SIST EN 61287-1:2007
(Main)Railway applications - Power convertors installed on board rolling stock -- Part 1: Characteristics and test methods
Railway applications - Power convertors installed on board rolling stock -- Part 1: Characteristics and test methods
This International Standard is applicable to power electronic convertors mounted on board railway rolling-stock and intended for supplying - traction circuits; - auxiliary circuits of power vehicles, coaches and trailers. The application of this standard extends as far as possible to all other traction vehicles, including trolley-buses, for example. This standard covers the complete convertor assembly together with its mounting arrange-ments containing - semiconductor device assemblies; - integrated cooling systems; - components of the intermediate d.c. link, including any necessary filters associated with the d.c. link; - semiconductor drive units (SDU) and related sensors; - incorporated protection circuits. The following types of power sources are taken into consideration: - a.c. contact lines, - d.c. contact lines, - on-board supplies such as generators, batteries and other electric power sources. This standard excludes convertors which provide the electronic control supply for SDU and other supplies relevant to the convertor operation such as sensors.
Bahnanwendungen - Stromrichter auf Bahnfahrzeugen -- Teil 1: Eigenschaften und Prüfverfahren
Applications ferroviaires - Convertisseurs de puissance embarqués sur le matériel roulant -- Partie 1: Caractéristiques et méthodes d'essais
Est applicable aux convertisseurs électroniques de puissance, embarqués sur le matériel roulant ferroviaire et destinés à alimenter les circuits de traction, les circuits auxiliaires des matériels moteurs, des véhicules et des remorques. S'étend dans la mesure du possible à tous les autres véhicules de traction, y compris les trolleybus. Couvre l'ensemble de convertisseur complet ainsi que ses dispositions de montage.
Železniške naprave - Močnostni pretvorniki na železniških vozilih -- 1. del: Karakteristike in preskusne metode (IEC 61287-1:2005)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 61287-1:2007
01-september-2007
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 50207:2001
äHOH]QLãNHQDSUDYH0RþQRVWQLSUHWYRUQLNLQDåHOH]QLãNLKYR]LOLKGHO
.DUDNWHULVWLNHLQSUHL]NXVQHPHWRGH ,(&
Railway applications - Power convertors installed on board rolling stock -- Part 1:
Characteristics and test methods (IEC 61287-1:2005)
Bahnanwendungen - Stromrichter auf Bahnfahrzeugen -- Teil 1: Eigenschaften und
Prüfverfahren (IEC 61287-1:2005)
Applications ferroviaires - Convertisseurs de puissance embarqués sur le matériel
roulant -- Partie 1: Caractéristiques et méthodes d'essais (IEC 61287-1:2005)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 61287-1:2006
ICS:
29.200 8VPHUQLNL3UHWYRUQLNL Rectifiers. Convertors.
6WDELOL]LUDQRHOHNWULþQR Stabilized power supply
QDSDMDQMH
45.060.01 Železniška vozila na splošno Railway rolling stock in
general
SIST EN 61287-1:2007 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 61287-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2006
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 45.060 Supersedes EN 50207:2000
English version
Railway applications -
Power convertors installed on board rolling stock
Part 1: Characteristics and test methods
(IEC 61287-1:2005)
Applications ferroviaires - Bahnanwendungen -
Convertisseurs de puissance Stromrichter auf Bahnfahrzeugen
embarqués sur le matériel roulant Teil 1: Eigenschaften und Prüfverfahren
Partie 1: Caractéristiques (IEC 61287-1:2005)
et méthodes d'essais
(CEI 61287-1:2005)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2005-10-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels
© 2006 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 61287-1:2006 E
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
EN 61287-1:2006 - 2 -
Foreword
The text of document 9/864/FDIS, future edition 2 of IEC 61287-1, prepared by IEC TC 9, Electrical
equipment and systems for railways, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and was approved
by CENELEC as EN 61287-1 on 2005-10-01.
This European Standard supersedes EN 50207:2000.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
(dop) 2007-07-01
national standard or by endorsement
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
(dow) 2008-10-01
with the EN have to be withdrawn
Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.
__________
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 61287-1:2005 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
__________
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- 3 - EN 61287-1:2006
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE 1 When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.
NOTE 2 Where a standard cited below belongs to the EN 50000 series, this European Standard applies instead of the relevant
International Standard.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60050-551 1998 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - -
(IEV)
Part 551: Power electronics
IEC 60076-10 2001 Power transformers EN 60076-10 2001
Part 10: Determination of sound levels
IEC 60077-1 (mod) 1999 Railway applications - Electric equipment EN 60077-1 2002
for rolling stock
Part 1: General service conditions and
general rules
1) 2)
IEC 60112 - Method for the determination of the proof EN 60112 2003
and the comparative tracking indices of solid
insulating materials
1) 2)
IEC 60146-1-1 - Semiconductor convertors - General EN 60146-1-1 1993
requirements and line commutated convertors
Part 1-1: Specifications of basic requirements
1) 2)
IEC 60270 - High-voltage test techniques - Partial EN 60270 2001
discharge measurements
1) 2)
IEC 60310 - Railway applications - Traction transformers EN 60310 2004
and inductors on board rolling stock
1) 2)
IEC 60322 - Railway applications - Electric equipment EN 60322 2001
for rolling stock - Rules for power resistors of
open construction
IEC 60349-1 1999 Electric traction - Rotating electrical EN 60349-1 2000
A1 2002 machines for rail and road vehicles A1 2002
Part 1: Machines other than electronic
convertor-fed alternating current motors
1)
Undated reference.
2)
Valid edition at date of issue.
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
EN 61287-1:2006 - 4 -
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
3)
IEC 60349-2 2002 Electric traction - Rotating electrical EN 60349-2 2001
machines for rail and road vehicles
Part 2: Electronic convertor-fed alternating
current motors
IEC 60384 Series Fixed capacitors for use in electronic EN 60384 Series
equipment
1)
IEC 60384-4 - Fixed capacitors for use in electronic - -
equipment
Part 4: Sectional specification: Aluminium
electrolytic capacitors with solid and non-solid
electrolyte
1) 2)
IEC 60529 - Degrees of protection provided by EN 60529 1991
enclosures (IP Code) + corr. May 1993
1) 2)
IEC 60571 - Electronic equipment used on rail vehicles EN 50155 2001
+ A1 2002
1) 2)
IEC 60587 - Test method for evaluating resistance to HD 380 S2 1987
tracking and erosion of electrical insulating
materials used under severe ambient
conditions
1) 2)
IEC 60664-1 (mod) - Insulation coordination for equipment within EN 60664-1 2003
low-voltage systems
Part 1: Principles, requirements and tests
IEC 60747 Series Semiconductor devices - -
1) 2)
IEC 60850 - Railway applications - Supply voltages of EN 50163 2004
traction systems
1)
IEC 61148 - Terminal markings for valve device stacks - -
and assemblies and for power convertor
equipment
1) 2)
IEC 61373 - Railway applications - Rolling stock EN 61373 1999
equipment - Shock and vibration tests
1) 2)
IEC 61881 - Railway applications - Rolling stock EN 61881 1999
equipment - Capacitors for power electronics
IEC 61991 2000 Railway applications - Rolling stock - EN 50153 2002
Protective provisions against electrical
hazards
1) 2)
IEC 62236-3-1 - Railway applications - Electromagnetic EN 50121-3-1 2006
compatibility
Part 3-1: Rolling stock - Train and complete
vehicle
3)
EN 60349-2:2001 (IEC 60349-2:1993, mod.) corresponds to IEC 60349-2:2002.
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- 5 - EN 61287-1:2006
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
1) 2)
IEC 62236-3-2 - Railway applications - Electromagnetic EN 50121-3-2 2006
compatibility
Part 3-2: Rolling stock - Apparatus
1)
IEC 62278 - Railway applications - Specification and EN 50126-1 1999
demonstration of reliability, availability, + corr. May 2006
maintainability and safety (RAMS)
ISO 9001 2000 Quality management systems - EN ISO 9001 2000
Requirements
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NORME CEI
INTERNATIONALE
IEC
61287-1
INTERNATIONAL
Deuxième édition
STANDARD
Second edition
2005-09
Applications ferroviaires –
Convertisseurs de puissance embarqués
sur le matériel roulant –
Partie 1:
Caractéristiques et méthodes d'essais
Railway applications –
Power convertors installed
on board rolling stock –
Part 1:
Characteristics and test methods
IEC 2005 Droits de reproduction réservés Copyright - all rights reserved
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur. the publisher.
International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembé, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec.ch Web: www.iec.ch
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PRICE CODE
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МеждународнаяЭлектротехническаяКомиссия
Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
For price, see current catalogue
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
61287-1 IEC:2005 – 3 –
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.7
1 Scope.11
2 Normative references.13
3 Terms and definitions .15
3.1 Definitions related to equipment.15
3.2 Definitions related to electrical parameters.21
4 Common clauses .23
4.1 General .23
4.2 Service conditions .27
4.3 Characteristics .39
4.4 Technical requirements.43
4.5 Tests.47
5 Direct traction convertors .71
5.1 Line-commutated convertors for d.c. motors .71
5.2 Choppers for d.c. motors .77
5.3 Multiphase convertors for a.c. motors (inverters).83
6 Indirect traction convertors.85
6.1 Line convertor.85
6.2 Motor convertor .89
7 Auxiliary convertors .89
7.1 Characteristics .89
7.2 Short-circuit protection.93
7.3 Choice of rated insulation voltage .93
7.4 Tests.93
8 Semiconductor drive units (SDU) .99
8.1 Equivalent expressions .99
8.2 Printed circuit board assemblies .99
8.3 Function of the SDU .99
8.4 Particular requirements for the SDU.99
8.5 Service conditions . 101
8.6 Insulation requirements for the SDU. 101
8.7 Electromagnetic compatibility requirements. 101
8.8 Tests of the SDU . 101
Annex A (normative) Arrangement of basic circuit diagrams . 103
Annex B (informative) Recapitulation of agreements between the manufacturer and
the user . 105
Annex C (normative) Minimum clearances in air based on the rated impulse voltage U . 109
ni
Annex D (normative) Minimum creepage distances for low values of rated insulation
voltage U for materials other than printed wiring material . 111
nm
Annex E (normative) Definition of pollution degrees . 115
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61287-1 IEC:2005 – 5 –
Annex F (normative) Dielectric tests for equipment − Short-duration power-frequency
(a.c.) test levels U (kV r.m.s.) based on the rated impulse voltage U (kVcr) . 117
a Ni
Annex G (normative) Rated impulse voltages U for circuits powered by
Ni
the contact line. 119
Annex H (informative) Guidelines for magnetic field and induced voltage requirements . 121
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61287-1 IEC:2005 – 7 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
RAILWAY APPLICATIONS –
POWER CONVERTORS INSTALLED ON
BOARD ROLLING STOCK –
Part 1: Characteristics and test methods
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 61287-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 9: Electrical
equipment and systems for railways.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1995. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following technical changes from the previous edition: it includes
updates as necessary in order to meet the current technical state of the art and to improve
clarity. It also takes into account generic railway standards as relevant parts of IEC 62236 and
IEC 62278 series and general railway technical standards as IEC 60850 and relevant parts of
IEC 60077, IEC 60349 and IEC 61377 series. This revision has been drafted with
considerations of harmonization with EN 50207 (1998).
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61287-1 IEC:2005 – 9 –
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
9/864/FDIS 9/872/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The IEC 61287 series contains the following parts under the general title Railway applications –
Power convertors installed on board rolling stock:
Part 1: Characteristics and test methods
Part 2: Additional technical information
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the
maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
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61287-1 IEC:2005 – 11 –
RAILWAY APPLICATIONS –
POWER CONVERTORS INSTALLED ON
BOARD ROLLING STOCK –
Part 1: Characteristics and test methods
1 Scope
This International Standard is applicable to power electronic convertors mounted on board
railway rolling-stock and intended for supplying
– traction circuits;
– auxiliary circuits of power vehicles, coaches and trailers.
The application of this standard extends as far as possible to all other traction vehicles,
including trolley-buses, for example.
This standard covers the complete convertor assembly together with its mounting arrange-
ments containing
– semiconductor device assemblies;
– integrated cooling systems;
– components of the intermediate d.c. link, including any necessary filters associated with the
d.c. link;
– semiconductor drive units (SDU) and related sensors;
– incorporated protection circuits.
The following types of power sources are taken into consideration:
– a.c. contact lines,
– d.c. contact lines,
– on-board supplies such as generators, batteries and other electric power sources.
This standard excludes convertors which provide the electronic control supply for SDU and
other supplies relevant to the convertor operation such as sensors.
NOTE Electronic control equipment of convertors and those sensors not related to semiconductor drive units and
the printed circuit board assemblies of drive units for power semiconductors (SDU) are covered by IEC 60571.
This standard defines terminology, service conditions, general characteristics and test methods
of electronic power convertors onboard of rolling stock.
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61287-1 IEC:2005 – 13 –
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60050-551:1998, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 551: Power
electronics
IEC 60076-10:2001, Power transformers – Part 10: Determination of sound levels
IEC 60077-1:1999, Railway applications – Electric equipment for rolling stock – Part 1: General
service conditions and general rules
IEC 60112, Method for the determination of the proof and the comparative tracking indices of
solid insulating materials
IEC 60146-1-1, Semiconductor convertors – General requirements and line commutated
convertors – Part 1-1: Specifications of basic requirements
IEC 60270, High-voltage test techniques – Partial discharge measurements
IEC 60310, Railway applications – Traction transformers and inductors on board rolling stock
IEC 60322, Railway applications – Electric equipment for rolling stock – Rules for power
resistors of open construction
IEC 60349-1:1999, Electric traction – Rotating electrical machines for rail and road vehicles –
Part 1: Machines other than electronic convertor-fed alternating current motors
Amendment 1 (2002)
IEC 60349-2:2002, Electric traction – Rotating electrical machines for rail and road vehicles –
Part 2: Electronic convertor-fed alternating current motors
IEC 60384 (all parts), Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment
IEC 60384-4, Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment – Part 4: Sectional specification
– Aluminium electrolytic capacitors with solid and non-solid electrolyte
IEC 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
IEC 60571, Electronic equipment used on rail vehicles
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
61287-1 IEC:2005 – 15 –
IEC 60587, Test method for evaluating resistance to tracking and erosion of electrical
insulating materials used under severe ambient conditions
IEC 60664-1, Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems – Part 1:
Principles, requirements and tests
IEC 60747 (all parts), Semiconductor devices – Discrete devices
IEC 60850, Railway applications – Supply voltages of traction systems
IEC 61148, Terminal markings for valve device stacks and assemblies and for power convertor
equipment
IEC 61373, Railway applications – Rolling stock equipment – Shock and vibration tests
IEC 61881, Railway applications – Rolling stock equipment – Capacitors for power electronics
IEC 61991:2000, Railway applications – Rolling stock – Protective provisions against electrical
hazards
IEC 62236-3-1, Railway applications – Electromagnetic compatibility – Part 3-1: Rolling stock
– Train and complete vehicle
IEC 62236-3-2, Railway applications – Electromagnetic compatibility – Part 3-2: Rolling stock –
Apparatus
IEC 62278, Railway applications – Specification and demonstration of reliability, availability,
maintainability and safety (RAMS)
ISO 9001:2000, Quality management systems – Requirements
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions of convertors given in IEC 60050-
551:1998, as well as the following, apply.
3.1 Definitions related to equipment
3.1.1
convertor (electronic) (power)
electronic device, based on power semiconductors, which changes one or more of the follow-
ing parameters: voltage, current, frequency and/or the phase number of the power passing
through it
NOTE 1 A convertor is defined by the input and output electrical characteristics. The convertor may comprise a
discrete chopper, inverter, etc. or a combination of these not necessarily in one cubicle.
NOTE 2 The convertor is a part of the propulsion (or auxiliary) equipment. The convertor may include, for
example, a line circuit breaker, filter, transformer, cooling system, etc.
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
61287-1 IEC:2005 – 17 –
3.1.2
traction convertor
convertor providing power for the traction motors
3.1.3
auxiliary convertor
convertor providing power for auxiliary services, for example, lighting, battery charging, air
conditioning, cooling (main service), control circuits, etc.
3.1.4
direct a.c./d.c. convertor
convertor which converts the input energy into the output energy without an intermediate link
3.1.5
indirect a.c./d.c. convertor
convertor which converts the input energy into the output energy with an intermediate link
3.1.6
convertor system
system consisting of several convertors required to operate connected together, each having
different input and/or output characteristics and which also have different functional
connections and defined by a system specification in addition to the individual specification of
each different convertor making up the system
3.1.7
current stiff intermediate link
circuit linking at least two convertors by a reactor connected in series
3.1.8
voltage stiff intermediate link
circuit linking at least two convertors and a capacitor connected in parallel
3.1.9
transformer intermediate link
transformer linking two convertors
3.1.10
convertor windings
windings of a transformer connected to the terminals of the convertor
3.1.11
auxiliary windings
windings of a transformer connected to the terminals of any auxiliary power supply or auxiliary
equipment
3.1.12
semiconductor device
device whose essential characteristics are due to the flow of charge carriers within a semi-
conductor
---------------------- Page: 15 ----------------------
61287-1 IEC:2005 – 19 –
3.1.13
input and output
input is the side which absorbs active power in motoring operation, the output side being that
which delivers active power in motoring operation
NOTE Electrical isolation. If individual electrical circuits (for example, input, output, control circuit) are specified
as isolated, then the circuits are galvanically separated.
3.1.14
port
particular interface of the specified apparatus with the external electromagnetic environment
3.1.15
enclosure port
physical boundary of the apparatus through which electromagnetic fields may radiate or
impinge
3.1.16
cable port
point at which a conductor or a cable is connected to the apparatus. Examples are signal,
control and power ports
3.1.17
armature convertor
convertor connected to the armature of a d.c. motor to control the current or the voltage of the
armature
3.1.18
field convertor
convertor connected to the field winding of a d.c. or a synchronous motor to control the current
in the field circuit
3.1.19
unidirectional chopper
chopper which transfers the energy only in one direction.
3.1.20
step-down chopper
chopper of which the output voltage is lower than the input voltage
3.1.21
step-up chopper
chopper of which the output voltage is higher than the input voltage
3.1.22
armature chopper
chopper connected with the armature of a d.c. motor to control the current or the voltage of the
armature
3.1.23
field chopper
chopper connected with the field of a d.c. motor to control the current of the field
3.1.24
rheostatic chopper
chopper connected in parallel with all or a par
...
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