SIST EN 13205-5:2014

Workplace exposure - Assessment of sampler performance for measurement of airborne particle concentrations - Part 5: Aerosol sampler performance test and sampler comparison carried out at workplaces

EN 13205-5 specifies a method for determining the performance of an aerosol sampler under prescribed workplace conditions in order to test whether the performance of a candidate sampler fulfils the requirements of EN 13205-1. This part of EN 13205 specifies also a simple method to determine how, for a specific workplace aerosol, the concentration measured by the candidate sampler can be recalculated into that of a validated sampler. This part of EN 13205 is applicable to all samplers used for the health-related sampling of particles in workplace air. Different test procedures and types of evaluation are included to enable application of this part of EN 13205 to a wide variety of instruments. The methods specified in this part of EN 13205 are not applicable to tests where the performance of personal samplers is related to static samplers or vice versa.

Exposition am Arbeitsplatz - Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit von Sammlern für die Messsung der Konzentration luftgetragener Partikel - Teil 5: An Arbeitsplätzen durchgeführte Prüfungen der Leistungsfähigkeit des Aerosolsammlers

Diese Europäische Norm legt ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Leistungsfähigkeit eines Aerosolsammlers unter vorgeschriebenen Arbeitsplatzbedingungen fest, um zu prüfen, ob die Leistungsfähigkeit eines zu prüfenden Sammlers die Anforderungen nach EN 13205 1 erfüllt.
Dieser Teil von EN 13205 legt außerdem ein einfaches Verfahren fest, um für ein bestimmtes Arbeitsplatzaerosol zu bestimmen, wie die mit dem zu prüfenden Sammler gemessene Konzentration zu der mit einem validierten Sammler gemessenen Konzentration neuberechnet werden kann.
Dieser Teil von EN 13205 gilt für alle Sammler, die für die gesundheitsbezogene Probenahme von Partikeln aus der Luft am Arbeitsplatz eingesetzt werden. Es sind verschiedene Prüfverfahren und Typen der Beurteilung enthalten, um die Anwendung dieses Teils von EN 13205 auf ein breites Spektrum von Geräten zu ermöglichen.
Die in diesem Teil von EN 13205 festgelegten Verfahren gelten nicht für Prüfungen, bei denen die Leistungsfähigkeit personengetragener Sammler zur Leistungsfähigkeit ortsfester Sammler in Beziehung gebracht wird bzw. umgekehrt.

Exposition sur les lieux de travail - Évaluation des performances des dispositifs de prélèvement pour le mesurage des concentrations d'aérosols - Partie 5 : Essais de performances des échantillonneurs d'aérosols, réalisés sur les lieux de travail

La présente Norme européenne spécifie une méthode pour déterminer la performance d'un dispositif de prélèvement d'aérosols dans des conditions de lieu de travail prescrites, afin de vérifier si la performance d'un dispositif de prélèvement à évaluer satisfait aux exigences de l’EN 13205 1.
La présente partie de l'EN 13205 spécifie également une méthode simple afin de déterminer, pour un aérosol d'un lieu de travail spécifique, comment il est possible de convertir la concentration mesurée par le dispositif de prélèvement à évaluer en celle mesurée par un dispositif de prélèvement validé.
La présente partie de l'EN 13205 s'applique à tous les dispositifs de prélèvement utilisés pour le prélèvement, à des fins sanitaires, des particules présentes sur les lieux de travail. Elle présente différents modes opératoires d'essai et différents types d'évaluation, afin de permettre l'application de la présente partie de l'EN 13205 à un grand nombre d'instruments.
Les méthodes spécifiées dans la présente partie de l'EN 13205 ne s'appliquent pas aux essais pour lesquels la performance des dispositifs de prélèvement individuels est liée aux dispositifs de prélèvement à point fixe, et réciproquement.

Izpostavljenost na delovnem mestu - Ocenjevanje lastnosti merilnikov za merjenje koncentracij lebdečih delcev - 5. del: Preskušanje in primerjava vzorčevalnikov za aerosole, izvedena na delovnem mestu

Standard EN 13205-5 določa metodo za preskušanje delovanja merilnika aerosolov pod določenimi pogoji na delovnem mestu, da se preskusi, ali delovanje merilnika kandidata izpolnjuje zahteve iz standarda EN 13205-1. Ta del standarda EN 13205 prav tako določa enostavno metodo za določitev postopka, po katerem se lahko za določeni aerosol na delovnem mestu koncentracija, ki jo je izmeril merilnik kandidat, preračuna v koncentracijo validiranega merilnika. Ta del standarda EN 13205 velja za vse merilnike, ki se uporabljajo za vzorčenje delcev v zraku, ki vplivajo na zdravje na delovnem mestu. Vključeni so različni postopki preskušanja in vrste ocenjevanja, da se omogoči uporabo tega dela standarda EN 13205 za raznovrstne instrumente. Metode, določene v tem delu standarda EN 13205, ne veljajo za preskuse, kjer je delovanje osebnih merilnikov povezano s statičnimi merilniki ali obratno.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 30-Nov-2012
• Publication Date: 14-Jul-2014
• ICS: 13.040.30 - Workplace atmospheres
• Technical Committee: KAZ - Air quality
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 10-Jul-2014
• Due Date: 14-Sep-2014
• Completion Date: 15-Jul-2014
• Ref Project: EN 13205-5:2014 - Workplace exposure - Assessment of sampler performance for measurement of airborne particle concentrations - Part 5: Aerosol sampler performance test and sampler comparison carried out at workplaces

Relations

• Parent: oSIST prEN 13205:2010 - Workplace exposure - Assessment of sampler performance for measurement of airborne particle concentrations
• Effective Date: 29-Jun-2011
• Splited From: oSIST prEN 13205:2010 - Workplace exposure - Assessment of sampler performance for measurement of airborne particle concentrations
• Effective Date: 07-Mar-2023
• Replaces: SIST EN 13205:2002 - Workplace atmospheres - Assessment of performance of instruments for measurement of airborne particle concentrations
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2014
• Replaces: SIST EN 13205:2002 - Workplace atmospheres - Assessment of performance of instruments for measurement of airborne particle concentrations
• Effective Date: 08-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Exposition am Arbeitsplatz - Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit von Sammlern für die Messsung der Konzentration luftgetragener Partikel - Teil 5: An Arbeitsplätzen durchgeführte Prüfungen der Leistungsfähigkeit des AerosolsammlersExposition sur les lieux de travail - Évaluation des performances des dispositifs de prélèvement pour le mesurage des concentrations d'aérosols - Partie 5 : Essais de performances des échantillonneurs d'aérosols, réalisés sur les lieux de travailWorkplace exposure - Assessment of sampler performance for measurement of airborne particle concentrations - Part 5: Aerosol sampler performance test and sampler comparison carried out at workplaces13.040.30Kakovost zraka na delovnem mestuWorkplace atmospheresICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13205-5:2014SIST EN 13205-5:2014en,fr,de01-september-2014SIST EN 13205-5:2014SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 13205:20021DGRPHãþD



SIST EN 13205-5:2014



EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 13205-5
June 2014 ICS 13.040.30 Supersedes EN 13205:2001English Version
Workplace exposure - Assessment of sampler performance for measurement of airborne particle concentrations - Part 5: Aerosol sampler performance test and sampler comparison carried out at workplaces
Exposition sur les lieux de travail - Évaluation des performances des dispositifs de prélèvement pour le mesurage des concentrations de particules en suspension dans l'air - Partie 5: Essais de performances des échantillonneurs d'aérosols, réalisés sur les lieux de travail Exposition am Arbeitsplatz - Beurteilung der Leistungsfähigkeit von Sammlern für die Messung der Konzentration luftgetragener Partikel - Teil 5: An Arbeitsplätzen durchgeführte Prüfung der Leistungsfähigkeit des Aerosolsammlers und Sammlervergleich This European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 May 2014.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13205-5:2014 ESIST EN 13205-5:2014



EN 13205-5:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page
Foreword . 4
Introduction . 6 1 Scope . 7 2 Normative references . 7 3 Terms and definitions . 7 4 Symbols and abbreviations . 8 4.1 Symbols . 8 4.1.1 Latin . 8 4.1.2 Greek . 10 4.2 Enumerating subscripts . 10 5 Principle . 10 6 Test method . 11 6.1 General . 11 6.2 Performance test of personal samplers for the inhalable aerosol fraction . 11 6.3 Performance test of static samplers . 11 6.4 Performance test of personal samplers for the respirable or thoracic aerosol fractions. 11 6.5 Experiments required for the performance test . 12 6.5.1 General . 12 6.5.2 Candidate sampler bias . 12 6.5.3 Candidate sampler variability . 12 6.5.4 Excursion from the nominal flow rate . 12 6.5.5 Collected mass or internally separated mass . 13 7 Calculation of sampler bias and expanded uncertainty . 14 7.1 Requirements . 14 7.2 Correction factor . 14 7.3 Calculation of concentration ratios . 14 7.4 Sources of uncertainty (of measurement) . 15 7.4.1 General . 15 7.4.2 Workplace (test) aerosol concentration, as determined using the validated sampler(s) . 15 7.4.3 Validated sampler . 16 7.4.4 Candidate sampler bias . 16 7.4.5 Individual candidate sampler variability . 17 7.4.6 Excursion from the nominal flow rate . 17 7.4.7 Collected mass or internally separated mass . 18 7.5 Combined standard uncertainty . 21 7.6 Expanded uncertainty . 23 8 Periodic validation . 23 9 Test report . 23 9.1 General . 23 9.2 Testing laboratory details and sponsoring organisation . 24 9.3 Description of the candidate sampler and validated sampler . 24 9.4 Critical review of sampling process . 24 9.5 Circumstances of field experiment . 24 9.6 Details of experimental design . 24 9.7 Data analysis . 25 SIST EN 13205-5:2014



EN 13205-5:2014 (E) 3 9.8 Performance . 25 9.9 Summary and information for the user . 25 Annex A (normative)
Procedure for a workplace comparison of a candidate sampler and a validated sampler in order to obtain a correction factor . 26 Bibliography . 31
SIST EN 13205-5:2014



EN 13205-5:2014 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 13205-5:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 137 “Assessment of workplace exposure to chemical and biological agents”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2014 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document together with EN 13205-1, EN 13205-2, CEN/TR 13205-3, EN 13205-4 and EN 13205-6 supersedes EN 13205:2001. EN 13205, Workplace exposure — Assessment of sampler performance for measurement of airborne particle concentrations, consists of the following parts: — Part 1: General requirements; — Part 2: Laboratory performance test based on determination of sampling efficiency; — Part 3: Analysis of sampling efficiency data [Technical Report]; — Part 4: Laboratory performance test based on comparison of concentrations; — Part 5: Aerosol sampler performance test and sampler comparison carried out at workplaces (the present document); — Part 6: Transport and handling tests. Significant technical changes from the previous edition, EN 13205:2001: — This part of EN 13205 is partly based on Annex C of the previous edition, EN 13205:2001. — The scope has been limited to aerosol samplers, and the current version of the standard is not (directly) applicable to other types of aerosol instruments. — As this is now a standard in its own right, a clause on used symbols has been added. Almost all definitions are now given either in EN 1540, Workplace exposure — Terminology or in Part 1 of this standard. — The method of calculating the uncertainty of a sampler or a measuring procedure has been revised in order to comply with ENV 13005. The concept of “accuracy” is no longer used, instead the concept of “expanded uncertainty” is used. — The main part of the standard states how to determine the performance of an aerosol sampler at a specific workplace. This is an adaption of the laboratory method given in Part 2. — The standard gives a method on how to determine the dependence of the sampling efficiency on the collected mass or internally separated mass. The five major sources of uncertainty due to aspects of the sampling performance of an aerosol sampler (calibration of sampler test system, estimation of sampled concentration, bias relative to the sampling SIST EN 13205-5:2014



EN 13205-5:2014 (E) 5 convention, individual sampler variability and excursion from nominal flow rate) are described with formulae on how to incorporate these uncertainties into the expanded uncertainty of a sampler. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 13205-5:2014



EN 13205-5:2014 (E) 6 Introduction EN 481 defines sampling conventions for the particle size fractions to be collected from workplace atmospheres in order to assess their impact on human health. Conventions are defined for the inhalable, thoracic and respirable aerosol fractions. These conventions represent target specifications for aerosol samplers, giving the ideal sampling efficiency as a function of particle aerodynamic diameter. In general, the sampling efficiency of real aerosol samplers will deviate from the target specification, and the aerosol mass collected will therefore differ from that which an ideal sampler would collect. In addition, the behaviour of real samplers is influenced by many factors such as external wind speed. In many cases there is an interaction between the influence factors and fraction of the airborne particle size distribution of the environment in which the sampler is used. The workplace performance test for samplers for the inhalable, thoracic or respirable aerosol fractions described in this document is based on a comparison of concentrations sampled from a specific workplace (under otherwise identical conditions) by a candidate sampler and a (previously) validated sampler. Additionally, a method is described for determining a correction factor for recalculation of the concentration determined with one sampler into that of the other at specific workplaces. This method is intended for the user, rather than the manufacturer, of aerosol samplers. EN 13205 (all parts) enables manufacturers and users of aerosol samplers to adopt a consistent approach to sampler validation, and provide a framework for the assessment of sampler performance with respect to EN 481 and EN 482. It is the responsibility of the manufacturer of aerosol samplers to inform the user of the sampler performance under the laboratory conditions1) specified in EN 13205-1. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the actual conditions of intended use are within what the manufacturer specifies as acceptable conditions according to the performance test.
1) The inhalable convention is undefined for particle sizes in excess of 100 µm or for wind speeds greater than 4 m/s. The tests required to assess performance are therefore limited to these conditions. Should such large particle sizes or wind speeds actually exist at the time of sampling, it is possible that different samplers meeting this part of EN 13205 give different results. SIST EN 13205-5:2014



EN 13205-5:2014 (E) 7 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method for determining the performance of an aerosol sampler under prescribed workplace conditions in order to test whether the performance of a candidate sampler fulfils the requirements of EN 13205-1. This part of EN 13205 specifies also a simple method to determine how, for a specific workplace aerosol, the concentration measured by the candidate sampler can be recalculated into that of a validated sampler. This part of EN 13205 is applicable to all samplers used for the health-related sampling of particles in workplace air. Different test procedures and types of evaluation are included to enable application of this part of EN 13205 to a wide variety of instruments. The methods specified in this part of EN 13205 are not applicable to tests where the performance of personal samplers is related to static samplers or vice versa. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1540, Workplace exposure - Terminology EN 13205-1:2014, Workplace exposure — Assessment of sampler performance for measurement of airborne particle concentrations — Part 1: General requirements EN 13205-2:2014, Workplace exposure — Assessment of sampler performance for measurement of airborne particle concentrations — Part 2: Laboratory performance test based on determination of sampling efficiency EN 13205-4:2014, Workplace exposure — Assessment of sampler performance for measurement of airborne particle concentrations — Part 4: Laboratory performance test based on comparison of concentrations 3 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this document, the term and definitions given in EN 1540, EN 13205-1:2014 EN 13205-2:2014 and the following apply. NOTE With regard to EN 1540, in particular, the following terms are used in this document: total airborne particles, respirable fraction, sampling efficiency, static sampler, thoracic fraction, inhalable fraction, measuring procedure, non-random uncertainty, random uncertainty, expanded uncertainty, standard uncertainty, combined standard uncertainty, uncertainty (of measurement), coverage factor, precision and analysis. 3.1 correction function mathematical function relating aerosol concentrations measured using a candidate sampler to those measured using a validated sampler, determined by a comparison of the two samplers SIST EN 13205-5:2014



EN 13205-5:2014 (E) 8 4 Symbols and abbreviations 4.1 Symbols 4.1.1 Latin
Cambinhalertl average total airborne particle (or inhalable aerosol fraction) concentration for partial sampling period l in run r for sampling time t, [mg/m3]
COEL appropriate occupational exposure limit value (OEL) applying to the substances being measured, [mg/m3] Crtl concentration for partial sampling period l in run r, for sampling time t, [mg/m3]
twal1−l2Cr3 time-weighted concentration average for candidate sampler for run r, sampling time t = 3 extending from partial sampling period l1 to partial sampling period l2, [mg/m3] c candidate sampler correction factor for bias correction, either prescribed by sampler manufacturer or measuring procedure, or assigned the value c = 1.00, [-] mrtl average mass collected during partial sampling period l, in run r for sampling time t (where t = 1,2,3 represents sampling times texp, texp/3 and texp/9 respectively), [mg]
Collectedavermrtl average collected mass for partial sampling period l, in run r for sampling time t (where t = 1,2,3 represents sampling times texp, texp/3 and texp/9, respectively), [mg]
InternSepavermrtl average internally separated mass for partial sampling period l, in run r for sampling time t (where t = 1,2,3 represents sampling times texp, texp/3 and texp/9, respectively), [mg]
maxmCollected maximum collected mass corresponding to maximum concentration times intended sampling time times nominal flow rate, [mg]
maxmInternSep maximum internally separated mass corresponding to difference between maximum total airborne particle (or inhalable fraction) concentration and maximum concentration expected to be sampled by candidate sampler times intended sampling time times nominal flow rate, [mg]
zeromCollected collected mass corresponding to approximately zero mass, [mg]
zeromInternSep internally separated mass corresponding to approximately zero mass, [mg]
NRun number of experimental runs, pairs of (average) validated sampler and candidate sampler concentrations
NSr number of candidate samplers used in experimental run r
NSrtl number of candidate samplers used with partial period l in run r for sampling time t
NValidr number of reference samplers (validated samplers) used in experimental run r
Q0 nominal flow rate of sampler, [l/min]
Q+ higher flow rate used for the candidate sampler in the performance test for the effect of flow excursions, [l/min]
Q- lower flow rate used for the candidate sampler in the performance test for the effect of flow excursions, [l/min]
Rg geometric mean of the Rrs values, [-] SIST EN 13205-5:2014



EN 13205-5:2014 (E) 9 Rrs ratio of the candidate sampler individual s concentration in experimental run r to the (average) workplace (test) aerosol concentration in experimental run r, [-] averRr ratio of the average candidate sampler concentration to the (average) workplace (test) aerosol concentration in experimental run r, [-] rrtl relative concentration (ratio with respect to the time-weighted concentration measured with candidate sampler with the shortest sampling time) for experiment r, sampling time t and partial sampling period l, [-]
sR geometric standard deviation of the Rrs values, [-]
sValidConcrs uncertainty of workplace (test) aerosol concentration at position of candidate sampler(s) for experimental run r and candidate sampler individual s, [-] texp experimental sampling time for tests described in 6.5.5 based on estimated average concentration at workplace, [min] trtl actual time of partial sampling period l for set t in experiment r, [min]
UCandSampl expanded uncertainty (of measurement) of the calculated sampled concentration due to the candidate sampler, [-]
uCandSampl combined uncertainty (of measurement) of the calculated sampled concentration due to the candidate sampler, [-]
uCandSampl-Bias standard uncertainty (of measurement) due to bias (non-random errors) in relation to the sampling convention of the candidate sampler, [-]
uCandSampler-CollectedMass standard uncertainty (of measurement) of the sampled concentration (non-random errors) due to mass collected by the candidate sampler, [-]
uCandSampl-Flow standard uncertainty (of measurement) (random) due to candidate sampler flow excursion from nominal flow rate, [-]
uCandSampler-InternSepMass standard uncertainty (of measurement) due to internally separated mass (non-random errors) by the candidate sampler, [-]
uCandSampl-nR combined uncertainty (of measurement) of the sampled concentration (non-random errors) due to the candidate sampler, [-]
uCandSampl-R combined uncertainty (of measurement) of the sampled concentration (random errors) due to the candidate sampler, [-]
uCandSampl-Variability standard uncertainty (of measurement) of the sampled concentration (random errors) due to differences among candidate sampler individuals, [-]
uValidConc standard uncertainty (of measurement) of the reference concentration (random errors) at the position of candidate samplers during experiments, [-]
uValidSampl-nR standard uncertainty of the validated sampler (non-random errors), [-] Xrs measured candidate sampler concentration for candidate sampler individual s, for the run (workplace (test) aerosol concentration) r, [mg/m3] averXr average of the measured candidate sampler concentrations for the run (workplace (test) aerosol concentration) r, [mg/m3] Yrs workplace (test) aerosol concentration (measured with a validated sampler) for the reference sampler individual s, for the run (workplace (test) aerosol concentration) r, [mg/m3] Yrs* corrected concentration measured by the candidate sampler individual s, for the run experiment (workplace (test) aerosol concentration) r, [mg/m3 averYr average of the concentrations measured with validated samplers for the run (workplace (test) aerosol concentration) r, [mg/m3] SIST EN 13205-5:2014



EN 13205-5:2014 (E) 10
YEst-Collected regression formula for the ratio rrtl as a function of mCollected=Collectedavermrtl, [-]
YEst-InternSep regression formula for the ratio rrtl as a function of mInternSep=InternSepavermrtl, [-] y = f(x)
correction function that relates the concentration measured with the candidate sampler to those measured with the (average of) validated sampler(s), [ln(mg/m3)] 4.1.2 Greek
δPump maximum relative change in flow rate allowed by pump flow rate stability, [-] 4.2 Enumerating subscripts l for partial sampling periods l1 for first partial sampling period in summation l2 for last partial sampling period in summation r for runs s for candidate sampler individual t for sampling time (where t = 1,2,3 represents sampling times texp, texp/3 and texp/9 respectively) 5 Principle The test method described in this part of EN 13205 is based on concentrations measured at a specific workplace by the candidate sampler, whether all aspirated particles are part of the sample (as for most inhalable samplers) or if a particle size-dependent penetration occurs between the inlet and the collection substrate (as for thoracic and respirable samplers). The purpose of determining the performance of a candidate sampler at a workplace is to enable the user of the samplers to carry out measurements of dust concentration with samplers that have not been evaluated in laboratory tests according to this part of EN 13205. The validated sampler and candidate sampler shall both be either personal or static samplers. The bias versus the sampling convention is determined by comparing the concentrations determined with the candidate sampler and a validated sampler. Other sampling errors due to non-random and random sources of error are also determined, for example, individual sampler variability, excursion from nominal flow rate and experimental errors. Analysis of the field data is carried out to determine the performance of the candidate sampler. The performance will be specific to the workplace activities included in the performance test and cannot be assumed to apply to different circumstances. The criteria for accepting the performance of the sampler is identical to those for a laboratory test for performance evaluation. If the performance is poor, this will probably be due to either that the inherent variability at the workplace is exceedingly large, or by including too wide a range of workplace activities in the test, rather than too poor performance by the sampler. In the first case the large variability can only be reduced by averaging over several sampler individuals, which can be difficult with personal samplers. In the second case the performance test shall be repeated for a more narrowly-defined group of exposed persons or workplace activities, until an adequate degree of equivalence is established. In some workplaces the nature or organisation of the work can make this impossible. NOTE The variability of the concentration at many workplaces can prove to be so large that it becomes impossible to determine a performance (expanded uncertainty) within the bounds specified by EN 482. To try to determine the (hopefully low) combined standard uncertainty of the sampler in the midst of an inherently large variability at the workplace can, SIST EN 13205-5:2014



EN 13205-5:2014 (E) 11 however, prove to be very cumbersome. Such an endeavour would need an extensive experimental design in order to extract the information needed for the calculations described in this part of EN 13205. 6 Test method 6.1 General Pairs of measurements are obtained with both validated sampler individual(s) and candidate sampler individual(s) (preferably more than one individual for both the validated sampler and the candidate sampler), exposed to the same aerosol. The number of pairs of measurements (experimental runs) obtained shall be as large as possible and never less than 10. The measurements shall cover the range of aerosol properties, concentrations and environmental conditions occurring at the sampling sites, and be obtained over a period of at least five days (although a larger number of days is preferred). Both the validated and the candidate sampler(s) shall be operated in accordance with the instructions given in the manufacturer's instruction manual for the sampler types. Any deviations from these instructions shall be documented in the performance test report. Only those samples obtained in accordance with documented operating procedures shall be regarded as valid and included in the data analysis. In order for the candidate sampler to be termed a validated sampler (type C) its performance shall meet the requirements of EN 13205-1:2014, 5.2 c). 6.2 Performance test of personal samplers for the inhalable aerosol fraction For
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 13205-5:2012
01-november-2012
=UDNQDGHORYQHPPHVWX2FHQMHYDQMHODVWQRVWLPHULOQLNRY]DPHUMHQMH
NRQFHQWUDFLMOHEGHþLKGHOFHYGHO3UHVNXãDQMHLQSULPHUMDYDY]RUþHYDOQLNRY]D
DHURVROHQDGHORYQHPPHVWX
Workplace exposure - Assessment of sampler performance for measurement of airborne
particle concentrations - Part 5: Aerosol sampler performance test and sampler
comparison carried out at workplaces
Exposition am Arbeitsplatz - Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit von Sammlern für die
Messsung der Konzentration luftgetragener Partikel - Teil 5: An Arbeitsplätzen
durchgeführte Prüfungen der Leistungsfähigkeit des Aerosolsammlers
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 13205-5
ICS:
13.040.30 Kakovost zraka na delovnem Workplace atmospheres
mestu
oSIST prEN 13205-5:2012 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 13205-5:2012

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 13205-5:2012


EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN 13205-5
NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM

October 2012
ICS 13.040.30 Will supersede EN 13205:2001
English Version
Workplace exposure - Assessment of sampler performance for
measurement of airborne particle concentrations - Part 5:
Aerosol sampler performance test and sampler comparison
carried out at workplaces
 Exposition am Arbeitsplatz - Bewertung der
Leistungsfähigkeit von Sammlern für die Messsung der
Konzentration luftgetragener Partikel - Teil 5: An
Arbeitsplätzen durchgeführte Prüfungen der
Leistungsfähigkeit des Aerosolsammlers
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 137.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.


EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 13205-5:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 13205-5:2012
prEN 13205-5:2012 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 6
5 Principle . 9
6 Test method . 10
6.1 General . 10
6.2 Performance test of personal samplers for the inhalable aerosol fraction . 10
6.3 Performance test of static samplers . 10
6.4 Performance test of personal samplers for the respirable or thoracic aerosol fractions. 10
6.5 Experiments required for the performance test . 11
7 Calculation of sampler bias and expanded uncertainty . 13
7.1 Requirements . 13
7.2 Correction factor . 13
7.3 Calculation of concentration ratios . 13
7.4 Sources of uncertainty (of measurement) . 14
7.5 Combined standard uncertainty . 21
7.6 Expanded uncertainty . 23
8 Periodic validation . 23
9 Documentation . 23
9.1 General . 23
9.2 Description of the candidate sampler and validated sampler . 24
9.3 Critical review of sampling process . 24
9.4 Circumstances of field experiment . 24
9.5 Details of experimental design . 24
9.6 Data analysis . 24
9.7 Performance . 25
9.8 Summary and information for the user . 25
Annex A (normative) Procedure for a workplace comparison of a candidate sampler and a
validated sampler in order to obtain a correction factor . 26
Bibliography . 31

2

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 13205-5:2012
prEN 13205-5:2012 (E)
Foreword
This document (prEN 13205-5:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 137 “Assessment
of workplace exposure to chemical and biological agents”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document together with prEN 13205-1, prEN 13205-2, FprCEN/TR 13205-3, prEN 13205-4 and
prEN 13205-6 supersedes prEN 13205:2010 and will supersede EN 13205:2001.
EN 13205 Workplace exposure – Assessment of sampler performance for measurement of airborne particle
concentrations consists of the following parts:
 Part 1: General requirements;
 Part 2: Laboratory performance test based on determination of sampling efficiency;
 Part 3: Analysis of sampling efficiency data;
 Part 4: Laboratory performance test based on comparison of concentrations;
 Part 5: Aerosol sampler performance test and sampler comparison carried out at workplaces;
 Part 6: Transport and handling tests.
3

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 13205-5:2012
prEN 13205-5:2012 (E)
Introduction
EN 481 defines sampling conventions for the particle size fractions to be collected from workplace
atmospheres in order to assess their impact on human health. Conventions are defined for the inhalable,
thoracic and respirable aerosol fractions. These conventions represent target specifications for aerosol
samplers, giving the ideal sampling efficiency as a function of particle aerodynamic diameter.
In general, the sampling efficiency of real aerosol samplers will deviate from the target specification, and the
aerosol mass collected will therefore differ from that which an ideal sampler would collect. In addition, the
behaviour of real samplers is influenced by many factors such as external wind speed. In many cases there is
an interaction between the influence factors and fraction of the airborne size distribution of the environment in
which the sampler is used.
The workplace performance test for samplers for the inhalable, thoracic or respirable aerosol fractions
described in this document bases on comparing concentrations sampled from a specific workplace (under
otherwise identical conditions) by a candidate sampler and a (previously) validated sampler. Additionally, a
method is described for determining a correction factor for recalculation of the concentration determined with
one sampler into that of the other at specific workplaces.
This method is intended for the user, rather than the manufacturer, of aerosol samplers.
EN 13205 enables manufacturers and users of aerosol sampling instruments to adopt a consistent approach
to sampler validation, and provide a framework for the assessment of sampler performance with respect to
EN 481 and EN 482.
It is the responsibility of the manufacturer of aerosol samplers to inform the user of the sampler performance
1)
under the laboratory conditions specified in prEN 13205-1. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that
the actual conditions of intended use are within what the manufacturer specifies as acceptable conditions
according to the performance test.

1)
The inhalable convention is undefined for particle sizes in excess of 100 µm or for wind speeds greater than 4 m/s. The
tests required to assess performance are therefore limited to these conditions. Should such large particle sizes or wind
speeds actually exist at the time of sampling, it is possible that different samplers meeting this part of EN 13205 give
different results.
4

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 13205-5:2012
prEN 13205-5:2012 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies a method for determining the performance of an aerosol sampler under
prescribed workplace conditions in order to test whether the performance of a candidate sampler fulfils the
requirements of prEN 13205-1:2012.
This part of EN 13205 specifies also a simple method to determine how, for a specific workplace aerosol, the
concentration measured by the candidate sampler can be recalculated into that of a validated sampler.
This part of EN 13205 is applicable to all samplers used for the health-related sampling of particles in
workplace air. Different test procedures and types of evaluation are included to enable application of this part
of EN 13205 to a wide variety of instruments.
The methods specified in this part of EN 13205 are not applicable to tests where the performance of personal
samplers is related to static samplers or vice versa.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 481, Workplace atmospheres — Size fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particles
EN 482, Workplace atmospheres — General requirements for the performance of procedures for the
measurement of chemical agents
EN 1540, Workplace exposure — Terminology
prEN 13205-1:2012, Workplace exposure — Assessment of sampler performance for measurement of
airborne particle concentrations — Part 1: General requirements
prEN 13205-2:2012, Workplace exposure — Assessment of sampler performance for measurement of
airborne particle concentrations — Part 2: Laboratory performance test based on determination of sampling
efficiency
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this document, the term and definitions given in EN 1540, prEN 13205-1:2012,
prEN 13205-2:2012 and the following apply.
NOTE With regard to EN 1540, in particular, the following terms are used in this document: total airborne particles,
respirable fraction, sampling efficiency, static sampler, thoracic fraction, measuring procedure, non-random uncertainty,
random uncertainty, expanded uncertainty, standard uncertainty, combined standard uncertainty, expanded uncertainty,
uncertainty (of measurement), coverage factor, precision and analysis.
3.1
correction function
mathematical function relating aerosol concentrations measured using a candidate
sampler to those measured using a validated sampler, determined by a comparison of the two samplers
5

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 13205-5:2012
prEN 13205-5:2012 (E)
4 Symbols and abbreviations
4.1 Symbols
4.1.1 Latin
C average total airborne particle (or inhalable aerosol fraction) concentration for partial
amb inhale
rtl

3
sampling period l in run r for sampling time t, [mg/m ]
C appropriate occupational exposure limit value (OEL) applying to the substances
OEL

3
being measured, [mg/m ]
3
C concentration for partial sampling period l in run r, for sampling time t, [mg/m ]
rtl
C time-weighted concentration average for candidate sampler for run r, sampling time
twa l1−l2 r3

3
t=3 extending from partial sampling period l1 to partial sampling period l2, [mg/m ]
c candidate sampler correction factor for bias correction, either prescribed by sampler
manufacturer or measuring procedure, or assigned the value c=1.00, [-]
m average mass collected during partial sampling period l, in run r for sampling time t
rtl
(where t=1,2,3 represents sampling timesT , T 3 and T 9 , respectively),
exp exp exp

[mg]
aver
m average collected mass for partial sampling period l, in run r for sampling time t
Collected rtl

(where t=1,2,3 represents sampling timesT , T 3 and T 9 , respectively),
exp exp exp

[mg]
aver
m average internally separated mass for partial sampling period l, in run r for sampling
InternSep rtl

time t (where t=1,2,3 represents sampling times T , T 3 and T 9 ,
exp exp exp

respectively), [mg]
m maximum collected mass corresponding to maximum concentration times intended
max Collected

sampling time times nominal flow rate, [mg]
m maximum internally separated mass corresponding to difference between maximum
max InternSep

total airborne particle (or inhalable fraction) concentration and maximum
concentration expected to be sampled by candidate sampler times intended
sampling time times nominal flow rate, [mg]
m collected mass corresponding to approximately zero mass, [mg]
zero Collected

m internally separated mass corresponding to approximately zero mass, [mg]
zero InternSep

N number of experimental runs, pairs of (average) validated sampler and candidate
Run

sampler concentrations
N number of candidate samplers used in experimental run r
S
r

6

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 13205-5:2012
prEN 13205-5:2012 (E)
N
S
rtl
  number of candidate samplers used with partial sampling period j in run r for
sampling time t
N
Valid
r
  number of reference samplers (validated samplers) used in experimental run r
0
Q nominal flow rate of sampler, [l/min]

+
Q higher flow rate used for the candidate sampler in the performance test for the effect

of flow excursions, [l/min]
-
Q lower flow rate used for the candidate sampler in the performance test for the effect

of flow excursions, [l/min]
R geometric mean of the R values, [-]
g rs

R ratio of the candidate sampler individual s concentration in experimental run r to the
rs
(average) workplace (test) aerosol concentration in experimental run r, [-]
aver
R ratio of the average candidate sampler concentration to the (average) workplace
r

(test) aerosol concentration in experimental run r, [-]
r relative concentration (ratio with respect to the time-weighted concentration
rtl
measured with candidate sampler with the shortest sampling time) for experiment r,
sampling time t and partial sampling period l, [-]
s geometric standard deviation of the R values, [-]
R rs

s uncertainty of workplace (test) aerosol concentration at position of candidate
ValidConc
rs

sampler(s) for experimental run r and candidate sampler individual s, [-]
T experimental sampling time for tests described in Clause 6.5.5 based on estimated
exp

average concentration at workplace, [min]
T actual sampling time of partial sampling period l for set t in experiment r, [min]
rtl
U expanded uncertainty (of measurement) of the calculated sampled concentration
CandSampl

due to the candidate sampler, [-]
u combined uncertainty (of measurement) of the calculated sampled concentration
CandSampl

due to the candidate sampler, [-]
u standard uncertainty (of measurement) due to bias (non-random errors) in relation to
CandSampl-Bias

the sampling convention of the candidate sampler, [-]
u standard uncertainty (of measurement) of the sampled concentration (non-random
CandSampler-CollectedMass

errors) due to mass collected by the candidate sampler, [-]
7

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 13205-5:2012
prEN 13205-5:2012 (E)
u standard uncertainty (of measurement) (random) due to candidate sampler flow
CandSampl-Flow

excursion from nominal flow rate, [-]
u standard uncertainty (of measurement) due to internally separated mass (non-
CandSampler-InternSepMass

random errors) by the candidate sampler, [-]
u combined uncertainty (of measurement) of the sampled concentration (non-random
CandSampl-nR

errors) due to the candidate sampler, [-]
u combined uncertainty (of measurement) of the sampled concentration (random
CandSampl-R

errors) due to the candidate sampler, [-]
u standard uncertainty (of measurement) of the sampled concentration (random
CandSampl-Variability

errors) due to differences among candidate sampler individuals, [-]
u standard uncertainty (of measurement) of the reference concentration (random
ValidConc

errors) at the position of candidate samplers during experiments, [-]
u standard uncertainty of the validated sampler (non-random errors), [-]
ValidSampl-nR

X measured candidate sampler concentration for candidate sampler individual s, for
rs
3
the run (workplace (test) aerosol concentration) r, [mg/m ]
aver
X average of the measured candidate sampler concentrations for the run (workplace
r

3
(test) aerosol concentration) r, [mg/m ]
Y workplace (test) aerosol concentration (measured with a validated sampler) for the
rs
reference sampler individual s, for the run (workplace (test) aerosol concentration) r,
3
[mg/m ]
*
Y corrected concentration measured by the candidate sampler individual s, for the run
rs
3
experiment (workplace (test) aerosol concentration) r, [mg/m
aver
Y average of the concentrations measured with validated samplers for the run
r

3
(workplace (test) aerosol concentration) r, [mg/m ]
aver
Y regression equation for the ratio r as a function of m = m , [-]
Est-Collected rtl Collected Collected rtl

aver
Y regression equation for the ratio r as a function of m = m , [-]
Est-InternSep rtl InternSep InternSep rtl

y = f(x)  correction function that relates the concentration measured with the candidate
3
sampler to those measured with the (average of) validated sampler(s), [ln(mg/m )]
4.1.2 Greek
δ maximum relative change in flow rate allowed by pump flow rate stability, [-]
Pump

8

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 13205-5:2012
prEN 13205-5:2012 (E)
4.2 Enumerating subscripts
l for partial sampling periods
l1 for first partial sampling period in summation
l2 for last partial sampling period in summation
r for runs
s for candidate sampler individual
t for sampling time (where t=1,2,3 represents sampling timesT , T 3 and T 9
exp exp exp

respectively)
5 Principle
The test method described in this part of EN 13205 is based on concentrations measured at a specific
workplace by the candidate sampler, whether all aspirated particles are part of the sample (as for most
inhalable samplers) or if a particle size-dependent penetration occurs between the inlet and the collection
substrate (as for thoracic and respirable samplers).
The purpose of determining the performance of a candidate sampler at a workplace is to enable the user of
the samplers to carry out measurements of dust concentration with samplers that have not been evaluated in
laboratory tests according to this part of EN 13205. The validated sampler and candidate sampler shall both
be either personal or static samplers.
The bias versus the sampling convention is determined by comparing the concentrations determined with the
candidate sampler and a validated sampler. Other sampling errors due on-random and random sources of
error are also determined, for example, individual sampler variability, excursion from nominal flow rate and
experimental errors.
Analysis of the field data is carried out to determine the performance of the candidate sampler. The
performance will be specific to the workplace activities included in the performance test and cannot be
assumed to apply to different circumstances.
The criteria for accepting the performance of the sampler is identical to those for a laboratory test for per-
formance evaluation. If the performance is poor, this will probably be due to either that the inherent variability
at the workplace is exceedingly large, or by including too wide a range of workplace activities in the test,
rather than to poor performance by the sampler. In the first case the large variability can only be reduced by
averaging over several sampler individuals, which can be difficult with personal samplers. In the second case
the performance test shall be repeated for a more narrowly-defined group of exposed persons or workplace
activities, until an adequate degree of equivalence is established. In some workplaces the nature or organi-
sation of the work can make this impossible.
NOTE The variability of the concentration at many workplaces can prove to be so large that it becomes impossible to
determine a performance (expanded uncertainty) within the bounds specified by EN 482. To try to determine the (hopefully
low) combined standard uncertainty of the sampler in the midst of an inherently large variability at the workplace can,
however, prove to be very cumbersome. Such an endeavour would need an extensive experimental design in order to
extract the information needed for the calculations described in this part of EN 13205.
9

---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 13205-5:2012
prEN 13205-5:2012 (E)
6 Test method
6.1 General
Pairs of measurements are obtained with both validated sampler individual(s) and candidate sampler
individual(s) (preferably more than one individual for both the validated sampler and the candidate sampler),
exposed to the same aerosol. The number of pairs of measurements (experimental runs) obtained shall be as
large as possible and never less than ten. The measurements shall cover the range of aerosol properties,
concentrations and environmental conditions occurring at the sampling sites, and be obtained over a period of
at least five days (although a larger number of days is preferred).
Both the validated and the candidate sampler(s) shall be operated in accordance with the instructions given in
the manufacturer's instruction manual for the sampler types. Any deviations from these instructions shall be
documented in the performance test report. Only those samples obtained in accordance with documented
operating procedures shall be regarded as valid and included in the data analysis.
In order for the candidate sampler to be termed a validated sampler (type C) its performance shall meet the
requirements of prEN 13205-1:2012, 5.2 c).
6.2 Performance test of personal samplers for the inhalable aerosol fraction
For each person selected, both the validated and candidate samplers shall be worn, positioned at their normal
sites of use (e.g. shaller/lapel/collar bone). Both samplers shall be positioned as closely together as possible
without mutual interference or deviation from their normal positions. It is important to assign the validated
sampler and candidate sampler randomly to the measurement positions to avoid positional bias in the results.
Personal samplers for the inhalable aerosol fraction can be compared using a life-size mannequin located
2
close to a worker, but not disturbing his/her work. CALTOOL is an example of such a designed mannequin .
The use of a mannequin makes it easier to perform a test based on several validated sampler individuals and
candidate sampler individuals, whose concentrations may be averaged for each measured concentration.
6.3 Performance test of static samplers
The inlets of the validated sampler and the candidate sampler shall be positioned as closely together as
possible without mutual interference. In the case of samplers with directional inlets, the position with respect to
external air currents shall be the same for all samplers.
Reference aerosol concentrations at the inlet of the candidate sampler can be obtained by averaging the
results of several validated samplers. An example of this approach is to place the candidate sampler at the
centre of an equilateral triangle, and to place three validated samplers at the vertices. If tests are carried out
using pairs of samplers placed at various sites, then each test shall be repeated with the positions of the
samplers reversed, to avoid positional bias.
6.4 Performance test of personal samplers for the respirable or thoracic aerosol fractions
Candidate personal samplers for the respirable or thoracic aerosol fractions may be tested as static samplers
as the particle size distribution of these two fractions only varies very slowly with the distance from the worker.
A static test has the advantage that several candidate samplers (and validated samplers) can easily be
exposed to a very similar concentration. A way to do this is by mounting the candidate and validated samplers
inside a vertically mounted barrel/canister that shields the candidate samplers/validated samplers from the
spatially varying concentration at a workplace. The entrance to the barrel/canister shall face vertically and be
small enough that the concentration across the inlet would be spatially homogeneous. The inlet orifices of the
candidate samplers shall all be at the same height inside the barrel/canister and at the same radial distance
from the axis. No extra suction is required apart from that sustained from the samplers in the test. For such a
barrel/canister it shall be verified that the aerosol aspiration/transport losses from the outside to the inlets of

2
See Bibliography, references [1] to [3].
10

---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 13205-5:2012
prEN 13205-5:2012 (E)
the candidate and validated samplers do not reduce the size distribution of the workplace aerosol in such a
way that it becomes almost completely respirable or thoracic, respective
...