oSIST prEN 12693:2016
(Main)Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Safety and environmental requirements - Positive displacement refrigerant compressors
Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Safety and environmental requirements - Positive displacement refrigerant compressors
This European Standard applies to positive displacement refrigerant compressors for stationary and mobile refrigerating systems and heat pumps defined in 3.1, hereafter called compressors.
It applies for compressors used in commercial and industrial appliances and with electrical energy supply including integral motors, up to 1 000 VAC and 1 500 VDC.
It applies to open drive, semi hermetic and hermetic motor compressors, which contain a positive compression function.
This standard is not applicable to:
- compressors used in household appliance for which EN 60335 2 34 applies;
- compressors using water or air as refrigerant.
This European Standard does not deal with requirements for vibration and noise.
NOTE 1 Compressors for automotive comfort air conditioning systems can be developed according e.g. SAE J 639.
NOTE 2 Noise emission depends on the complete installation of the built-in compressors and the corresponding operating conditions.
For semi-hermetic and open drive compressors which include moving parts and for which the external envelope is primarily designed for mechanical loads, thermal loads (to limit the possible deformation due to temperature), stiffness of the structure (external mechanical loads and weight of the equipment), taking into account established safe industrial practice, it is considered that pressure is not a significant design factor.
Attached parts covering other functions e.g. oil separators, oil coolers, suction accumulators should comply to EN 14276 1 or EN 13445 6 (cast iron) or EN 13445 8 (aluminium) or showing compliance to the relevant European requirements. This applies also to shells for hermetic compressors either welded or with any kind of permanent joint.
Requirements for compressors used in explosive atmospheres are not covered by this standard.
NOTE 3 For further guidance see EN 13463-1.
This European Standard deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to compressors, when they are used as intended and under conditions for misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Clause 4).
This European Standard specifies safety requirements for the design, construction, manufacture and testing, documentation and marking of compressors, including integral accessories, e.g. shut-off valve, if necessary.
The requirements in this standard take account of the intended use, as defined in EN ISO 12100:2010, 3.12.
This standard relates to the compressor itself which is to be incorporated in a refrigerating system.
This standard is not applicable to compressors as defined in the scope which are manufactured before the date of publication as EN.
Kälteanlagen und Wärmepumpen - Sicherheitstechnische und umweltrelevante Anforderungen - Verdrängerverdichter für Kältemittel
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für Verdrängerverdichter für Kältemittel nach der Definition in 3.1, die für ortsfeste und ortsveränderliche Kälteanlagen und Wärmepumpen verwendet und im Folgenden als Verdichter bezeichnet werden.
Sie gilt für Verdichter, die in gewerblichen und industriellen Anlagen eingesetzt werden und zu deren Energieversorgung Integralmotoren mit bis zu 1 000 V Wechselstrom oder 1 500 V Gleichstrom verwendet werden.
Sie gilt für Verdichter mit offenem Antrieb sowie für halbhermetische und hermetische Motorverdichter mit positiver Verdrängungsfunktion.
Diese Norm gilt nicht für:
- Verdichter, die für Geräte für den Hausgebrauch vorgesehen sind, für die EN 60335 23 4 gilt;
- Verdichter, bei denen Wasser oder Luft als Kältemittel dient.
Diese Europäische Norm enthält keine Anforderungen im Hinblick auf Schwingungen und Geräuschemission.
ANMERKUNG 1 Verdichter für die Fahrzeugklimatisierung können z. B. nach SAE J 639 entwickelt werden.
ANMERKUNG 2 Die Geräuschemission ist von der Gesamtanlage des eingebauten Verdichters und den entsprechenden Betriebsbedingungen abhängig.
Bei Verdichtern mit halbhermetischem oder offenem Antrieb, die bewegliche Teile enthalten und bei denen die äußere Hülle unter Berücksichtigung bewährter und sicherer industrieller Verfahrensweisen vor allem im Hinblick auf die Aufnahme mechanischer Lasten, den Widerstand gegen thermische Beanspruchungen (zur Begrenzung der möglichen Verformung durch Temperatureinwirkung) und auf Steifigkeit der Konstruktion (äußere mechanische Lasten und Gewicht der Ausrüstung) ausgelegt ist, wird davon ausgegangen, dass der Druck keinen wesentlichen Faktor für die Auslegung darstellt.
Anbauteile mit anderen Funktionen, wie z. B. Ölabscheider, Ölkühler und Ausgleichsbehälter, sollten EN 14276-1 oder EN 13445-6 (Gusseisen) bzw. EN 13445-8 (Aluminium) entsprechen, oder es muss nachgewiesen werden, dass sie die einschlägigen europäischen Anforderungen erfüllen. Dies gilt auch für die Gehäuse von hermetischen Verdichtern, deren Verbindungen entweder geschweißt oder auf andere Art dauerhaft ausgeführt sind.
Diese Norm enthält keine Anforderungen an Verdichter für den Einsatz in explosionsgefährdeten Atmosphären.
ANMERKUNG 3 Weitere Hinweise hierzu sind EN 13463-1 zu entnehmen.
Diese Europäische Norm behandelt alle signifikanten Gefährdungen sowie alle Gefährdungssituationen und -ereignisse, die beim bestimmungsgemäßen Einsatz von Verdichtern sowie beim falschen Einsatz auftreten können, soweit dieser für den Hersteller mit vertretbarem Aufwand vorhersehbar ist (siehe Abschnitt 4).
Diese Europäische Norm legt sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen für die Auslegung, Konstruktion und Herstellung sowie für die Prüfung, Dokumentation und Kennzeichnung von Verdichtern fest, die gegebenenfalls auch für ihre fest eingebauten Zubehörteile, z. B. das Absperrventil, gelten.
Die Anforderungen dieser Norm berücksichtigen die bestimmungsgemäße Verwendung nach EN ISO 12100:2010, 3.12.
Diese Norm gilt für den in eine Kälteanlage einzubauenden Verdichter selbst.
Diese Norm ist nicht auf Verdichter anwendbar, die den Angaben in diesem Anwendungsbereich entsprechen, aber vor der Veröffentlichung dieses Dokuments als Europäische Norm hergestellt wurden.
Systèmes de réfrigération et pompes à chaleur - Exigences de sécurité et d'environnement - Compresseurs volumétriques pour fluides frigorigènes
La présente Norme européenne s’applique aux compresseurs volumétriques pour fluides frigorigènes pour les systèmes de réfrigération mobiles et fixes et les pompes à chaleur définis en 3.1, ci-après désignés par compresseurs.
Elle s’applique aux compresseurs utilisés dans les applications commerciales et industrielles ainsi qu’aux compresseurs ayant une alimentation électrique y compris moteurs intégrés, jusqu’à 1 000 VAC et 1 500 VDC.
Elle s’applique aux motocompresseurs ouverts, semi-hermétiques et hermétiques ayant une fonction de compression volumétrique.
La présente Norme ne s’applique pas :
- aux compresseurs utilisés dans les appareils domestiques pour lesquels l’EN 60335-2-34 s’applique ;
- aux compresseurs utilisant l’eau ou l’air comme fluide frigorigène.
La présente Norme européenne ne traite pas les exigences relatives aux vibrations et au bruit.
NOTE 1 Les compresseurs pour systèmes de conditionnement d’air de confort automobile peuvent selon par exemple être développés selon SAE J 639.
NOTE 2 L’émission acoustique dépend de l’installation complète des compresseurs intégrés et des conditions d’utilisation correspondantes.
Pour les compresseurs semi-hermétiques et ouverts incluant des parties mobiles et pour lesquels l’enveloppe externe est principalement conçue pour les charges mécaniques, thermiques (pour limiter la possible déformation due à la température), la rigidité de la structure (charges mécaniques externes et poids de l’équipement), prenant en compte la pratique industrielle de sécurité établie, la pression n’est pas considérée comme un critère de conception significatif.
Il convient que les pièces jointes couvrant d’autres fonctions, par exemple un séparateur d’huile, un refroidisseur d’huile, une bouteille anti coup de liquide, soient conformes à l’EN 14276-1, à l’EN 13445-6 (fonte) ou à l’EN 13445-8 (aluminium) ou conformes aux exigences européennes appropriées. Cela s’applique également aux enveloppes des compresseurs hermétiques, qu’elles soient soudées ou qu’elles comportent tout genre de joint permanent.
Les exigences relatives aux compresseurs utilisées dans des atmosphères explosives ne sont pas couvertes par la présente norme.
NOTE 3 Pour plus de conseils, voir l’EN 13463-1.
La présente Norme européenne traite des phénomènes dangereux significatifs, des situations et des événements dangereux appropriés aux compresseurs, lorsqu’ils sont utilisés comme prévu et dans les conditions de mauvaise utilisation qui sont raisonnablement prévisibles par le fabricant (voir Article 4).
La présente Norme européenne spécifie des exigences de sécurité pour la conception, la construction, la fabrication et l’essai, la documentation et le marquage des compresseurs, y compris les accessoires intégrés, tels que les robinets d’arrêt, si nécessaire.
Les exigences de la présente norme prennent en compte l’utilisation envisagée, telle que définie dans l’EN ISO 12100-1:2010, 3.12.
La présente norme porte sur le compresseur lui-même, destiné à être intégré dans un système de réfrigération.
La présente norme ne s’applique pas aux compresseurs comme définis dans le domaine d’application qui sont fabriqués avant la date de publication comme EN.
Hladilni sistemi in toplotne črpalke - Varnostnotehnične in okoljevarstvene zahteve - Kompresorji za hladilne tekočine z iztiskavanjem
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2016
+ODGLOQLVLVWHPLLQWRSORWQHþUSDONH9DUQRVWQRWHKQLþQHLQRNROMHYDUVWYHQH]DKWHYH
.RPSUHVRUML]DKODGLOQHWHNRþLQH]L]WLVNDYDQMHP
Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Safety and environmental requirements -
Positive displacement refrigerant compressors
Kälteanlagen und Wärmepumpen - Sicherheitstechnische und umweltrelevante
Anforderungen - Verdrängerverdichter für Kältemittel
Systèmes de réfrigération et pompes à chaleur - Exigences de sécurité et
d'environnement - Compresseurs volumétriques pour fluides frigorigènes
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 12693
ICS:
23.140 .RPSUHVRUMLLQSQHYPDWLþQL Compressors and pneumatic
VWURML machines
27.080 7RSORWQHþUSDONH Heat pumps
27.200 Hladilna tehnologija Refrigerating technology
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2016
ICS 23.140; 27.080 Will supersede EN 12693:2008
English Version
Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Safety and
environmental requirements - Positive displacement
refrigerant compressors
Systèmes de réfrigération et pompes à chaleur - Kälteanlagen und Wärmepumpen -
Exigences de sécurité et d'environnement - Sicherheitstechnische und umweltrelevante
Compresseurs volumétriques pour fluides frigorigènes Anforderungen - Verdrängerverdichter für Kältemittel
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 182.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 12693:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 9
3.1 Terms and definitions . 9
3.2 Symbols . 10
4 List of significant hazards . 13
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures . 15
5.1 General . 15
5.2 Protection of moving parts . 15
5.3 Safety to prevent loss of stability . 15
5.4 Safety during handling . 15
5.5 Safety to prevent rupture or bursting . 15
5.5.1 General . 15
5.5.2 Pressure requirements . 15
5.5.3 Materials . 16
5.5.4 Sight glasses . 16
5.5.5 Application of pressure relief devices . 16
5.6 Electrical safety . 17
5.6.1 General . 17
5.6.2 Classification . 17
5.6.3 Determination of current ratings . 17
5.6.4 Protection against access to live parts . 17
5.6.5 Connecting devices . 18
5.6.6 Provisions for earthing . 18
5.6.7 Internal wiring . 18
5.6.8 High potential test. 18
5.6.9 Insulating materials . 18
5.6.10 Motor compressors protection devices . 18
5.7 Measures to reduce emissions of substances . 18
6 Verification of safety requirements and/or protective measures . 19
6.1 General . 19
6.2 Type test . 19
6.2.1 General . 19
6.2.2 Strength test . 19
6.2.3 Pressure relief device . 20
6.2.4 Verification of electrical safety . 20
6.2.5 Lifting points . 21
6.3 Individual test . 21
6.3.1 General . 21
6.3.2 Strength test . 21
6.3.3 Test for tightness . 22
6.3.4 Verification of electrical safety . 22
7 Marking, graphical symbols, written warnings . 23
7.1 General . 23
7.2 Marking . 23
7.3 Graphical symbols, written warnings and information . 24
7.3.1 Lifting points . 24
7.3.2 Pressurizing the housing . 24
7.3.3 Lubricant charge . 25
8 Documentation and information for the user . 25
8.1 General . 25
8.2 Instruction handbook . 25
Annex A (informative) Basic design criteria for refrigerant compressors . 26
A.1 General . 26
A.2 Compressor capability against technical performance . 26
A.2.1 Design, dimensioning and manufacturing rules . 26
A.2.2 Choice of material . 26
A.3 Compressor capability against user requirements . 26
A.3.1 Design, dimensioning and manufacturing rules . 26
A.3.2 Choice of material . 27
Annex B (normative) Procedure for the design of a refrigerant compressor . 28
B.1 Guideline for the application of this annex . 28
B.1.1 General . 28
B.1.2 Method of design and field of application (DBF) . 28
B.1.3 Strength values for the design calculation and proof of material properties . 28
B.1.3.1 Strength values for the design calculation . 28
B.1.3.2 Material properties . 28
B.1.3.3 Design calculation of screws and fasteners . 28
B.1.4 Determination of the maximum allowable pressure by a burst test . 29
B.1.5 Documentation . 30
Annex C (normative) Materials . 31
C.1 General . 31
C.1.1 Using metallic materials . 31
C.1.2 Materials for compressor casings and casing parts . 31
C.1.3 Using non-metallic materials . 31
C.1.4 Requirements for welders and welding procedures . 31
C.1.5 Material certificates . 32
Annex D (normative) Determination of the allowable pressure at the maximum operating
temperature . 33
D.1 Guideline for the application of this annex . 33
D.1.1 General . 33
D.1.2 Choice of materials and proof of material properties . 33
D.1.3 Documentation . 33
D.2 Determination of the maximum allowable pressure at higher temperatures . 33
Annex E (normative) Determination of the allowable pressure at minimum operating
temperature (requirements to avoid brittle fracture) . 34
E.1 Guideline for the application of the methods and the choice of materials . 34
E.1.1 General . 34
E.1.2 Requirements of materials and proof of material properties . 34
E.1.3 Documentation . 35
E.2 Determination of the maximum allowable pressure at the minimum operating
temperature . 35
E.3 Determination of the maximum allowable pressure at the minimum operating
temperature on the basis of fracture mechanics theory for steel and cast iron . 35
E.4 Determination of the maximum allowable pressure at the minimum operating
temperature on the basis of an empirical method (min-t -Method; procedure
according to the individual temperature load case) for steel and cast iron . 36
E.4.1 General . 36
E.4.2 Temperature load cases . 36
E.4.3 Lowest application temperatures for the load cases min t , min t and min t . 36
0 100 0 75 0 25
E.4.3.1 Load case min t . 36
0 100
E.4.3.2 Load cases min t and min t . 37
0 75 0 25
E.4.4 Welded joints for material groups 1.1 and 1.2 . 37
E.4.4.1 Conditions for welded joints . 37
E.4.4.2 Heat treatment after welding . 38
E.4.5 Determination of the safety factor . 38
E.5 Determination of fasteners below – 10 °C . 38
Annex F (informative) Compilation of material characteristics of often used materials . 40
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of EU-Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered . 61
Bibliography . 62
European foreword
This document (prEN 12693:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 182
“Refrigerating systems, safety and environmental requirements”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 12693:2008.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC.
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
Introduction
This standard is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events
are covered are indicated in the scope of this standard.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B
standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other
standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C
standard.
1 Scope
This European Standard applies to positive displacement refrigerant compressors for stationary and
mobile refrigerating systems and heat pumps defined in 3.1, hereafter called compressors.
It applies for compressors used in commercial and industrial appliances and with electrical energy
supply including integral motors, up to 1 000 VAC and 1 500 VDC.
It applies to open drive, semi hermetic and hermetic motor compressors, which contain a positive
compression function.
This standard is not applicable to:
— compressors used in household appliance for which EN 60335-2-34 applies;
— compressors using water or air as refrigerant.
This European Standard does not deal with requirements for vibration and noise.
NOTE 1 Compressors for automotive comfort air conditioning systems can be developed according e.g. SAE J
639.
NOTE 2 Noise emission depends on the complete installation of the built-in compressors and the
corresponding operating conditions.
For semi-hermetic and open drive compressors which include moving parts and for which the external
envelope is primarily designed for mechanical loads, thermal loads (to limit the possible deformation
due to temperature), stiffness of the structure (external mechanical loads and weight of the equipment),
taking into account established safe industrial practice, it is considered that pressure is not a significant
design factor.
Attached parts covering other functions e.g. oil separators, oil coolers, suction accumulators should
comply to EN 14276-1 or EN 13445-6 (cast iron) or EN 13445-8 (aluminium) or showing compliance to
the relevant European requirements. This applies also to shells for hermetic compressors either welded
or with any kind of permanent joint.
Requirements for compressors used in explosive atmospheres are not covered by this standard.
NOTE 3 For further guidance see EN 13463–1.
This European Standard deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to
compressors, when they are used as intended and under conditions for misuse which are reasonably
foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Clause 4).
This European Standard specifies safety requirements for the design, construction, manufacture and
testing, documentation and marking of compressors, including integral accessories, e.g. shut-off valve, if
necessary.
The requirements in this standard take account of the intended use, as defined in EN ISO 12100:2010,
3.12.
This standard relates to the compressor itself which is to be incorporated in a refrigerating system.
This standard is not applicable to compressors as defined in the scope which are manufactured before
the date of publication as EN.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 378-1:2008+A2:2012, Refrigerating systems and heat pumps — Safety and environmental
requirements — Part 1: Basic requirements, definitions, classification and selection criteria
EN 378-2:2008+A2:2012, Refrigerating systems and heat pumps — Safety and environmental
requirements — Part 2: Design, construction, testing, marking and documentation
EN 378-3, Refrigerating systems and heat pumps — Safety and environmental requirements — Part 3:
Installation site and personal protection
EN 378-4, Refrigerating systems and heat pumps — Safety and environmental requirements — Part 4:
Operation, maintenance, repair and recovery
EN 837-1, Pressure gauges - Part 1: Bourdon tube pressure gauges - Dimensions, metrology, requirements
and testing
EN 837-3, Pressure gauges - Part 3: Diaphragm and capsule pressure gauges - Dimensions, metrology,
requirements and testing
EN 1515 (all parts), Flanges and their joints — Bolting
EN 1779, Non-destructive testing - Leak testing - Criteria for method and technique selection
EN 10204, Metallic products - Types of inspection documents
EN 12178, Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Liquid level indicating devices - Requirements, testing
and marking
EN 12516-2, Industrial valves - Shell design strength - Part 2: Calculation method for steel valve shells
EN 13136:2013, Refrigerating systems and heat pumps — Pressure relief devices and their associated
piping — Methods for calculation
EN 13445-2:2014, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 2: Materials
EN 13445-3, Unfired pressure vessels - Part 3: Design
EN 20898 (all parts), Mechanical properties of fasteners
EN 60034-1:2010, Rotating electrical machines - Part 1: Rating and performance
EN 60204-1:2006, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 1: General requirements
(IEC 60204-1:2005, modified)
EN 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) (IEC 60529)
EN 60999 (all parts), Connecting Devices — Electrical copper conductors — Safety requirements for srew-
type and screwless-type clamping units
EN 61010-1, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use —
Part 1: General requirements (IEC 61010-1)
EN ISO 148-1, Metallic materials - Charpy pendulum impact test - Part 1: Test method (ISO 148-1)
EN ISO 898 (all parts), Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel
EN ISO 4126-2, Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure - Part 2: Bursting disc safety
devices (ISO 4126-2)
EN ISO 9606-1, Qualification testing of welders - Fusion welding - Part 1: Steels (ISO 9606-1)
EN ISO 9606-2, Qualification test of welders - Fusion welding - Part 2: Aluminium and aluminium alloys
(ISO 9606-2)
EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk
reduction (ISO 12100:2010)
EN ISO 13732-1, Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Methods for the assessment of human
responses to contact with surfaces - Part 1: Hot surfaces (ISO 13732-1)
EN ISO 13857, Safety of machinery - Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper and
lower limbs (ISO 13857)
EN ISO 14120, Safety of machinery - Guards - General requirements for the design and construction of
fixed and movable guards (ISO 14120)
EN ISO 15607, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - General rules
(ISO 15607)
EN ISO 15614-1, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding
procedure test - Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys (ISO
15614-1)
EN ISO 15614-2, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding
procedure test - Part 2: Arc welding of aluminium and its alloys (ISO 15614-2)
CEN ISO/TR 15608, Welding — Guidelines for a metallic material grouping system (ISO/TR 15608)
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 378-1:2008+A2:2012,
EN ISO 12100-1:2010 and the following apply.
Note 1 to entry: All pressures are gauge pressures unless otherwise specified.
3.1.1
positive displacement compressor
compressor in which compression is obtained by changing the internal volume of the compression
chamber
3.1.2
specified maximum allowable pressure
PS
maximum allowable pressure as stated by the compressor manufacturer
3.1.3
specified maximum allowable standstill pressure
PSs
maximum allowable value for the equalisation pressure in the compressor as stated by the compressor
manufacturer
Note 1 to entry: This pressure corresponds to different maximum permissible ambient temperatures for
different refrigerants (see 5.5.2).
Note 2 to entry: PS ≤ PS.
S
3.1.4
compressor overflow device
device specifically intended to protect the compressor against bursting caused by abnormal conditions,
e.g. the discharge valve shut
Note 1 to entry: The device relieves from the high pressure/intermediate side of the compressor to a lower
pressure side.
Note 2 to entry: The device may be a bursting disc or may be a spring loaded overflow valve. Spring loaded
overflow valves can be either back pressure compensating or back pressure dependent type.
3.1.5
Temperature load cases
3.1.5.1
min t
0 100
lowest temperature at which component material can be used at a load of up to 100 % of the allowable
design stress at 20 °C, taking the safety factors according to Table B.2 into account
3.1.5.2
min t
0 75
lowest temperature at which component material can be used, at a load of up to 75 % maximum of the
allowable design stress at 20 °C, taking the safety factors according to Table B.2 into account
3.1.5.3
min t
0 25
lowest temperature at which component material can be used, at a load of up to 25 % maximum of the
allowable design stress at 20 °C, taking the safety factors according to Table B.2 into account
3.1.5.4
fasteners
screws, double end studs, reduced shank bolts, studs and nuts with designation system according to
EN ISO 898 and EN 20898 or EN 1515 (property classes)
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the symbols of Table 1 apply.
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Term Unit
A Elongation after fracture %
KV Impact rupture energy J
KV Threshold value of impact rupture energy, where the impact rupture J
energy is defined as independent of the temperature
t
KV Standard value of impact rupture energy at standard temperature of the J
material
KV Impact rupture energy at minimum operating temperature TS J
TS min. min.
P Burst pressure MPa
burst
min t The lowest temperature according to the European Standards of the
0 100
respective materials at which the compressor can be used at a load of up
to 100 % of the allowable design stress at 20 °C, taking into account the
safety factors
min t The lowest temperature at which the compressor can be used, if its load
0 75
amounts to 75 % maximum of the allowable design stress at 20 °C, taking
into account the safety factors
min t The lowest temperature at which pressure parts can be used, if their load
0 25
amounts to 25 % maximum of the allowable design stress at 20 °C, taking
into account the safety factors
PF Maximum allowable design test pressure MPa
a
PS Maximum allowable pressure in common sense, without regarding any MPa or bar
influence of temperature
a
PS Maximum allowable standstill pressure MPa or bar
S
a
PS Maximum allowable pressure at ambient temperature (− 10 °C to + 50 °C) MPa or bar
according to strength design (without temperature correction)
a
PS Maximum allowable pressure at maximum operating temperature MPa or bar
TS max.
a
PS Maximum allowable pressure at minimum operating temperature MPa or bar
TS min.
R Proof strength, 0,2 % offset at room temperature MPa, N/mm
p 0,2
R Proof strength, 1,0 % offset at room temperature MPa, N/mm
p 1,0
R Proof strength, 0,2 % offset at highest operating temperature MPa, N/mm
p 0,2 TS max.
R Proof strength, 1,0 % offset at highest operating temperature MPa, N/mm
p 1,0 TS max.
R Upper yield strength MPa, N/mm
eH
R Upper yield strength at highest operating temperature MPa, N/mm
eH TS max.
R Tensile strength MPa, N/mm
m
R Tensile strength at highest operating temperature MPa, N/mm
m TS max.
S Safety factor —
con
S Factor taking into consideration the impact strength reduction due to the —
TS min.
minimum operating temperature
Symbol Term Unit
S Factor to allow for the reduction in strength due to the highest operating —
TS max.
temperature
σ Initial design stress MPa, N/mm
con
TS Operating temperature °C
TS Lowest operating temperature °C
min.
TS Highest operating temperature °C
max.
NOTE 1 bar = 0,1 MPa = 100 kPA = 100 000 PA = 14,5 PSI.
a
1 MPa = 10 bar.
4 List of significant hazards
See Table 2.
This clause contains all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events, as far as they are dealt with in this standard, identified by risk
assessment as significant for type of compressors and which requires action to eliminate or reduce the risk. The risk assessment shall be made
according to EN ISO 12100. The compressors shall be manufactured in accordance with the principle listed in EN ISO 12100 to eliminate or reduce
the foreseeable risk.
Table 2 — List of significant hazards, hazardous situations, safety requirements and/or measures
Significant hazard
Safety requirements and/or
Hazardous situation Reference Verification
measures
according to EN ISO 12100
Mechanical
Moving parts Possible injuries to human body Guards 5.2 V
Loss of stability Possible injuries at transport and Fixing points 5.3 V
operation
Lifting points 5.4, 7.3.1 D / V
Lifting points 6.2.5 T
Rupture or bursting Possible injuries from ejected parts or Design criteria 5.5 D
fluid
Strength test 6.2.2, 6.2.3, 6.3.2 T
Tightness test 6.3.3 T
V
Electrical
Contact live parts Possible injuries from electrocution Design criteria 5.6.1, 5.6.2, 5.6.3, 5.6.4, D
5.6.5, 5.6.9
Earthing D
5.6.6
Internal wiring D
5.6.7
High potential test T
5.6.8,6.2.4, 6.3.4
Protection devices V
5.6.10
Electrostatic phenomena Possible injuries from electric shock Earthing 5.6.6 D
Significant hazard
Safety requirements and/or
Hazardous situation Reference Verification
measures
according to EN ISO 12100
Thermal
Contact with hot or cold Possible injuries to the skin Warning 8.2
objects
Materials and substances
Contact or inhaling gasses Possible injuries from aggressive Means and instructions 5.7 V
media at draining
Warning 7.3.2 V
NOTE Verification methods:
V Visual inspection, verifies the required features of the components
T A test or check verifies that the features provided perform their function in such a way that the requirement is met
M Measurement verifies that requirements are met to the specified limits
D Drawing and / or calculations verify that the design characteristics meet the requirements
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures
5.1 General
Compressors shall comply with the safety requirements and/or measures of this clause.
In addition, the compressors shall be designed according to the principles of EN ISO 12100 for relevant
but not significant hazard, which are not dealt with by this standard.
Furthermore, the refrigerating system which the compressor is part of, shall be in accordance with the
requirements of the EN 378 series.
As surface temperatures on a refrigerant compressor and the attached parts and piping depend on
operating conditions and properties of specific refrigerants, protection shall be provided considering
the requirements in EN ISO 13732-1.
5.2 Protection of moving parts
Protection shall be provided for moving parts such as automatic drives, fans or indicators of capacity
controls by fixed guards according to EN ISO 14120. Openings such as slots, holes, etc. shall comply with
EN ISO 13857.
5.3 Safety to prevent loss of stability
Compressors shall be equipped with fixing points to ensure that they shall not tip or fall over during
transport and operation.
5.4 Safety during handling
Compressors above 25 kg weight shall be equipped with lifting points or arrangement to enable safe
lifting, installation and maintenance. Lifting points or arrangements shall be designed for to carry
1,25 times the weight of the compressor allocated to the individual lifting point.
NOTE For design it is sufficient to use a factor 2 against deformation and a factor 3 against fracture correlated
to vertical lifting.
5.5 Safety to prevent rupture or bursting
5.5.1 General
Compressors and associated components shall be designed and manufactured to withstand the
pressure and temperatures which can occur during operation, standstill and transportation taking into
account the thermal, chemical and mechanical stresses to be expected.
The materials shall be selected based upon suitability for the application. The choice of materials and
selection of dimensions shall be based on the need for sufficient strength, rigidity and stability to cope
with dynamic effects. The ability of the compressor to withstand internal pressure shall be
demonstrated by type test (see 6.2) or by individual test (see 6.3).
5.5.2 Pressure requirements
The compressor design pressure for standard applications shall be in accordance with the refrigerant
saturation pressures corresponding to the temperatures given in EN 378-2 or as specified by the
compressor manufacturer.
For refrigerants and applications not covered by EN 378-2, the maximum allowable pressure PS and the
specified maximum allowable standstill pressure PS shall be specified by the manufacturer in the
S
Instructions for use under consideration of the required application ranges. For further requirements,
see 6.2 and 6.3.
5.5.3 Materials
5.5.3.1 General
The materials shall be selected to allow for the thermal, chemical and mechanical stresses expected
during operation, standstill and transportation throughout the foreseeable life of the compressor parts.
Compressor and compressor parts shall comply with the requirements of Annexes B, C, D and E.
NOTE Basic design criteria for refrigerant compressors are described in Annex A.
5.5.3.2 Requirements to avoid brittle fracture
For compressor and compressor parts with reduced ductility at low temperatures below – 10 °C, the
allowable temperature should be reduced according Annex F.
Examples are given in Annex E.
5.5.4 Sight glasses
If sight glasses are used, safety requirements according to EN 12178 shall apply.
5.5.5 Application of pressure relief devices
5.5.5.1 Protection against discharge shut off valve closed
The manufacturer shall protect compressor stages fitted with a shut-off valve between stages and
compressors with a nominal swept volume > 90 m /h (25 l/s) against rupture by incorporating either a
compressor overflow device or an external relief device or safety valve. In case of multiple stage
compressors, the swept volume of the high pressure stage shall be considered as the ‘nominal swept
volume’ for the purposes of this clause.
NOTE Internal damage of the compressor from overloading and overheating may result if the overflow device
operates.
The compressor overflow device shall be sized to relieve the refrigerant flow produced by the
compressor at a suction pressure corresponding to 10 °C saturated. If the maximum allowable
evaporation temperature differs from the value of 10 °C by more than 5 K then the overflow device shall
be sized to the pressure corresponding to that temperature.
The compressor overflow device shall relieve to a lower pressure part of the compressor/system or to a
special container.
Relief devices discharging to atmosphere or external safety valves discharging to the
compressor/system shall be in accordance to EN 13136.
Bursting discs shall be in accordance with EN 13136:2013, 7.3 and EN ISO 4126-2.
The dimensions of the compressor overflow device shall be verified by testing according to 6.2.3.
It shall not be possible to isolate compressor overflow devices, relief devices or safety valves.
The compressor overflow device shall not be used for system pressure protection.
5.5.5.2 Protection against standstill pressure higher than operating pressure
In case of CO , a relief device discharging to the atmosphere shall be used in order to protect the
compressor against pressure higher than PS. This shall be carried out in a safe manner to avoid risk for
personnel, see EN 378-2.
5.6 Electrical safety
5.6.1 General
The electrical components and system of which the compressor is part as far as relevant shall conform
to the requirements of EN 60204-1 and the requirements of the following additions.
Open type compressors as far as relevant are concerned insofar as they are equipped with accessories
e.g. fans, heaters, solenoid valves, electrical control devices.
5.6.2 Classification
Motor compressors and electrical devices enclosures shall be Class I and at least IP 21 as defined in
EN 60529.
5.6.3 Determination of current ratings
The following current ratings shall be determined for the compressor:
— max. operating current
is the maximum current that the compressor consumes at the running condition within its intended
operating range, at the minimum specified operating voltage, for the refrigerant which gives the
highest power consumption.
NOTE Usually, compressors are released for more than one refrigerant.
— locked rotor amps
shall be indicated at the rated voltage or at the average medium voltage if a range is specified, and
at the frequency giving the highest locked rotor amperage value. Measurements shall be taken with
rotor firmly locked against movement and at stabilized current level maximum 4 s after the stator
has been energized. Test shall start with the compressor enclosure at a temperature of 32 °C ± 8 K.
5.6.4 Protection against access to live parts
Compressors shall be constructed and contained such that unintended touching of live parts is
impossible as defined in EN 60204-1:2006, Clause 6. Covers shall only be removable by using tools.
Flow of refrigerant gas shall be conducted such that condensation of moisture around electrical
connectors and terminals is avoided. Spacings between live parts (energized parts) and dead metal
parts (non-conductive, non-energized parts) inside and outside the compressor enclosure shall be at
least as given in Table 3.
Table 3 — Spacings
Minimum acceptable spacings at un-insulated live parts of opposite
polarity and between an un-insulated live part and a dead metal part
[mm]
Voltage range Through-space Over-surface
≤ 130 V 1,5 2,0
> 130
...
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