SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
(Main)Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Testing of welds in austenitic steels and nickel-based alloys (ISO 22825:2012)
Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Testing of welds in austenitic steels and nickel-based alloys (ISO 22825:2012)
This International Standard specifies the approach to be followed when developing procedures for the ultrasonic testing of the following welds: - welds in stainless steels; - welds in nickel-based alloys; - welds in duplex steels; - dissimilar metal welds; - austenitic welds. The purposes of the testing can be very different, e.g.: - for the assessment of quality level (manufacturing); - for the detection of specific indications induced in service. Acceptance levels are not included in this International Standard, but can be applied in accordance with the scope of the testing. The requirements of this International Standard are applicable to both manual and mechanized testing.
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen - Ultraschallprüfung - Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen aus austenitischem Stahl und Nickellegierungen (ISO 22825:2012)
Diese Internationale Norm legt den Weg zur Entwicklung von Prüfanweisungen für die Ultraschallprüfung von folgenden Schweißverbindungen fest:
Schweißverbindungen in austenitischen Stählen;
Schweißverbindungen in Nickellegierungen;
Schweißverbindungen in Duplexstählen;
Schweißverbindungen zwischen unterschiedlichen Metallen (Mischverbindungen).
Der Zweck der Prüfung kann sehr unterschiedlich sein, z. B.:
Bewertung der Güteklasse (Herstellung);
Nachweis besonderer, durch den Gebrauch hervorgerufener Anzeigen.
Diese Internationale Norm enthält keine Zulässigkeitsgrenzen, sie können entsprechend dem Anwendungs-bereich der Prüfung (siehe Abschnitt 5) angewendet werden.
Die Anforderungen dieser Norm gelten sowohl für die manuelle als auch für die mechanisierte Prüfung.
Essais non destructifs des assemblages soudés - Contrôle par ultrasons - Contrôle des soudures en aciers austénitiques et en alliages à base nickel (ISO 22825:2012)
L'ISO 22825:2012 spécifie l'approche à suivre pour la mise au point des modes opératoires de contrôle par ultrasons des soudures suivantes: a) soudures sur aciers inoxydables; b) soudures sur alliages à base de nickel; c) soudures sur aciers duplex; d) soudures sur métaux dissemblables; e) soudures sur aciers austénitiques.
Les objectifs des essais peuvent être très différents, par exemple: 1) évaluation du niveau de qualité (fabrication); 2) détection d'indications spécifiques produites au cours du service.
Les niveaux d'acceptation ne sont pas inclus dans l'ISO 22825:2012, mais ils peuvent être appliqués selon le domaine d'application des essais.
Les exigences de l'ISO 22825:2012 sont applicables à la fois au contrôle manuel et au contrôle mécanisé.
Neporušitveno preskušanje zvarnih spojev - Ultrazvočno preskušanje - Preskušanje zvarnih spojev iz avstenitnih jekel in nikljevih zlitin (ISO 22825:2012)
Ta mednarodni standard določa pristop k razvoju postopkov za ultrazvočno preskušanje naslednjih zvarnih spojev: – zvarnih spojev iz nerjavnega jekla; – zvarnih spojev iz nikljevih litin – zvarnih spojev iz dvojnega jekla; – zvarnih spojev iz različnih kovin; – avstenitnih zvarnih spojev. Nameni preskušanja so lahko zelo različni, npr.: – vrednotenje ravni kakovosti (proizvodnje); – ugotavljanje posebnih znakov, ki se pojavijo pri uporabi. Ta standard ne zajema meja spremenljivosti, vendar se lahko uporabijo v skladu s področjem uporabe preskušanja. Zahteve iz tega mednarodnega standarda se uporabljajo za ročno in mehansko preskušanje.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
01-september-2012
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 22825:2007
1HSRUXãLWYHQRSUHVNXãDQMH]YDUQLKVSRMHY8OWUD]YRþQRSUHVNXãDQMH
3UHVNXãDQMH]YDUQLKVSRMHYL]DYVWHQLWQLKMHNHOLQQLNOMHYLK]OLWLQ ,62
Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Testing of welds in austenitic steels
and nickel-based alloys (ISO 22825:2012)
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen - Ultraschallprüfung - Prüfung von
Schweißverbindungen aus austenitischem Stahl und Nickellegierungen (ISO
22825:2012)
Essais non destructifs des assemblages soudés - Contrôle par ultrasons - Contrôle des
soudures en aciers austénitiques et en alliages à base nickel (ISO 22825:2012)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 22825:2012
ICS:
25.160.40 Varjeni spoji in vari Welded joints
SIST EN ISO 22825:2012 en,fr
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 22825
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2012
ICS 25.160.40 Supersedes EN ISO 22825:2006
English Version
Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Testing of
welds in austenitic steels and nickel-based alloys (ISO
22825:2012)
Contrôle non destructif des assemblages soudés - Contrôle Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen -
par ultrasons - Contrôle des soudures en aciers Ultraschallprüfung - Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen aus
austénitiques et en alliages à base nickel (ISO 22825:2012) austenitischem Stahl und Nickellegierungen (ISO
22825:2012)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 May 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 22825:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
EN ISO 22825:2012 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
EN ISO 22825:2012 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 22825:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 121 “Welding", the
secretariat of which is held by DIN, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 44 "Welding and allied
processes".
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by November 2012.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 22825:2006.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
3
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22825
Second edition
2012-05-15
Non-destructive testing of welds —
Ultrasonic testing — Testing of welds in
austenitic steels and nickel-based alloys
Contrôle non destructif des assemblages soudés — Contrôle par
ultrasons — Contrôle des soudures en aciers austénitiques et en
alliages à base nickel
Reference number
ISO 22825:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
ISO 22825:2012(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
ISO 22825:2012(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Information required prior to testing. 2
4.1 Items to be defined by specification . 2
4.2 Specific information required by the operator prior to testing . 2
5 Personnel . 3
6 Equipment . 3
7 Range setting for compression waves . 3
8 Sensitivity setting . 4
8.1 General . 4
8.2 Use of side-drilled holes . 4
8.3 Use of other reference reflectors . 5
9 Test procedure and ultrasonic techniques . 5
9.1 Development of the test procedure . 5
9.2 Content of the procedure . 5
9.3 Selection of ultrasonic technique(s) . 6
9.4 Optimization of technique and draft of procedure . 7
9.5 Practical implications of the use of refracted compression waves . 7
10 Classification and sizing of indications . 8
11 Testing of welds . 8
11.1 General . 8
11.2 Surface condition and couplant fluid . 8
11.3 Parent metal testing . 8
11.4 Scanning . 8
11.5 Evaluation of indications . 9
12 Test report . 9
12.1 General data . 9
12.2 Information related to equipment. 9
12.3 Information related to testing technique . 9
12.4 Results of testing .10
Annex A (informative) Compression wave angle beam techniques . 11
Annex B (informative) Stainless steel calibration blocks for range setting .17
Annex C (informative) Reference blocks for sensitivity setting .19
Bibliography .22
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
ISO 22825:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 22825 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee TC 121,
Welding, Sub-committee SC 5, Testing of welds, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 44, Welding
and allied processes, Subcommittee SC 5, Testing and inspection of welds, in accordance with the Agreement
on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 22825:2006), which has been technically revised.
The main changes are the addition of annexes on:
— compression wave angle beam techniques;
— stainless steel calibration blocks for range setting;
— examples of reference blocks.
Requests for official interpretations of any aspect of this International Standard should be directed to the
Secretariat of ISO/TC 44/SC 5 via your national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be
found at www.iso.org.
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
ISO 22825:2012(E)
Introduction
Welds in austenitic steel components and dissimilar metal welds are widely regarded as very difficult to inspect
by ultrasound. The problems are mainly associated with unfavourable structure and grain size, as well as
with different material properties which result in inhomogeneous and anisotropic mechanical and acoustic
properties that contrast with the relatively homogeneous and isotropic behaviour in low-alloy steel welds.
Austenitic weld metal and other coarse-grained, anisotropic materials can significantly affect ultrasound
propagation. In addition, beam distortion, unexpected reflections and wave mode conversions on the fusion
line and/or columnar grains can occur. Therefore it can be difficult and sometimes impossible for ultrasonic
waves to penetrate the weld metal.
Ultrasonic testing of these metals may require techniques that differ from conventional techniques. These special
techniques often include the use of dual-element probes designed for refracted compression (longitudinal)
waves or creeping waves rather than for conventional shear waves.
In addition, it is necessary to produce representative reference blocks with welds in order to develop a testing
procedure, set a preliminary sensitivity level, assess the procedure and demonstrate effectiveness before a
definitive procedure is written. Material, weld preparation and welding procedure, as well as the geometry and
surface condition of reference blocks are the same as for the component being tested.
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22825:2012(E)
Non-destructive testing of welds — Ultrasonic testing — Testing
of welds in austenitic steels and nickel-based alloys
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the approach to be followed when developing procedures for the ultrasonic
testing of the following welds:
— welds in stainless steels;
— welds in nickel-based alloys;
— welds in duplex steels;
— dissimilar metal welds;
— austenitic welds.
The purposes of the testing can be very different, e.g.:
— for the assessment of quality level (manufacturing);
— for the detection of specific indications induced in service.
Acceptance levels are not included in this International Standard, but can be applied in accordance with the
scope of the testing (see Clause 5).
The requirements of this International Standard are applicable to both manual and mechanized testing.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5577, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic inspection — Vocabulary
ISO 7963, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Specification for calibration block No. 2
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
ISO 17635, Non-destructive testing of welds — General rules for metallic materials
ISO 17640, Non-destructive testing of welds — Ultrasonic testing — Techniques, testing levels, and assessment
EN 473, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel — General principles
EN 12668-1, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment —
Part 1: Instruments
EN 12668-2, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment —
Part 2: Probes
EN 12668-3, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment —
Part 3: Combined equipment
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
ISO 22825:2012(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5577, ISO 17635 and the following apply.
3.1
dual-element probe
ultrasonic probe in which the transmit and receive transducers are separate and are electrically and acoustically
isolated from each other
3.2
focal distance
〈dual element probes〉 distance between probe and focal point on the acoustical axis where the acoustic
pressure is at its maximum
3.3
focal curve
〈dual element probes〉 curve, representing the relationship between sound path and sensitivity of a probe on a
specified material containing specified reflectors
4 Information required prior to testing
4.1 Items to be defined by specification
Information on the following items is required:
a) material type and grade;
b) purpose and extent of testing, including testing for transverse indications, if required;
c) testing levels (see Clause 10);
d) manufacturing or operation stage at which the testing shall be carried out;
e) requirements for access, the surface condition (see 11.2) and temperature;
f) whether or not parent metal testing shall be carried out prior to and/or after welding (see 11.3);
g) reference blocks (see Clauses 6 and 7);
h) personnel qualifications (see Clause 5);
i) reporting requirements (see Clause 12);
j) acceptance criteria and/or recording level.
4.2 Specific information required by the operator prior to testing
Before any testing of a welded joint, the operator shall have access to all the information as specified in 4.1,
together with the following additional information:
a) the written testing procedure (see Clause 9);
b) type(s) of parent material and product form (i.e. cast, forged, rolled);
c) the joint preparation and dimensions;
d) the welding procedure or relevant information on the welding process;
e) the time of the inspection with regard to any post-weld heat treatment;
f) the result of any parent metal testing carried out prior to and/or after welding;
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
ISO 22825:2012(E)
g) reference points and details of co-ordinate systems for the test object.
5 Personnel
Personnel performing testing in accordance with this International Standard shall be qualified to an appropriate
level in accordance with ISO 9712 or EN 473 or equivalent in the relevant industrial sector.
In addition to a general knowledge of ultrasonic weld testing, the operators shall be familiar with and have
practical experience in testing problems specifically associated with the type of materials and weld joints to be
tested. Specific training and examination of personnel should be performed on representative pieces (duplex,
austenitic, stainless steel) containing welds and using dual-element longitudinal wave probes. This training and
the examination results should be documented.
If this is not the case, specific training and examination should be performed with the finalized ultrasonic testing
procedures and selected ultrasonic testing equipment on representative samples containing natural or artificial
reflectors similar to those expected. This training and the examination results should be documented.
6 Equipment
The equipment used for testing shall fulfil the requirements of EN 12668-1 and EN 12668-2. The verification
of the combined equipment shall be done in accordance with EN 12668-3, with the exception of dual-element
compression wave angle beam probes, which can be verified on appropriate reference blocks other than the
blocks mentioned in EN 12668-3.
Focal curves shall be available for the dual-element probes to be used, determined on a material representative
of the material to be tested.
7 Range setting for compression waves
Range setting shall be carried out on appropriate calibration blocks, e.g. on blocks which are designed to be
similar to block No. 2 (see ISO 7963) as shown in Annex B. The dimension of at least one of the radii of the
block used shall be close to the focal distance of the probes.
The index point of each probe shall be marked on the probe’s side, after having optimized the echo amplitude
on the radius closest to its focal distance. Since echo optimization can be difficult for high-angle probes and
creeping wave probes, the shear wave component may be used for optimization instead. In that case, the
calibration methodology shall be included in the test procedure.
Optimization of the echoes shall be done on the two radii separately, and by iteration until the signals from the
smaller and the larger radius are on their correct positions.
Alternatively, the time base may be set with the aid of a single-element straight beam probe on the width of the
calibration block, and subsequent zero point adjustment with the angle probe placed on the calibration block,
on the radius which is closest to the probe’s focal distance.
Range setting shall be carried out prior to each testing. Checks to confirm these settings shall be performed at
least every 4 h and on completion of testing.
Checks shall also be carried out whenever a system parameter is changed or whenever changes in the
equivalent settings are suspected.
If deviations are found during these checks, corrective actions shall be carried out as specified in Table 1.
Table 1 — Range deviations
1 Deviations ≤5 % of the range No correction is needed, test can be continued
2 Deviations >5 % of the range The setting shall be corrected and all tests carried out over the
previous period shall be repeated
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
ISO 22825:2012(E)
8 Sensitivity setting
8.1 General
Sensitivity setting shall be performed on a reference block with a weld. Annex C shows examples for reference
blocks. The wall thickness of the reference block shall be similar to the wall thickness of the component to be
tested within 10 % or 3 mm, whichever is the larger.
Reference reflectors may be side-drilled holes in the weld centre and/or on the fusion line. Alternatively, flat-
bottomed holes on the fusion line may be used, having the flat bottom in the plane of the fusion line (weld
bevel). Surface notches shall be used as references for near-surface defects. See Figures C.1, C.2, and C.3.
Zone coverage related to wall thickness shall be established on the basis of the focal curves as shown in A.6
when dual-element probes are used. Zone overlap shall be documented in the procedure.
Setting of sensitivity shall be carried out prior to each testing in accordance with this International Standard.
The gap, g, between test surface and bottom of the probe shoe shall not be greater than 0,5 mm.
For cylindrical or spherical surfaces, this requirement can be checked with Equation (1):
2
a
g = (1)
D
where
D is the diameter, in millimetres, of the component;
a is the dimension, in millimetres, of the probe shoe in the direction of testing.
If a value for g larger than 0,5 mm results from Equation (1), the probe shoe shall be adapted to the surface,
and the sensitivity and range shall be set accordingly.
Checks to confirm these settings shall be performed at least every 4 h and on completion of testing. Checks
shall also be carried out if a system parameter is changed or if changes in the equivalent settings are suspected.
If deviations are found during these checks, corrective actions shall be carried out as specified in Table 2.
Table 2 — Sensitivity deviations
1 Deviations ≤2 dB No correction is needed, test can be continued
2 Deviations between 2 dB and 4 dB The setting shall be corrected before testing is continued
3 Reduction in sensitivity >4 dB The setting shall be corrected and all tests carried out since the last
valid test shall be repeated
4 Increase in sensitivity >4 dB The setting shall be corrected and all indications recorded since the
last valid test shall be re-evaluated
8.2 Use of side-drilled holes
If the reflectors in the fusion line are used, sensitivity settings shall be performed:
a) by establishing the echo height with the sound beam passing through the parent material only;
b) by establishing the echo height with the sound beam passing through the weld metal.
If the reflectors in the weld centreline are used, sensitivity setting may be performed from one side only, with
the exception of dissimilar metal welds (where the acoustic properties of the parent metal are different on one
side compared to the other).
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
ISO 22825:2012(E)
Side-drilled hole diameter shall be typically 3 mm.
8.3 Use of other reference reflectors
Where specific discontinuities are to be detected and/or in a particular limited zone of the weld, other types and
dimensions of reference reflectors may be used. In that case, specific conditions of sensitivity setting shall be defined.
In pipe weld inspection, flat-bottomed holes and notches are typically used as reference reflectors. An example
for a pipeline girth weld is given in Figure C.2.
The position of the flat-bottomed hole shall be determined from a macro-section of the austenitic weld,
positioned accordingly in the reference block and machined to position the flat bottom at the fusion line.
9 Test procedure and ultrasonic techniques
9.1 Development of the test procedure
The development of a procedure shall follow the main steps as mentioned in the flowchart shown in Figure 1.
9.2 Content of the procedure
A procedure shall be written and shall include the following information as a minimum:
a) the purpose and extent of testing;
b) testing techniques;
c) testing levels;
NOTE For the testing of austenitic steels, the testing levels are not defined in ISO 17640 as for ferritic steels. However,
it is important to set them to take into account the required probability of detection in each area under consideration.
d) personnel qualification/training requirements;
e) equipment requirements;
f) probe for each zone or part of the bevel;
g) reference blocks;
h) test blocks, if applicable;
i) the setting of equipment;
j) available access and surface conditions;
k) scanning directions and probe positions;
l) the testing of parent material;
m) the evaluation of indications;
n) acceptance levels and/or recording levels;
o) reporting requirements;
p) environmental and safety issues.
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
ISO 22825:2012(E)
Figure 1 — Steps necessary when producing a written ultrasonic procedure
9.3 Selection of ultrasonic technique(s)
The technique(s) to be used shall be selected on the basis of initial test measurements on relevant test
samples (see Annex C). Such measurements shall include transfer measurements on the parent metal (using
shear waves), exploratory measurements to get an impression of the noise level in the weld (using shear and
compression waves), and measurements on artificial reflectors through the weld metal (to get an impression of
the achievable signal-to-noise ratios in different parts of the weld).
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SIST EN ISO 22825:2012
ISO 22825:2012(E)
In any case, it shall be verified that all reference reflectors in the reference weld (including those to be
detected through the wel
...
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