iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
SIST

SIST EN ISO 23936-4:2024

(Main)

Oil and gas industries including lower carbon energy - Non-metallic materials in contact with media related to oil and gas production - Part 4: Fiber-reinforced composite (ISO 23936-4:2024)

Oil and gas industries including lower carbon energy - Non-metallic materials in contact with media related to oil and gas production - Part 4: Fiber-reinforced composite (ISO 23936-4:2024)

This document presents general principles and gives requirements and recommendations for the
assessment of stability of non-metallic materials for service in equipment used in oil and gas production
environments. This information aids in material selection. It can be applied to help avoid costly degradation failures of the equipment itself, which could pose a risk to the health and safety of the public and personnel or the environment. It supplements but does not replace, the material requirements given in the appropriate design codes, standards or regulations.
This document describes the procedures for comparative testing of polymeric composite materials consisting of polymers (thermoplastics and thermosets) and re-enforcing materials e. g. glass, carbon, aramid or metals as continuous fibres or woven fabric used in equipment for oil and gas production. The compounded particulate- and short fibre-reinforced composites have been included in ISO 23936-1 and ISO 23936-3.
Mechanical properties and the environmental stability of composite materials depend on the properties and environmental stability of matrix resins, fibres and fibre/resin bonding interfaces. This document focuses on the overall composite properties and their environmental stability. To permit this assessment this document utilizes flat plates and/or tubular shapes made specifically for these tests. Testing and characterization of neat resins and fibre products are beyond this scope.
The equipment considered includes, but is not limited to, non-metallic pipelines, piping, liners and downhole tool components.
Blistering by rapid gas decompression is not included in the scope of this document.

Öl- und Gasindustrie einschließlich kohlenstoffarmer Energieträger - Nichtmetallische Werkstoffe mit Medienkontakt bei der Öl- und Gasproduktion - Teil 4: Verbundwerkstoffe (ISO 23936-4:2024)

Industries du pétrole et du gaz y compris les énergies à faible teneur en carbone - Matériaux non métalliques en contact avec les fluides relatifs à la production de pétrole et de gaz - Partie 4: Composites renforcés de fibres (ISO 23936-4:2024)

Le présent document fournit les principes généraux, les exigences et les recommandations pour l'évaluation de stabilité des matériaux composites renforcés de fibres destinés aux équipements utilisés dans des environnements de production de l'industrie pétrolière et gazière.
Le présent document décrit les procédures d'essai comparatif des matériaux composites constitués de polymères (matériaux thermoplastiques et thermodurcissables) et de matériaux de renforcement tels que le verre, le carbone, l'aramide et les métaux sous forme de fibres continues ou de tissus utilisés dans les équipements destinés à la production de pétrole et de gaz.
Les essais et la caractérisation des résines pures et des produits à base de fibres ne relèvent pas du domaine d'application du présent document.
Les équipements considérés incluent, mais sans s'y limiter, les conduites, les canalisations, les chemisages et les composants d'outils de fond non métalliques.
Le cloquage résultant de la décompression rapide du gaz, les revêtements et les matériaux composites renforcés par des particules composées et des fibres courtes n'entrent pas dans le domaine d'application du présent document.

Naftna in plinska industrija, vključno z nizkoogljično energijo - Nekovinski materiali v stiku z mediji v povezavi s proizvodnjo nafte in plina - 4. del: Z vlakni ojačan kompozit (ISO 23936-4:2024)

General Information

Status
Published
Public Enquiry End Date
18-Jan-2024
Publication Date
21-Oct-2024
ICS
75.180.01 - Equipment for petroleum and natural gas industries in general
Technical Committee
I13 - Imaginarni 13
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
15-Oct-2024
Due Date
20-Dec-2024
Completion Date
22-Oct-2024
Ref Project
EN ISO 23936-4:2024 - Oil and gas industries including lower carbon energy - Nonmetallic materials in contact with media related to oil and gas production Part 4: Fiber-reinforced composite materials (ISO 23936-4:2024)

Buy Standard

EN ISO 23936-4:2024EN ISO 23936-4:2024
PreviousNext
Standard
EN ISO 23936-4:2024
English language
66 pages
sale 10% off
Preview
sale 10% off
Preview
e-Library read for
1 day

Standards Content (Sample)


SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2024
Naftna in plinska industrija, vključno z nizkoogljično energijo - Nekovinski
materiali v stiku z mediji v povezavi s proizvodnjo nafte in plina - 4. del: Z vlakni
ojačan kompozit (ISO 23936-4:2024)
Oil and gas industries including lower carbon energy - Non-metallic materials in contact
with media related to oil and gas production - Part 4: Fiber-reinforced composite (ISO
23936-4:2024)
Öl- und Gasindustrie einschließlich kohlenstoffarmer Energieträger - Nichtmetallische
Werkstoffe mit Medienkontakt bei der Öl- und Gasproduktion - Teil 4: Verbundwerkstoffe
(ISO 23936-4:2024)
Industries du pétrole et du gaz y compris les énergies à faible teneur en carbone -
Matériaux non métalliques en contact avec les fluides relatifs à la production de pétrole
et de gaz - Partie 4: Composites renforcés de fibres (ISO 23936-4:2024)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 23936-4:2024
ICS:
75.180.01 Oprema za industrijo nafte in Equipment for petroleum and
zemeljskega plina na splošno natural gas industries in
general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 23936-4
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
September 2024
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 75.180.01
English Version
Oil and gas industries including lower carbon energy -
Non-metallic materials in contact with media related to oil
and gas production - Part 4: Fiber-reinforced composite
(ISO 23936-4:2024)
Industries du pétrole et du gaz y compris les énergies à Öl- und Gasindustrie einschließlich kohlenstoffarmer
faible teneur en carbone - Matériaux non métalliques Energieträger - Nichtmetallische Werkstoffe mit
en contact avec les fluides relatifs à la production de Medienkontakt bei der Öl- und Gasproduktion - Teil 4:
pétrole et de gaz - Partie 4: Composites renforcés de Verbundwerkstoffe (ISO 23936-4:2024)
fibres (ISO 23936-4:2024)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 8 September 2024.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2024 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 23936-4:2024 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 23936-4:2024) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67 "Oil and
gas industries including lower carbon energy" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 12
“Oil and gas industries including lower carbon energy” the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2025, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by March 2025.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 23936-4:2024 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 23936-4:2024 without any
modification.
International
Standard
ISO 23936-4
First edition
Oil and gas industries including
2024-09
lower carbon energy — Non-
metallic materials in contact
with media related to oil and gas
production —
Part 4:
Fiber-reinforced composite
materials
Industries du pétrole et du gaz y compris les énergies à faible
teneur en carbone — Matériaux non métalliques en contact avec
les fluides relatifs à la production de pétrole et de gaz —
Partie 4: Matériaux composites renforcés de fibres
Reference number
ISO 23936-4:2024(en) © ISO 2024

ISO 23936-4:2024(en)
© ISO 2024
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 23936-4:2024(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions and abbreviated terms . 3
3.1 Terms and definitions .3
3.2 Abbreviated terms .4
4 Technical requirements . 5
4.1 General requirements .5
4.2 Cautionary remarks .7
4.3 Traceability .7
4.4 Test specimen identification .7
4.5 Validation of conformity .9
4.6 Quality control for fabrication of laminated test plates .10
4.6.1 General .10
4.6.2 Quality control for fabrication of plates .10
4.7 Test specimen preparation, quality control and identification . 12
4.7.1 Preparation of test specimens . 12
4.7.2 Quality control of specimen preparation . 12
5 Level 1 – Material property characterization .12
5.1 General . 12
5.2 Reporting .14
6 Level 2 - Material stability (short-term) . 14
6.1 General .14
6.2 Test criteria .14
6.2.1 General .14
6.2.2 Exposure temperature . 15
6.2.3 Exposure durations . 15
6.2.4 Test fluids . . . 15
6.2.5 Property test methods . 15
6.2.6 Threshold criteria . 15
6.3 Preconditioning considerations .16
6.4 Reporting .16
7 Level 3 – Material stability (accelerated) .16
7.1 General .16
7.2 Exposure temperatures . .17
7.3 Exposure durations .17
7.4 Exposure fluids .
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

SIST
SIST EN ISO 23936-1:2022(Main)
Oil and gas industries including lower carbon energy - Non-metallic materials in contact with media related to oil and gas production - Part 1: Thermoplastics (ISO 23936-1:2022)
EN ISO 23936-1:2022

This document gives general principles, specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the
assessment of the stability of non-metallic materials for service in equipment used in oil and gas
exploration and production environments. This information aids in material selection. It can be applied
to help avoid costly degradation failures of the equipment itself, which could pose a risk to the health
and safety of the public and personnel or the environment. This document also provides guidance
for quality assurance. It supplements but does not replace, the material requirements given in the
appropriate design codes, standards or regulations.
This document addresses the resistance of thermoplastics to the deterioration in properties that can
be caused by physical or chemical interaction with produced and injected oil and gas-field media, and
with chemical treatment. Interaction with sunlight and ionizing radiation are excluded from the scope
of this document.
This document is not necessarily suitable for application to equipment used in refining or downstream
processes and equipment.
The equipment considered includes, but is not limited to, non-metallic pipelines, piping, liners, seals,
gaskets and washers.
Blistering by rapid gas decompression is not included in the scope of this document.
This document applies to the assessment of the stability of non-metallic materials in simulated
hydrocarbon production conditions to aid the selection of materials for equipment designed and
constructed using conventional design criteria. Designs utilizing other criteria are excluded from its
scope.

  • Standard
    55 pages
    English language
    sale 10% off
    e-Library read for
    1 day
SIST
SIST EN ISO 27509:2021(Main)
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Compact flanged connections with IX seal ring (ISO 27509:2020)
EN ISO 27509:2020

This document specifies detailed manufacturing requirements for circular steel and nickel alloy
compact flanged connections and associated seal rings, for designated pressures and temperatures
in class designations CL 150 (PN 20) to CL 1500 (PN 260) for nominal sizes from DN 15 (NPS ½) to
DN 1200 (NPS 48), and for CL 2500 (PN 420) for nominal sizes from DN 15 (NPS ½) to DN 600 (NPS 24).
NOTE NPS is expressed in accordance with ASME B36.10M and ASME B36.19M.
This document is applicable to welding neck flanges, blind flanges, paddle spacers and spacer blinds
(paddle blanks), valve/equipment integral flanges, orifice spacers, reducing threaded flanges and rigid
interfaces for use in process piping for the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries.
This document is applicable within a temperature range from −196 °C to +250 °C.
This document is not applicable for external pressure.

  • Standard
    116 pages
    English language
    sale 10% off
    e-Library read for
    1 day
SIST
SIST EN ISO 15156-3:2021(Main)
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production - Part 3: Cracking-resistant CRAs (corrosion-resistant alloys) and other alloys (ISO 15156-3:2020)
EN ISO 15156-3:2020

This document gives requirements and recommendations for the selection and qualification of CRAs
(corrosion-resistant alloys) and other alloys for service in equipment used in oil and natural gas
production and natural gas treatment plants in H2S-containing environments whose failure can pose
a risk to the health and safety of the public and personnel or to the environment. It can be applied to
help avoid costly corrosion damage to the equipment itself. It supplements, but does not replace, the
materials requirements of the appropriate design codes, standards, or regulations.
This document addresses the resistance of these materials to damage that can be caused by sulfide
stress cracking (SSC), stress corrosion cracking (SCC), and galvanically induced hydrogen stress
cracking (GHSC).
This document is concerned only with cracking. Loss of material by general (mass loss) or localized
corrosion is not addressed.
Table 1 provides a non-exhaustive list of equipment to which this document is applicable, including
exclusions.
This document applies to the qualification and selection of materials for equipment designed and
constructed using load controlled design methods. For design utilizing strain-based design methods,
see ISO 15156-1:2020, Clause 5.
This document is not necessarily suitable for application to equipment used in refining or downstream
processes and equipment.

  • Standard
    80 pages
    English language
    sale 10% off
    e-Library read for
    1 day
SIST
SIST EN ISO 15156-1:2021(Main)
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production - Part 1: General principles for selection of cracking-resistant materials (ISO 15156-1:2020)
EN ISO 15156-1:2020

This document describes general principles and gives requirements and recommendations for the
selection and qualification of metallic materials for service in equipment used in oil and gas production
and in natural-gas sweetening plants in H2S-containing environments, where the failure of such
equipment can pose a risk to the health and safety of the public and personnel or to the environment.
It can be applied to help to avoid costly corrosion damage to the equipment itself. It supplements, but
does not replace, the materials requirements given in the appropriate design codes, standards, or
regulations.
This document addresses all mechanisms of cracking that can be caused by H2S, including sulfide stress
cracking, stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen-induced cracking and stepwise cracking, stress-oriented
hydrogen-induced cracking, soft zone cracking, and galvanically induced hydrogen stress cracking.
Table 1 provides a non-exhaustive list of equipment to which this document is applicable, including
exclusions.
This document applies to the qualification and selection of materials for equipment designed and
constructed using load controlled design methods. For design utilizing strain-based design methods,
see Clause 5.
This document is not necessarily applicable to equipment used in refining or downstream processes
and equipment.

  • Standard
    19 pages
    English language
    sale 10% off
    e-Library read for
    1 day
SIST
SIST EN ISO 15156-2:2021(Main)
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production - Part 2: Cracking-resistant carbon and low-alloy steels, and the use of cast irons (ISO 15156-2:2020)
EN ISO 15156-2:2020

This document gives requirements and recommendations for the selection and qualification of carbon
and low-alloy steels for service in equipment used in oil and natural gas production and natural gas
treatment plants in H2S-containing environments, whose failure can pose a risk to the health and safety
of the public and personnel or to the environment. It can be applied to help to avoid costly corrosion
damage to the equipment itself. It supplements, but does not replace, the materials requirements of the
appropriate design codes, standards or regulations.
This document addresses the resistance of these steels to damage that can be caused by sulfide stress
cracking (SSC) and the related phenomena of stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking (SOHIC) and
soft-zone cracking (SZC).
This document also addresses the resistance of these steels to hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) and its
possible development into stepwise cracking (SWC).
This document is concerned only with cracking. Loss of material by general (mass loss) or localized
corrosion is not addressed.
Table 1 provides a non-exhaustive list of equipment to which this document is applicable, including
exclusions.
This document applies to the qualification and selection of materials for equipment designed and
constructed using load controlled design methods. For design utilizing strain-based design methods,
see ISO 15156-1:2020, Clause 5.
Annex A lists SSC-resistant carbon and low alloy steels, and A.2.4 includes requirements for the use of
cast irons.
This document is not necessarily suitable for application to equipment used in refining or downstream
processes and equipment.

  • Standard
    56 pages
    English language
    sale 10% off
    e-Library read for
    1 day
SIST
SIST EN ISO 17782:2019(Main)
Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Scheme for conformity assessment of manufacturers of special materials (ISO 17782:2018)
EN ISO 17782:2018

This document establishes a procedure for verifying that the manufacturer of special materials for
the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries has sufficient competence and experience
of the relevant material grades of metal, and the necessary facilities and equipment, to manufacture
these materials in the required shapes and sizes with acceptable properties according to the applicable
standard, material specification and/or material data sheet specified by the purchaser.
This document is applicable to manufacturers of various materials, product forms and manufacturing
processes when specified by the purchaser. This document has been established considering especially,
but not exclusively:
a) duplex stainless steel;
b) high alloyed austenitic stainless steel;
c) nickel-based alloys;
d) titanium and its alloys.
This document is also applicable to the processes of induction bending and strain-hardened products.

  • Standard
    62 pages
    English language
    sale 10% off
    e-Library read for
    1 day
SIST
SIST EN ISO 17781:2017(Main)
Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Test methods for quality control of microstructure of austenitic/ferritic (duplex) stainless steel (ISO 17781:2017)
EN ISO 17781:2017

This document specifies quality control testing methods and test conditions for the characterization
of microstructure in relation to relevant properties in ferritic/austenitic (duplex) stainless steel
components supplied in the solution annealed condition and fabrication welds in the as welded
condition.
This document supplements the relevant product and fabrication standards with respect to destructive
testing methods including sampling of test specimens, test conditions and test acceptance criteria to
show freedom from deleterious intermetallic phases and precipitates in duplex stainless steels. In
addition, this document specifies the documentation of testing and test results by the testing laboratory.
NOTE 1 This document is based upon experience with duplex stainless steels in offshore oil and gas industry
applications including topside and subsea hydrocarbon service, sea water service, as well as structural use.
NOTE 2 The austenite spacing is relevant to the susceptibility of duplex stainless steels to hydrogen-induced
stress cracking (HISC) in subsea applications where cathodic protection is applied. This falls outside the scope of
this document. Reference is made to DNV/GL RP-F112[4].

  • Standard
    26 pages
    English language
    sale 10% off
    e-Library read for
    1 day
SIST
SIST EN ISO 14224:2016(Main)
Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment (ISO 14224:2016, Corrected version 2016-10-01)
EN ISO 14224:2016

This International Standard provides a comprehensive basis for the collection of reliability and maintenance (RM) data in a standard format for equipment in all facilities and operations within the petroleum, natural gas and petrochemical industries during the operational life cycle of equipment. It describes data collection principles and associated terms and definitions that constitute a “reliability language” that can be useful for communicating operational experience. The failure modes defined in the normative part of this International Standard can be used as a “reliability thesaurus” for various quantitative as well as qualitative applications. This International Standard also describes data quality control and assurance practices to provide guidance for the user.
Standardization of data collection practices facilitates the exchange of information between parties, e.g. plants, owners, manufacturers and contractors. This International Standard establishes requirements that any in-house or commercially available RM data system is required to meet when designed for RM data exchange. Examples, guidelines and principles for the exchange and merging of such RM data are addressed. This International Standard also provides a framework and guidelines for establishing performance objectives and requirements for equipment reliability and availability performance.
Annex A contains a summary of equipment that is covered by this International Standard.
This International Standard defines a minimum amount of data that is required to be collected, and it focuses on two main issues:
— data requirements for the categories of data to be collected for use in various analysis methodologies;
— standardized data format to facilitate the exchange of reliability and maintenance data between plants, owners, manufacturers and contractors.
The following main categories of data are to be collected:
a) equipment data, e.g. equipment taxonomy, equipment attributes;
b) failure data, e.g. failure cause, failure consequence;
c) maintenance data, e.g. maintenance action, resources used, maintenance consequence, down time.
NOTE Clause 9 gives further details on data content and data format.
The main areas where such data are used are the following:
1) reliability, e.g. failure events and failure mechanisms;
2) availability/efficiency, e.g. equipment availability, system availability, plant production availability;
3) maintenance, e.g. corrective and preventive maintenance, maintenance plan, maintenance supportability;
4) safety and environment, e.g. equipment failures with adverse consequences for safety and/or environment.
This International Standard does not apply to the following:
i.   data on (direct) cost issues;
ii.    data from laboratory testing and manufacturing (e.g. accelerated lifetime testing), see also 5.2;
iii.    complete equipment data sheets (only data seen relevant for assessing the reliability performance are included);
iv.   additional on-service data that an operator, on an individual basis, can consider useful for operation and maintenance;
v.   methods for analysing and applying RM data (however, principles for how to calculate some basic
vi.   reliability and maintenance parameters are included in the annexes).

  • Standard
    281 pages
    English language
    sale 10% off
    e-Library read for
    1 day
  • Standard
    281 pages
    English language
    sale 10% off
    e-Library read for
    1 day
SIST
SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 12489:2016(Main)
Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Reliability modelling and calculation of safety systems (ISO/TR 12489:2013)
CEN ISO/TR 12489:2016

This Technical Report aims to close the gap between the state-of-the-art and the application of probabilistic calculations for the safety systems of the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries. It provides guidelines for reliability and safety system analysts and the oil and gas industries to:
• understand the correct meaning of the definitions used in the reliability field;
• identify
— the safety systems which may be concerned,
— the difficulties encountered when dealing with reliability modelling and calculation of safety systems,
— the relevant probabilistic parameters to be considered;
• be informed of effective solutions overcoming the encountered difficulties and allowing to undertake
the calculations of relevant probabilistic parameters;
• obtain sufficient knowledge of the principles and framework (e.g. the modelling power and limitations) of the well-established approaches currently used in the reliability field:
— analytical formulae;[1][2][13]
— Boolean:
• reliability block diagrams;[4]
• fault trees;[5]
— sequential: event trees,[8] cause consequence diagrams[10] and LOPA;[9]
— Markovian;[6]
— Petri nets;[7]
• obtain sufficient knowledge of the principles of probabilistic evaluations:
— analytical calculations (e.g. performed on Boolean or Markovian models);[1][2][3]
— and Monte Carlo simulation (e.g. performed on Petri nets[7]);
• select an approach suitable with the complexity of the related safety system and the reliability study
which is undertaken;
• handle safety and dependability (e.g. for production assurance purpose, see 3.1.1) within the same
reliability framework.
The elementary approaches (e.g. PHA, HAZID, HAZOP, FMECA) are out of the scope of this Technical Report. Yet they are of utmost importance and ought to be applied first as their results provide the input information essential to properly undertake the implementation of the approaches described in this Technical Report: analytical formulae, Boolean approaches (reliability block diagrams, fault trees, event
trees, etc.), Markov graphs and Petri nets.
This Technical Report is focused on probabilistic calculations of random failures and, therefore, the nonrandom (i.e. systematic failures as per the international reliability vocabulary IEV 191[14]) failures are out of the scope even if, to some extent, they are partly included into the reliability data collected from the field.

  • Technical report
    266 pages
    English language
    sale 10% off
    e-Library read for
    1 day
SIST
SIST EN ISO 23936-2:2012(Main)
Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Non-metallic materials in contact with media related to oil and gas production - Part 2: Elastomers (ISO 23936-2:2011)
EN ISO 23936-2:2011

ISO 23936 describes general principles and gives requirements and recommendations for the selection and qualification of non-metallic materials for service in equipment used in oil and gas production environments, where the failure of such equipment could pose a risk to the health and safety of the public and personnel, or to the environment. It can be applied to help avoid failures of the equipment itself. It supplements, but does not replace, the material requirements given in the appropriate design codes, standards or regulations.
ISO 23936-2:2011 describes the requirements and procedures for qualification of elastomeric material used in equipment for oil and gas production.

  • Standard
    74 pages
    English language
    sale 10% off
    e-Library read for
    1 day