SIST CR 13767:2001
(Main)Characterization of sludges - Good practice for sludges incineration with and without grease and screenings
Characterization of sludges - Good practice for sludges incineration with and without grease and screenings
This CEN Report describes good practice for the incineration of sludges with and without grease and screenings.
This CEN Report is applicable for sludges described in the scope of CEN/TC 308 specifically derived from :
- night soil ;
- urban wastewater collecting systems ;
- urban wastewater treatment plants ;
- treating industrial wastewater similar to urban wastewater (as defined in Directive 91/271/EC) ;
but excluding hazardous sludges from industry.
This European standard is not applicable to co-incineration of sludge and other wastes, (either urban or hazardous) (see CR 13768) and to the use of sludge in cement kilns.
Annex A gives tables of data for different typical parameters for sludge, furnace, ash, etc..
Charakterisierung von Schlämmen - Anleitung für die gute fachliche Praxis bei der Verbrennung von Schlamm mit und ohne Fett und Rechengut
Diese Europäische Norm gibt eine Anleitung für die Verbrennung von Schlamm mit und ohne Fett. Diese Europäische Norm gilt für Schlämme, die im Anwendungsbereich des CEN/TC 308 beschrieben sind, d.h. aus: - der Regenwasserbehandlung; - der Fäkalienentsorgung; - der kommunalen Abwasserkanalisation; - der kommunalen Kläranlagen; - der Behandlung ähnlicher Industrieabwässer (wie in Richtlinie 91/271/EWG festgelegt); - den Wasseraufbereitungsanlagen; - den Wasserversorgungsnetzen; mit Ausnahme von gefährlichen Industrieschlämmen.
Caractérisation des boues - Bonne pratique d'incinération des boues avec ou sans graisse et refus de dégrillage
La présente norme européenne décrit les bonnes pratiques d'incinération des boues avec ou sans graisse. La présente norme européenne s'applique aux boues décrites dans le domaine d'application du document CEN/TC 308, c'est-à-dire: - traitement des eaux pluviales; - matières de vidange; - systèmes de collecte des eaux usées urbaines; - stations d'épuration des eaux usées urbaines; - stations d'épuration des eaux industrielles assimilées (telles que définies par la Directive 91/271/CEE); - usines de production d'eau potable; - systèmes de distribution d'eau potable; à l'exception des boues industrielles dangereuses.
Karakterizacija blata - Dobra praksa za sežiganje blat z maščobami in ostanki ter brez njih
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2001
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Characterization of sludges - Good practice for sludges incineration with and without
grease and screenings
Charakterisierung von Schlämmen - Anleitung für die gute fachliche Praxis bei der
Verbrennung von Schlamm mit und ohne Fett und Rechengut
Caractérisation des boues - Bonne pratique d'incinération des boues avec ou sans
graisse et refus de dégrillage
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CR 13767:2001
ICS:
13.030.20 7HNRþLRGSDGNL%ODWR Liquid wastes. Sludge
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
CEN REPORT
CR 13767
RAPPORT CEN
CEN BERICHT
August 2001
ICS
English version
Characterization of sludges - Good practice for sludges
incineration with and without grease and screenings
Caractérisation des boues - Bonne pratique d'incinération Charakterisierung von Schlämmen - Anleitung für die gute
des boues avec ou sans graisse et refus de dégrillage fachliche Praxis bei der Verbrennung von Schlamm mit und
ohne Fett und Rechengut
This CEN Report was approved by CEN on 16 June 2001. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 308.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2001 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CR 13767:2001 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 References.5
3 Terms and definitions.5
4 Sludge properties .5
4.1 Chemical characteristics.6
4.2 Physical-chemical characteristics .7
5 Combustion fundamentals.9
6 Equipment characteristics.10
6.1 Incineration systems .10
6.2 Support components.16
6.3 Design aspects.21
7 Operational procedures .22
7.1 General.22
7.2 Specific .22
8 Management of residues.25
8.1 Flue gas.25
8.2 Ashes .26
8.3 Wastewater .27
9 Environmental impact assessment.27
Annex A.28
Bibliography .32
Foreword
This document has been prepared by CEN /TC 308, "Characterization of sludges".
This document is currently submitted to the CEN BT.
The status of this document as CEN Report has been chosen because the most of its content is not completely in
line with practice and regulation in each member state. This document gives recommendations for a good practice
but existing national regulations concerning the sludges incineration remain in force.
Introduction
The purpose of this CEN Report is to describe good practice of the sludge incineration in order to ensure a safe
and economical operation. The main goals are to :
describe the principal design parameters relevant to different process schemes ;
assess the operating procedures able to perform optimal energy consumption, emissions control and
equipment durability ;
provide the responsible authorities with well established and easily applicable protocols for control purposes ;
promote the diffusion of this practice and favouring the formation of a public opinion consensus ;
potential advantages of high temperature processes include :
reduction of volume and mass of sludge ;
destruction of toxic organic compounds, if present ;
energy recovery.
Anyway, priority should be given to reduction of pollutants at the origin and to recover ,
if technically and economically feasible, valuable substances (phosphorous and potassium) in sludge and derived
products.
The following abbreviated terms necessary for the understanding of this report apply :
COD Chemical oxygen demand
LOI Loss On Ignition
MHF Multiple Hearth Furnace
FBF Fluidised Bed Furnace
RKF Rotary Kiln Furnace
EF Electric Furnace
CF Cyclone Furnace
PCDF Polychlorodibenzofurans
PCDD Polychlorodibenzodioxins
PCB Polychlorinated biphenyls
PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
GCV Greater Calorific Value
LCV Lower Calorific Value
VOC Volatile organic carbon
1 Scope
This CEN Report describes good practice for the incineration of sludges with and without grease and screenings.
This CEN Report is applicable for sludges described in the scope of CEN/TC 308 specifically derived from :
night soil ;
urban wastewater collecting systems ;
urban wastewater treatment plants ;
treating industrial wastewater similar to urban wastewater (as defined in Directive 91/271/EC) ;
but excluding hazardous sludges from industry.
This European standard is not applicable to co-incineration of sludge and other wastes, (either urban or hazardous)
(see CR 13768) and to the use of sludge in cement kilns.
Annex A gives tables of data for different typical parameters for sludge, furnace, ash, etc.
2 References
EN 1085, Wastewater treatment – Vocabulary.
EN 12832, Characterization of sludges – Utilisation and disposal of sludges – Vocabulary.
EN 12255-8, Wastewater treatments plants – Part 8 : Sludge treatment and storage.
CR 13768, Characterization of sludges – Good practice for combined incneration of sludge and household wastes.
prEN 13965-1, Characterization of waste – Terminology – Part 1 : Material related terms and dEFinitions.
prEN 13965-2, Characterization of waste – Terminology – Part 2 : Management related terms and dEFinitions.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this CEN Report, the following terms and definitions which apply are those given in :
Directive 91/271/EC (Concerning urban waste water treatment) ;
Directive 75/442/EEC (The Waste Framework Directive) as amended by EU Directive 91/156/EEC ;
Directive 89/369/EEC (Concerning prevention of atmospheric pollution derived from urban solid waste
incineration plants) ;
EN 1085, EN 12832, and prEN 13965-1 and 2.
4 Sludge properties
Sludge characterisation for the assessment of combustion processes involves the evaluation of chemical and
physical parameters and specific properties.
4.1 Chemical characteristics
The main chemical characteristics to be taken into account are :
organic and inorganic chlorine ;
sulfur ;
phosphorus and nitrogen ;
other halogens ;
organic micropollutants with main regard to chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenols and polyphenols,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) ;
elemental analysis of loss on ignition (LOI) ;
trace elements.
The toxicity of emissions (gaseous, liquid, solid) from incineration generally depends on the presence of above
chemicals at origin, when improper operating conditions occur.
a) Sulfur
The sulfur content of sewage sludge ranges generally from 0,5 % to 2 % by dry mass. Because a fraction of the
sulfur is present in the oxidised sulfate form, not all of this sulfur is converted to sulfur dioxide during combustion.
Sulfur dioxide then combines with moisture, either in the waste gas treatment system or in the atmosphere, to form
sulfuric and sulfurous acids.
b) Phosphorus and nitrogen
Phosphorus can be present in sewage sludge in concentration ranging from 1 % to 5 % by dry mass. This
concentration mainly depends on the phosphorus load in the wastewater system and on the level of phosphorus
removal accomplished in the treatment plant. Nowadays in some countries the phosphorus concentration in urban
wastewater is decreasing due to substitution of phosphorus in detergents with other products. During combustion
phosphorus and phosphorus compounds are converted to calcium phosphate which can be present in the furnace
ash up to 15 % mass fraction of P O in certain conditions, leaching of phosphorus from ashes should be taken
2 5
into account.
Nitrogen content of sewage sludge (2 % to 12 % dry mass) can be converted during combustion to molecular
nitrogen or to NO , depending on the temperature and atmosphere inside the furnace. NO formation from fuel
x x
bound nitrogen can be controlled by restricting the air flow to the minimum excess above the stoichiometric
requirement and by staging the air flow to the furnace (see 8.1).
1)
c) Chlorine and other halogens
Organic and inorganic chlorine compounds play an important role in the combustion processes for the tendency of
the chlorine radicals to bind to active radicals, like O*, H* and OH*. This determines a decrease in the combustion
rate with the possibility of toxic compounds formation. Chlorine and other halogens are also responsible for the
presence in the exhaust gases of acidic compounds which are undesirable for corrosion problems involved,
especially at high temperatures. The presence of organic chlorine in sewage sludge is generally negligible (less
than 50 mg/kg dry mass) but the concentration of inorganic chlorine can be some units per cent dry mass
depending on chlorine presence in the sludge water fraction and on the use of inorganic conditioners. The
industrial sludges similar to sewage sludge mentioned in Directive 91/271/EC, which derive from food and/or
1) Bromine can exert similar effects than chlorine but the organic compounds are easier formed and they can also be easier
destroyed at high temperatures.
beverage transformation and production, do not contain organic chlorine. As for swage sludge, inorganic chlorine
can be present in such sludges if FeCl is used as conditioner.
d) Organic micropollutants
Although the presence of organic micropollutants in sewage sludge can be in some cases noticeable, they
generally do not pose problems in incineration. Chemical analysis should can include, for particular cases of
contaminated sludges, the compounds which are recognised to be recalcitrant to a thermal degradation.
e) Elemental analysis
Elemental analysis of loss on ignition (C, H, N, S, O) is important to predict flow rate and composition of flue gas
and therefore to design the purification gas line. Typical elemental analysis of primary, secondary, mixed and
digested sludge is given in Table A.1.
f) Trace elements
Trace element presence in sewage sludge has to be considered for their potential tendency to be transferred in the
gaseous phase (especially for mercury). They (except mercury) can be concentrated in fly ashes collected in bag
and electrofilters (arsenic, lead, cadmium and zinc). Mercury generally escapes with flue gases but can be
condensed in scrubbers or captured by activated carbon filters.
Trace elements are generally present in sewage sludge in very variable concentrations depending on the presence
of industrial effluents in the wastewater. Table A.2 gives an indication of the most common range of variation and
the typical values of trace element concentrations, but it has to be pointed out that, currently, the trace element
presence in sewage sludge is decreasing due to a more effective control of undesirab
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