SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019

Additive manufacturing - Design - Part 1: Laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)

This standard aims to give design and production engineers a working basis which enables them to have informed consideration about the use of Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Metals. This standard describes the features of Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Metals and provides detailed design recommendations. Some of the fundamental principles can also be applied to other AM processes, provided that due considerations are given to the process-specific features. The purpose of this standard is to help practitioners explore the benefits of Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Metals and recognising the process-related limitations when designing parts.
The document also provides a state of the art review of design guidelines associated with the use of Powder Bed Fusion by bringing together relevant knowledge about this process and to extend the scope of ISO/ASTM 52910 “Standard Guide for Design for Additive Manufacturing.

Additive Fertigung - Technische Konstruktionsrichtlinie für Pulverbettfusion - Teil 1: Laserbasierte Pulverbettfusion von Metallen (ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)

Dieses Dokument legt die Merkmale der laserbasierten Pulverbettfusion von Metallen (PBF LB/M) fest und bietet detaillierte Konstruktionsempfehlungen.
Einige der grundlegenden Prinzipien gelten auch für andere additive Fertigungsverfahren (AM Verfahren), vorausgesetzt, dass die prozessspezifischen Merkmale berücksichtigt werden.
Dieses Dokument bietet eine Übersicht von Konstruktionsleitfäden auf dem Stand der Technik im Zusammen¬hang mit pulverbettbasiertem Schmelzen (PBF), indem relevantes Wissen zu diesem Verfahren zusammengeführt und der Anwendungsbereich von ISO/ASTM 52910 erweitert wird.

Fabrication additive - Conception - Partie 1: Fusion laser sur lit de poudre métallique (ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)

Le présent document spécifie les caractéristiques de la fusion laser sur lit de poudre métallique (PBF-LB/M) et fournit des recommandations de conception détaillées.
Certains des principes fondamentaux sont également applicables à d'autres procédés de fabrication additive (FA), sous réserve que les caractéristiques spécifiques à un procédé soient dûment prises en compte.
Le présent document fournit également un État de l'Art des lignes directrices de conception associées à l'utilisation d'une fusion sur lit de poudre (PBF), en compilant des connaissances pertinentes sur ce procédé et en élargissant le domaine d'application de l'ISO/ASTM 52910.

Aditivna proizvodnja - Konstruiranje - 1. del: Selektivno lasersko pretaljevanje kovinskega prahu (ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)

Namen tega standarda je zagotoviti inženirjem za načrtovanje in proizvodnjo delovno podlago, ki jim omogoča sprejemanje utemeljenih odločitev glede uporabe laserske fuzije kovinskih prahastih plasti. Ta standard opisuje značilnosti laserske fuzije kovinskih prahastih plasti in podaja podrobna priporočila za načrtovanje. Nekatera temeljna načela je mogoče uporabiti tudi pri drugih procesih aditivne proizvodnje, pod pogojem, da se upošteva značilnosti procesa. Namen tega standarda je izvajalcem pomagati raziskati prednosti laserske fuzije kovinskih prahastih plasti ter prepoznati omejitve, povezane s procesi, pri načrtovanju delov.
Dokument ponuja tudi najsodobnejši pregled smernic za načrtovanje, povezanih z uporabo fuzije prahastih plasti, ki združujejo ustrezno znanje o tem procesu in razširjajo področje uporabe standarda ISO/ASTM 52910, »Standardnega vodila za načrtovanje aditivne proizvodnje«.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 05-Feb-2018
• Publication Date: 08-Oct-2019
• ICS: 25.030 - Additive manufacturing
• Technical Committee: VAR - Welding
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 04-Oct-2019
• Due Date: 09-Dec-2019
• Completion Date: 09-Oct-2019
• Ref Project: EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019 - Additive manufacturing - Design - Part 1: Laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019
01-december-2019
Aditivna proizvodnja - Konstruiranje - 1. del: Selektivno lasersko pretaljevanje
kovinskega prahu (ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)
Additive manufacturing - Design - Part 1: Laser-based powder bed fusion of metals
(ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)
Additive Fertigung - Technische Konstruktionsrichtlinie für Pulverbettfusion - Teil 1:
Laserbasierte Pulverbettfusion von Metallen (ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)
Fabrication additive - Conception - Partie 1: Fusion laser sur lit de poudre métallique
(ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019
ICS:
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019


EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

September 2019
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 25.030
English Version

Additive manufacturing - Design - Part 1: Laser-based
powder bed fusion of metals (ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)
Fabrication additive - Conception - Partie 1: Fusion Additive Fertigung - Konstruktion - Teil 1:
laser sur lit de poudre métallique (ISO/ASTM 52911- Laserbasierte Pulverbettfusion von Metallen
1:2019) (ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 July 2019.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2019 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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Contents Page
European foreword . 3

2

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EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261
"Additive manufacturing" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 438 “Additive
Manufacturing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2020, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by March 2020.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019
without any modification.


3

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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019
INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 52911-1
First edition
2019-07
Additive manufacturing — Design —
Part 1:
Laser-based powder bed fusion of
metals
Fabrication additive — Conception —
Partie 1: Fusion laser sur lit de poudre métallique
Reference number
ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019(E)
©
ISO/ASTM International 2019

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COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/ASTM International 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may be
reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Phone: [phone] Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail] Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org Website: www.astm.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2019 – All rights reserved

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Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
4.1 Symbols . 2
4.2 Abbreviated terms . 3
5 Characteristics of powder bed fusion (PBF) processes . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Size of the parts . 4
5.3 Benefits to be considered in regard to the PBF process . 4
5.4 Limitations to be considered in regard to the PBF process . 5
5.5 Economic and time efficiency . 5
5.6 Feature constraints (islands, overhang, stair-step effect) . 6
5.6.1 General. 6
5.6.2 Islands . 6
5.6.3 Overhang . 6
5.6.4 Stair-step effect . 6
5.7 Dimensional, form and positional accuracy . 7
5.8 Data quality, resolution, representation . 7
6 Design guidelines for laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) .8
6.1 General . 8
6.1.1 Selecting PBF-LB/M . 8
6.1.2 Design and test cycles . 8
6.2 Material and structural characteristics . 8
6.3 Support structures . 9
6.4 Build orientation, positioning and arrangement .11
6.4.1 General.11
6.4.2 Powder spreading .11
6.4.3 Support structures design .12
6.4.4 Curl effect .13
6.5 Anisotropy of the material characteristics.14
6.6 Surface roughness .14
6.7 Post-production finishing .14
6.7.1 General.14
6.7.2 Surface finishing .15
6.7.3 Removal of powder residue .15
6.7.4 Removal of support structures .15
6.7.5 Adjusting geometric tolerances .15
6.7.6 Heat treatment.15
6.8 Design considerations.16
6.8.1 General.16
6.8.2 Cavities .16
6.8.3 Gaps .16
6.8.4 Wall thicknesses .16
6.8.5 Holes and channels .17
6.8.6 Integrated markings .17
6.9 Example applications .17
6.9.1 General.17
6.9.2 Integral design (provided by CETIM — Technical Centre for Mechanical
Industry) .17
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6.9.3 Gear wheel design (provided by Fraunhofer IGCV) .19
6.9.4 Impossible crossing (provided by TNO — The Netherlands Organisation
for applied scientific research) .20
Annex A (informative) Materials for PBF-LB/M .22
Bibliography .23
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in
cooperation with ASTM F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a partnership
agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM
standards on additive manufacturing.
A list of all parts in the ISO 52911 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
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Introduction
Laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) describes an additive manufacturing (AM)
process and offers an additional manufacturing option alongside established processes. PBF-LB/M has
the potential to reduce manufacturing time and costs, and increase part functionality. Practitioners
are aware of the strengths and weaknesses of conventional, long-established manufacturing processes,
such as cutting, joining and shaping processes (e.g. by machining, welding or injection moulding), and
of giving them appropriate consideration at the design stage and when selecting the manufacturing
process. In the case of PBF-LB/M and AM in general, design and manufacturing engineers only have
a limited pool of experience. Without the limitations associated with conventional processes, the
use of PBF-LB/M offers designers and manufacturers a high degree of freedom and this requires an
understanding about the possibilities and limitations of the process.
The ISO 52911 series provides guidance for different powder bed fusion (PBF) technologies. It is
1)
intended that the series will include this document on PBF-LB/M, ISO 52911-2 on laser-based powder
2)
bed fusion of polymers (PBF-LB/P), and ISO 52911-3 on electron beam powder bed fusion of metals
(PBF-EB/M). Each document in the series shares Clauses 1 to 5, where general information including
terminology and the PBF process is provided. The subsequent clauses focus on the specific technology.
This document is based on VDI 3405-3:2015. It provides support to technology users, such as design
and production engineers, when designing parts that need to be manufactured by means of PBF-LB/M.
It will help practitioners to explore the benefits of PBF-LB/M and to recognize the process-related
limitations when designing parts. It also builds on ISO/ASTM 52910 to extend the requirements,
guidelines and recommendations for AM design to include the PBF process.
1) Under preparation.
2) Under preparation.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019(E)
Additive manufacturing — Design —
Part 1:
Laser-based powder bed fusion of metals
1 Scope
This document specifies the features of laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) and
provides detailed design recommendations.
Some of the fundamental principles are also applicable to other additive manufacturing (AM) processes,
provided that due consideration is given to process-specific features.
This document also provides a state of the art review of design guidelines associated with the use of
powder bed fusion (PBF) by bringing together relevant knowledge about this process and by extending
the scope of ISO/ASTM 52910.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/ASTM 52900, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Fundamentals and vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/ASTM 52900 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
curl effect
thermal and residual stress effect
dimensional distortion as the printed part cools and solidifies after
being built or by poorly evacuated heat input
3.2
downskin area
D

(sub-)area where the normal vector n projection on the z-axis is negative
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
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3.3
downskin angle
δ
angle between the plane of the build platform and the downskin area (3.2) where the value lies between
0° (parallel to the build platform) and 90° (perpendicular to the build platform)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.4
upskin area
U

(sub-)area where the normal vector n projection on the z-axis is positive
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.5
upskin angle
υ
angle between the plane of the build platform and the upskin area (3.4) where the value lies between 0°
(parallel to the build platform) and 90° (perpendicular to the build platform)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Key
δ downskin angle

normal vector
n
D downskin (left) area
U upskin (right) area
υ upskin angle
SOURCE VDI 3405-3:2015.
Figure 1 — Orientation of the part surfaces relating to the build platform
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Symbols
The symbols given in Table 1 are used in this document.
2 © ISO/ASTM International 2019 – All rights reserved

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Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Designation Unit
a overhang mm
2
D downskin area mm
2
I island mm

normal vector —
n
R mean roughness µm
a
R average surface roughness µm
z
2
U upskin area mm
δ downskin angle °
υ upskin angle °
4.2 Abbreviated terms
The following abbreviated terms are used in this document.
AM additive manufacturing
AMF additive manufacturing file format
CT computed tomography
DICOM digital imaging and communications in medicine
HIP hot isostatic pressing
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
PBF powder bed fusion
PBF-EB/M electron beam powder bed fusion of metals
PBF-LB laser-based powder bed fusion
PBF-LB/M laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (also known as, for example, laser beam melting,
selective laser melting)
PBF-LB/P laser-based powder bed fusion of polymers (also known as, for example, laser beam
melting, selective laser melting)
STL stereolithography format or surface tessellation language
5 Characteristics of powder bed fusion (PBF) processes
5.1 General
Consideration shall be given to the specific characteristics of the manufacturing process used in order
to optimize the design of a part. Examples of the features of AM processes which need to be taken into
consideration during the design and process planning stages are listed in 5.2 to 5.8. With regards to
metal processing, a distinction can be made between, for example, laser-based PBF (applied for metals
and polymers) and electron beam-based PBF (applied for metals only).
Polymers PBF uses, in almost every case, low-power lasers to sinter polymer powders together. As with
polymer powders PBF, metals PBF includes varying processing techniques. Unlike polymers, metals
PBF often requires the addition of support structures (see 6.4.3). Metals PBF processes may use low-
© ISO/ASTM International 2019 – All rights reserved 3

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power lasers to bind powder particles by only melting the surface of the powder particles or high-power
(approximately 200 W to 1 kW) beams to fully melt and fuse the powder particles together.
Electron beam-based melting and laser-based melting have similar capabilities, although the beam
energy transferred from the electron beam to the metal is of a higher intensity and the process
most commonly operates at higher temperatures than the laser counterpart, therefore typically also
supporting faster build rates at lower resolutions. In general, since the powder bed is preheated and
kept close to the melting temperature during the building operation, electron beam processes subject
parts to less thermal induced stresses and have faster build rates, but the trade-off often comes with
much longer times needed for the build chamber to cool down after the build cycle has been completed,
and in general larger minimum feature sizes and greater surface roughness than laser melting.
5.2 Size of the parts
The size of the parts is not only limited by the working area/working volume of the PBF-machine. Also,
the occurrence of cracks and deformation due to residual stresses can limit the maximum part size.
Another important practical factor that can limit the maximum part size is the cost of production having
a direct relation to the size and volume of the part. Cost of production can be minimized by choosing
part location and build orientation in a way that allows nesting of as many parts as possible. The cost of
the volume of powder required to fill the bed should be considered. Powder reuse rules impact this cost
significantly. If no reuse is allowed then all powder is scrapped regardless of volume solidified.
5.3 Benefits to be considered in regard to the PBF process
PBF processes can be advantageous for manufacturing parts where the following points are relevant.
— Integration of multiple functions in the same part.
— Parts can be manufactured to near-net shape (i.e. close to the finished shape and size).
— Degrees of design freedom for parts are typically high. Limitations of conventional manufacturing
processes do not usually exist, e.g. for:
— tool accessibility, and
— undercuts.
— A wide range of complex geometries can be produced, such as:
— free-form geometries, e.g. organic structures,
— topologically optimized structures, in order to reduce mass and optimize mechanical
properties, and
— infill structures, e.g. honeycomb.
— The degree of part complexity is largely unrelated to production costs, unlike most conventional
manufacturing.
— Assembly and joining processes can be reduced through part consolidation, potentially achieving
en bloc construction.
— Overall part characteristics can be selectively configured by adjusting process parameters locally.
— Reduction in lead times from design to part production.
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5.4 Limitations to be conside
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019
01-december-2019
Aditivna proizvodnja - Načrtovanje - 1. del: Laserska fuzija kovinskih prahastih
plasti (ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)
Additive manufacturing - Design - Part 1: Laser-based powder bed fusion of metals
(ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)
Additive Fertigung - Technische Konstruktionsrichtlinie für Pulverbettfusion - Teil 1:
Laserbasierte Pulverbettfusion von Metallen (ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)
Fabrication additive - Conception - Partie 1: Fusion laser sur lit de poudre métallique
(ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019
ICS:
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019


EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

September 2019
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 25.030
English Version

Additive manufacturing - Design - Part 1: Laser-based
powder bed fusion of metals (ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)
Fabrication additive - Conception - Partie 1: Fusion Additive Fertigung - Konstruktion - Teil 1:
laser sur lit de poudre métallique (ISO/ASTM 52911- Laserbasierte Pulverbettfusion von Metallen
1:2019) (ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 July 2019.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2019 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3

2

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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019
EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261
"Additive manufacturing" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 438 “Additive
Manufacturing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2020, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by March 2020.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019
without any modification.


3

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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019
INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 52911-1
First edition
2019-07
Additive manufacturing — Design —
Part 1:
Laser-based powder bed fusion of
metals
Fabrication additive — Conception —
Partie 1: Fusion laser sur lit de poudre métallique
Reference number
ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019(E)
©
ISO/ASTM International 2019

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ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/ASTM International 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may be
reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Phone: [phone] Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail] Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org Website: www.astm.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2019 – All rights reserved

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ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
4.1 Symbols . 2
4.2 Abbreviated terms . 3
5 Characteristics of powder bed fusion (PBF) processes . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Size of the parts . 4
5.3 Benefits to be considered in regard to the PBF process . 4
5.4 Limitations to be considered in regard to the PBF process . 5
5.5 Economic and time efficiency . 5
5.6 Feature constraints (islands, overhang, stair-step effect) . 6
5.6.1 General. 6
5.6.2 Islands . 6
5.6.3 Overhang . 6
5.6.4 Stair-step effect . 6
5.7 Dimensional, form and positional accuracy . 7
5.8 Data quality, resolution, representation . 7
6 Design guidelines for laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) .8
6.1 General . 8
6.1.1 Selecting PBF-LB/M . 8
6.1.2 Design and test cycles . 8
6.2 Material and structural characteristics . 8
6.3 Support structures . 9
6.4 Build orientation, positioning and arrangement .11
6.4.1 General.11
6.4.2 Powder spreading .11
6.4.3 Support structures design .12
6.4.4 Curl effect .13
6.5 Anisotropy of the material characteristics.14
6.6 Surface roughness .14
6.7 Post-production finishing .14
6.7.1 General.14
6.7.2 Surface finishing .15
6.7.3 Removal of powder residue .15
6.7.4 Removal of support structures .15
6.7.5 Adjusting geometric tolerances .15
6.7.6 Heat treatment.15
6.8 Design considerations.16
6.8.1 General.16
6.8.2 Cavities .16
6.8.3 Gaps .16
6.8.4 Wall thicknesses .16
6.8.5 Holes and channels .17
6.8.6 Integrated markings .17
6.9 Example applications .17
6.9.1 General.17
6.9.2 Integral design (provided by CETIM — Technical Centre for Mechanical
Industry) .17
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6.9.3 Gear wheel design (provided by Fraunhofer IGCV) .19
6.9.4 Impossible crossing (provided by TNO — The Netherlands Organisation
for applied scientific research) .20
Annex A (informative) Materials for PBF-LB/M .22
Bibliography .23
iv © ISO/ASTM International 2019 – All rights reserved

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in
cooperation with ASTM F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a partnership
agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM
standards on additive manufacturing.
A list of all parts in the ISO 52911 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
© ISO/ASTM International 2019 – All rights reserved v

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Introduction
Laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) describes an additive manufacturing (AM)
process and offers an additional manufacturing option alongside established processes. PBF-LB/M has
the potential to reduce manufacturing time and costs, and increase part functionality. Practitioners
are aware of the strengths and weaknesses of conventional, long-established manufacturing processes,
such as cutting, joining and shaping processes (e.g. by machining, welding or injection moulding), and
of giving them appropriate consideration at the design stage and when selecting the manufacturing
process. In the case of PBF-LB/M and AM in general, design and manufacturing engineers only have
a limited pool of experience. Without the limitations associated with conventional processes, the
use of PBF-LB/M offers designers and manufacturers a high degree of freedom and this requires an
understanding about the possibilities and limitations of the process.
The ISO 52911 series provides guidance for different powder bed fusion (PBF) technologies. It is
1)
intended that the series will include this document on PBF-LB/M, ISO 52911-2 on laser-based powder
2)
bed fusion of polymers (PBF-LB/P), and ISO 52911-3 on electron beam powder bed fusion of metals
(PBF-EB/M). Each document in the series shares Clauses 1 to 5, where general information including
terminology and the PBF process is provided. The subsequent clauses focus on the specific technology.
This document is based on VDI 3405-3:2015. It provides support to technology users, such as design
and production engineers, when designing parts that need to be manufactured by means of PBF-LB/M.
It will help practitioners to explore the benefits of PBF-LB/M and to recognize the process-related
limitations when designing parts. It also builds on ISO/ASTM 52910 to extend the requirements,
guidelines and recommendations for AM design to include the PBF process.
1) Under preparation.
2) Under preparation.
vi © ISO/ASTM International 2019 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019(E)
Additive manufacturing — Design —
Part 1:
Laser-based powder bed fusion of metals
1 Scope
This document specifies the features of laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) and
provides detailed design recommendations.
Some of the fundamental principles are also applicable to other additive manufacturing (AM) processes,
provided that due consideration is given to process-specific features.
This document also provides a state of the art review of design guidelines associated with the use of
powder bed fusion (PBF) by bringing together relevant knowledge about this process and by extending
the scope of ISO/ASTM 52910.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/ASTM 52900, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Fundamentals and vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/ASTM 52900 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
curl effect
thermal and residual stress effect
dimensional distortion as the printed part cools and solidifies after
being built or by poorly evacuated heat input
3.2
downskin area
D

(sub-)area where the normal vector n projection on the z-axis is negative
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
© ISO/ASTM International 2019 – All rights reserved 1

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ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019(E)

3.3
downskin angle
δ
angle between the plane of the build platform and the downskin area (3.2) where the value lies between
0° (parallel to the build platform) and 90° (perpendicular to the build platform)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.4
upskin area
U

(sub-)area where the normal vector n projection on the z-axis is positive
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.5
upskin angle
υ
angle between the plane of the build platform and the upskin area (3.4) where the value lies between 0°
(parallel to the build platform) and 90° (perpendicular to the build platform)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Key
δ downskin angle

normal vector
n
D downskin (left) area
U upskin (right) area
υ upskin angle
SOURCE VDI 3405-3:2015.
Figure 1 — Orientation of the part surfaces relating to the build platform
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Symbols
The symbols given in Table 1 are used in this document.
2 © ISO/ASTM International 2019 – All rights reserved

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Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Designation Unit
a overhang mm
2
D downskin area mm
2
I island mm

normal vector —
n
R mean roughness µm
a
R average surface roughness µm
z
2
U upskin area mm
δ downskin angle °
υ upskin angle °
4.2 Abbreviated terms
The following abbreviated terms are used in this document.
AM additive manufacturing
AMF additive manufacturing file format
CT computed tomography
DICOM digital imaging and communications in medicine
HIP hot isostatic pressing
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
PBF powder bed fusion
PBF-EB/M electron beam powder bed fusion of metals
PBF-LB laser-based powder bed fusion
PBF-LB/M laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (also known as, for example, laser beam melting,
selective laser melting)
PBF-LB/P laser-based powder bed fusion of polymers (also known as, for example, laser beam
melting, selective laser melting)
STL stereolithography format or surface tessellation language
5 Characteristics of powder bed fusion (PBF) processes
5.1 General
Consideration shall be given to the specific characteristics of the manufacturing process used in order
to optimize the design of a part. Examples of the features of AM processes which need to be taken into
consideration during the design and process planning stages are listed in 5.2 to 5.8. With regards to
metal processing, a distinction can be made between, for example, laser-based PBF (applied for metals
and polymers) and electron beam-based PBF (applied for metals only).
Polymers PBF uses, in almost every case, low-power lasers to sinter polymer powders together. As with
polymer powders PBF, metals PBF includes varying processing techniques. Unlike polymers, metals
PBF often requires the addition of support structures (see 6.4.3). Metals PBF processes may use low-
© ISO/ASTM International 2019 – All rights reserved 3

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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019
ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019(E)

power lasers to bind powder particles by only melting the surface of the powder particles or high-power
(approximately 200 W to 1 kW) beams to fully melt and fuse the powder particles together.
Electron beam-based melting and laser-based melting have similar capabilities, although the beam
energy transferred from the electron beam to the metal is of a higher intensity and the process
most commonly operates at higher temperatures than the laser counterpart, therefore typically also
supporting faster build rates at lower resolutions. In general, since the powder bed is preheated and
kept close to the melting temperature during the building operation, electron beam processes subject
parts to less thermal induced stresses and have faster build rates, but the trade-off often comes with
much longer times needed for the build chamber to cool down after the build cycle has been completed,
and in general larger minimum feature sizes and greater surface roughness than laser melting.
5.2 Size of the parts
The size of the parts is not only limited by the working area/working volume of the PBF-machine. Also,
the occurrence of cracks and deformation due to residual stresses can limit the maximum part size.
Another important practical factor that can limit the maximum part size is the cost of production having
a direct relation to the size and volume of the part. Cost of production can be minimized by choosing
part location and build orientation in a way that allows nesting of as many parts as possible. The cost of
the volume of powder required to fill the bed should be considered. Powder reuse rules impact this cost
significantly. If no reuse is allowed then all powder is scrapped regardless of volume solidified.
5.3 Benefits to be considered in regard to the PBF process
PBF processes can be advantageous for manufacturing parts where the following points are relevant.
— Integration of multiple functions in the same part.
— Parts can be manufactured to near-net shape (i.e. close to the finished shape and size).
— Degrees of design freedom for parts are typically high. Limitations of conventional manufacturing
processes do not usually exist, e.g. for:
— tool accessibility, and
— undercuts.
— A wide range of complex geometries can be produced, such as:
— free-form geometries, e.g. organic structures,
— topologically optimized structures, in order to reduce mass and optimize mechanical
properties, and
— infill structures, e.g. honeycomb.
— The degree of part complexity is largely unrelated to production costs, unlike most conventional
manufacturing.
— Assembly and joining processes can be reduced through part consolidation, potentially achieving
en bloc construction.
— Overall part characteristics can be selectively configured by adjusting process parameters locally.
— Reduction in lead times from design to part production.
4 © ISO/ASTM International 2019 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019
ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2019(E)

5.4 Limitations to be considered in reg
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2018
01-februar-2018
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Additive manufacturing - Technical Design Guideline for Powder Bed Fusion - Part 1:
Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of metals (ISO/ASTM DIS 52911-1:2017)
Additive Fertigung - Technische Konstruktionsrichtlinie für Pulverbettfusion - Teil 1:
Laserbasierte Pulverbettfusion von Metallen (ISO/ASTM DIS 52911-1:2017)
Fabrication additive - Lignes directrices techniques de conception pour la fusion sur lit de
poudre - Partie 2: Fusion laser sur lit de poudre polymère (ISO/ASTM DIS 52911-1:2017)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO/ASTM 52911-1
ICS:
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2018 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2018

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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2018
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/ASTM DIS 52911-1
ISO/TC 261 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2017-11-14 2018-02-06
Additive manufacturing — Technical design guideline for
powder bed fusion —
Part 1:
Laser-based powder bed fusion of metals
Titre manque —
Partie 1: Titre manque
ICS: 25.030
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/ASTM DIS 52911-1:2017(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2017

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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2018
ISO/ASTM DIS 52911-1:2017(E) ISO/DIS 52911-1:2017(E)

Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 3
4.1 Symbols . 3
4.2 Abbreviations . 3
5 Powder Bed Fusion Processes – General Remarks . 4
5.1 General . 4
5.1.1 Size of the Parts . 4
5.2 Typical Advantages of the PBF process . 4
5.3 Typical Disadvantages of the PBF Process . 5
5.4 Economic and Time Efficiency . 5
5.5 Feature Constraints (Islands, Overhang, Stair-st ep effect) . 6
5.5.1 General . 6
5.5.2 Islands . 6
5.5.3 Overha ng . 7
5.5.4 Stair-step Effect . 7
5.6 Dimensional, Form and Positional Accuracy . 7
5.7 Data Quality, Resolution, Representation . 7
6 Design Guidelines for Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Metals (LB-PBF-M) . 8
6.1 General Design Considerations . 8
6.1.1 Selecting LB-PBF-M . 8
6.1.2 Design and Test Cycles . 9
6.2 Material and Structural Characteristics . 9
6.3 Support Structures . 9
6.4 Process Planning for LB-PBF-M: Build Orientation, Positioning and Arrangement. 12
6.4.1 General . 12
6.4.2 Powder Coating . 12
6.4.3 Support Structures . 13
6.4.4 Curl Effect . 14
6.5 Anisotropy of the Material Characteristics . 15
6.6 Surfaces . 15
6.7 Post-production finishing . 15
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
6.7.1 General . 15
6.7.2 Surface Finishing . 15
© ISO/ASTM International 2017, Published in Switzerland
6.7.3 Removal of powder residue . 15
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
6.7.4 Removal of support structures . 16
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
6.7.5 Adjusting geometric tolerances. 16
the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
6.7.6 Heat Treatment . 16
ISO copyright office ASTM International
6.8 Design consideratio ns . 17
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
6.8.1 General . 17
Tel. [phone] Tel. [phone]
6.8.2 Cavities . 17
Fax [phone] Fax [phone]
[e-mail] [e-mail]
www.iso.org www.astm.org
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
iii
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved

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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2018
ISO/DIS 52911-1:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 3
4.1 Symbols . 3
4.2 Abbreviations . 3
5 Powder Bed Fusion Processes – General Remarks . 4
5.1 General . 4
5.1.1 Size of the Parts . 4
5.2 Typical Advantages of the PBF process . 4
5.3 Typical Disadvantages of the PBF Process . 5
5.4 Economic and Time Efficiency . 5
5.5 Feature Constraints (Islands, Overhang, Stair-step effect) . 6
5.5.1 General . 6
5.5.2 Islands . 6
5.5.3 Overhang . 7
5.5.4 Stair-step Effect . 7
5.6 Dimensional, Form and Positional Accuracy . 7
5.7 Data Quality, Resolution, Representation . 7
6 Design Guidelines for Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Metals (LB-PBF-M) . 8
6.1 General Design Considerations . 8
6.1.1 Selecting LB-PBF-M . 8
6.1.2 Design and Test Cycles . 9
6.2 Material and Structural Characteristics . 9
6.3 Support Structures . 9
6.4 Process Planning for LB-PBF-M: Build Orientation, Positioning and Arrangement. 12
6.4.1 General . 12
6.4.2 Powder Coating . 12
6.4.3 Support Structures . 13
6.4.4 Curl Effect . 14
6.5 Anisotropy of the Material Characteristics . 15
6.6 Surfaces . 15
6.7 Post-production finishing . 15
6.7.1 General . 15
6.7.2 Surface Finishing . 15
6.7.3 Removal of powder residue . 15
6.7.4 Removal of support structures . 16
6.7.5 Adjusting geometric tolerances. 16
6.7.6 Heat Treatment . 16
6.8 Design consideratio ns . 17
6.8.1 General . 17
6.8.2 Cavities . 17
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
iii

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ISO/DIS 52911-1:2017(E)
6.8.3 Gaps . 17
6.8.4 Wall thicknesses . 17
6.8.5 Holes and channels . 18
6.9 Examples of Application . 18
6.9.1 General . 18
6.9.2 Integral design (provided by CETIM) . 18
6.9.3 Gear wheel design (provided by Fraunhofer IGCV) . 20
6.9.4 Impossible crossing (provided by TNO) . 21
Annex A (informative) xxx . 23
Bibliography . 24


© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
iv

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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2018
ISO/DIS 52911-1:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national
standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a
technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in
the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all
matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO)
principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL:
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 261. ISO 52911-1 was
prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261, Additive Manufacturing in cooperation with ASTM F42
on the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a
common set of ISO/ASTM standards on Additive Manufacturing.
Under the general title Additive manufacturing — Technical Design Guideline for Powder Bed Fusion
there are more standards under development, for example for Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of
Polymers.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 52911-1 is based on the VDI-Guideline (The Association of German Engineers) VDI 3405 Part 3
Additive Manufacturing processes, rapid manufacturing — Design rules for part production using laser
sintering and Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Metals.
The purpose of this Guideline is to provide support for technology users when designing parts that need
to be manufactured by means of Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Metals. Furthermore, this guideline
aims to extend the ISO/ASTM DIS 52910 Standard Guide for Design for Additive Manufacturing with a
focus on the powder bed fusion process.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2018
ISO/DIS 52911-1:2017(E)
Introduction
Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Metals (LB-PBF-M) describes an Additive Manufacturing (AM)
process and offers an additional manufacturing option alongside established processes. LB-PBF-M has
the potential to reduce manufacturing time and costs, and increase part functionality. Practitioners are
aware of the strengths and weaknesses of conventional, long established manufacturing processes such
as cutting, joining and shaping processes, e.g. by machining, welding or injection moulding, and giving
them appropriate consideration at the design stage and when selecting the manufacturing process. In
the case of LB-PBF-M and AM in general, design and manufacturing engineers only have a limited pool
of experience. Without the limitations associated with conventional processes, the use of LB-PBF-M
offers designers and manufacturers with a high degree of freedom and this requires an understanding
about the possibilities and limitations of the process.
The PBF standards will be deployed as a series of guides for different PBF technologies. As known
today, the series will include Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Metals (LB-PBF-M), Laser-based
Powder Bed Fusion of Polymers (LB-PBF-P), and Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion of Metals (EB-PBF-
M). Each standard in this series will share Sections 1 through 5, where general information about the
standards, the terminology, and the PBF process will be provided. All subsequent sections will focus
specifically on one of the three technologies identified above.

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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52911-1:2018
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 52911-1:2017(E)

Additive manufacturing — Technical Design Guideline for
Powder Bed Fusion — Part 1: Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion
of Metals
1 Scope
This standard aims to give design and production engineers a working basis which enables them to
have informed consideration about the use of Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Metals. This standard
describes the features of Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Metals and provides detailed design
recommendations. Some of the fundamental principles can also be applied to other AM processes,
provided that due considerations are given to the process-specific features. The purpose of this
standard is to help practitioners explore the benefits of Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Metals and
recognising the process-related limitations when designing parts.
The document also provides a state of the art review of design guidelines associated with the use of
Powder Bed Fusion by bringing together relevant knowledge about this process and to extend the scope
of ISO/ASTM DIS 52910.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
VDI 3405 Part 3:2015, Additive Manufacturing processes, rapid manufacturing — Design rules for part
production using laser sintering and laser beam melting
ISO 17296-2:2015, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Part 2: Overview of process
categories and feedstock
ISO 17296-3:2014, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Part 3: Main characteristics and
corresponding test methods
ISO/ASTM DIS 52910, Standard Guide for Design for Additive Manufacturing
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Terminology
ISO/ASTM DIS 52901:2015, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Requirements for purchased
AM parts
ISO/ASTM 52915:2016, Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF) Version 1.2
Also, please monitor if there are new standards available prepared by ISO/TC 261/ASTM F42 Joint
working group 52 on standard test artefacts.
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ISO/DIS 52911-1:2017(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the terms and definitions as per ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 and the
following terms and definitions apply:
3.1
curl effect - thermal and residual stress effects
this refers to aspects of heat-induced warping that is a dimensional distortion as the printed part cools
and solidifies after being built
3.2
downskin area
D
(sub-)area whose normal vector ��� in relation to z-axis is negative (Figure 1)
3.3
downskin angle
δ
the angle between the plane of the build platform and the downskin area whose value lies between 0°
(parallel to the build platform) and 90° (perpendicular to the build platform) (Figure 1)
3.4
upskin area
U
(sub-)area whose normal vector ��� in relation to z-axis is positive (Figure 1)
3.5
upskin angle
u
angle between the build platform plane and an upskin area whose value lies between 0° (parallel to the
build platform) and 90° (perpendicular to the build platform) (Figure 1)

Figure 1 — Upskin (right) and downskin (left) areas U and D, upskin and downskin angles υ and
δ, normal vector ����
[SOURCE: VDI 3405 Part 3:2015]
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ISO/DIS 52911-1:2017(E)
4 Symbols and abbreviations
4.1 Symbols
The following symbols are used throughout this standard, see Table 1:
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Designation Unit
a overhang mm
2
D downskin area mm
2
I island mm
��� normal vector —
Ra mean roughness µm
Rz average surface roughness µm
2
U upskin area
mm
δ downskin angle °
υ upskin angle °

4.2 Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used throughout this standard:
AM Additive Manufacturing
AMF Additive Manufacturing File Format
DICOM Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
P part
CAD Computer Aided Design
CT Computer Tomography
HIP Hot Isostatic Pressing
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
LB-PBF Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion
LB-PBF-M Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Metals (also known as e.g. Laser Beam Melting,
Selective Laser Melting)
LB-PBF-P Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Polymers (also known as e.g. Laser Beam Melting,
Selective Laser Melting)
PBF Powder Bed Fusion
STL STereoLithography format or Surface Tessellation Language
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ISO/DIS 52911-1:2017(E)
5 Powder Bed Fusion Processes – General Remarks
5.1 General
Consideration must be given to the specific characteristics of the manufacturing process used in order
to optimise the design of a part. Examples of the features of Additive Manufacturing processes which
need to be taken into consideration during the design and process planning stages are listed below.
With regards to metal processing, it can be distinguished between for example Laser-based (today
applied for
...