) land parcel(s) with or without building(s) together as land property,
d) a condominium unit consisting of building part(s) (e.g. condominium main part, condominium accessory
part, joint access facility) and a share in land parcel(s).
Valuation unit groups, as instances of class VM_ValuationUnitGroup, are realized by an aggregation
relationship of VM_ValuationUnitGroup onto itself; see Figure 2. A valuation unit group may consist of other
valuation unit groups. Valuation units may be grouped according to zones (e.g. administrative divisions,
market zones) that have similar environmental and economic characteristics or according to the functions
of valuation units (e.g. commercial, residential, agricultural).
Class VM_SpatialUnit represents land parcel(s) (e.g. cadastral parcel, subparcel, sub-spatial unit) that are
subject to valuation.
VM_Building, with buildings as instances, includes the building characteristics required in valuation
processes (e.g. date of construction, energy performance, use type). A building may be considered as a
complementary part of the parcel(s) (VM_SpatialUnit) but may be valued separately from the parcels on
which they are located. A building may represent a condominium building, which consists of
a) condominium units (e.g. apartments, shops);
b) accessory parts assigned for exclusive use (e.g. garages, storage areas);
c) joint facilities covering parcel, structural components (e.g. foundations, roofs), accession areas (e.g.
entrance halls, spaces), and other remaining areas of buildings (e.g. staircases, heating rooms).
Condominium units, as instances of class VM_CondominiumUnit, are each for the exclusive use of an individual
condominium owner and share a condominium building with at least one or more condominium units.
VM_Valuation, with valuation information as instances, specifies output data produced within valuation
processes. It concerns the date of valuation, value
...