SIST EN 61000-2-9:1997
(Main)Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) -- Part 2: Environment -- Section 9: Description of HEMP environment - Radiated disturbance
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) -- Part 2: Environment -- Section 9: Description of HEMP environment - Radiated disturbance
This section of IEC 61000-2 defines the high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) environment that is one of the consequences of a high-altitude nuclear explosion. Those dealing with this subject consider two cases: - high-altitude nuclear explosions; - low-altitude nuclear explosions. For civil systems, the most important case is the high-altitude nuclear explosion. In this case, the other effects of the nuclear explosion: blast, ground shock, thermal and nuclear ionizing radiation are not present at the ground level. However the electromagnetic pulse associated with the explosion may cause disruption of, and damage to, communication, electronic and electric power systems thereby upsetting the stability of modern society. The object of this standard is to establish a common reference for the HEMP environment in order to select realistic stresses to apply to victim equipment for evaluating their performance.
Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit (EMV) -- Teil 2: Umgebungsbedingungen -- Hauptabschnitt 9: Beschreibung der HEMP-Umgebung-Stöhrstrahlung
Compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) -- Partie 2: Environnement -- Section 9: Description de l'environnement IEMN-HA - Perturbations rayonnées
La présente section de la CEI 61000-2 définit l'environnement IEMN-HA (impulsion électromagnétique à haute altitude) consécutif à une explosion nucléaire à haute altitude. Deux cas sont généralement étudiés; - les explosions nucléaires à haute altitude; - les explosions nucléaires à basse altitude. Pour les systèmes civils, le cas le plus important est celui des explosions nucléaires à haute altitude. Dans ce cas, les autres effets de l'explosion nucléaire (souffle, onde de choc au sol, rayonnements thermiques et ionisants nucléaires) n'existent pas au niveau du sol. Les impulsions électromagnétiques liées à l'explosion peuvent cependant perturber et endommager les systèmes de communication, les systèmes électroniques et le réseau électrique, mettant par là même en péril l'équilibre de la sociéé moderne. Le but de cette norme est d'établir une référence commune sur l'environnement IEMN-HA permettant de définir des contraintes réalistes à appliquer afin d'évaluer les performances des équipements atteints.
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 2: Environment - Section 9: Description of HEMP environment - Ratiated disturbance - Basic publication (IEC 1000-2-9:1996)
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 61000-2-9:1997
01-marec-1997
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 2: Environment - Section 9: Description
of HEMP environment - Ratiated disturbance - Basic publication (IEC 1000-2-
9:1996)
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) -- Part 2: Environment -- Section 9: Description of
HEMP environment - Radiated disturbance
Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit (EMV) -- Teil 2: Umgebungsbedingungen --
Hauptabschnitt 9: Beschreibung der HEMP-Umgebung-Stöhrstrahlung
Compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) -- Partie 2: Environnement -- Section 9:
Description de l'environnement IEMN-HA - Perturbations rayonnées
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 61000-2-9:1996
ICS:
33.100.01 Elektromagnetna združljivost Electromagnetic compatibility
na splošno in general
SIST EN 61000-2-9:1997 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 61000-2-9:1997
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SIST EN 61000-2-9:1997
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SIST EN 61000-2-9:1997
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SIST EN 61000-2-9:1997
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SIST EN 61000-2-9:1997
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SIST EN 61000-2-9:1997
NORME CEI
INTERNATIONALE IEC
1000-2-9
INTERNATIONAL
Première édition
STAN DARD First edition
1996-02
Compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) —
Partie 2:
Environnement —
Section 9: Description de l'environnement
IEMN-HA — Perturbations rayonnées
Publication fondamentale en CEM
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) —
Part 2:
Environment
—
Section 9: Description of HEMP
environment — Radiated disturbance
Basic EMC publication
© CEI 1996 Droits de reproduction réservés — Copyright — all rights reserved
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni No part
of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun pro-
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
cédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et including photocopying and microfilm, without permission
les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur. in writing from the publisher.
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Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
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For price, see current catalogue
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SIST EN 61000-2-9:1997
–3 -
1000-2-9 © IEC:1996
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD 5
Clauses
1 Scope and object 7
2 Normative reference 7
3 General 7
4 Definitions 9
5 Description of HEMP environment, radiated parameters 15
15
5.1 High-altitude bursts
19
5.2 Spatial extent of HEMP on the earth's surface
19
5.3 HEMP time dependence
35
5.4 Magnetic field component
37
5.5 HEMP amplitude and energy fluence spectrum
5.6 Weighting of the early, intermediate and late-time HEMP 41
5.7 Reflection and transmission 41
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SIST EN 61000-2-9:1997
1000-2-9 © IEC:1996 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) —
Part 2: Environment —
Section 9: Description of HEMP environment — Radiated disturbance —
Basic EMC publication
FOREWORD
1)
The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national
electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote international cooperation on all
questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities,
the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National
Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and
non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between
the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters, prepared by technical committees on which all the
National Committees having a special interest therein are represented, express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of
opinion on the subjects dealt with.
3) They have the form of recommendations for international use published in the form of standards, technical repo rts or
guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International Standards
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any divergence between the IEC
tter.
Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly indicated in the la
International Standard IEC 1000-2-9 has been prepared by sub-committee 77C: Immunity to high
altitude nuclear electromagnetic pulse (HEMP), of IEC technical committee 77: Electromagnetic
compatibility.
It has the status of a Basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107.
The text of this part is based on the following documents:
DIS Report on voting
77C/27/FDIS 77C/34/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting
indicated in the above table.
IEC 1000 consists of the following parts, under the general title Electromagnetic compatibility:
Part 1: General
Part 2: Environment
Part 3: Limits
Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques
Part 5: Installation and mitigation guidelines
Part 6: Generic standards
Part 9: Miscellaneous
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SIST EN 61000-2-9:1997
1000-2-9 ©IEC:1996 - 7 -
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) —
Part 2: Environment —
Section 9: Description of HEMP environment — Radiated disturbance —
Basic EMC publication
1 Scope and object
This section of IEC 1000-2 defines the high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) environment that is
one of the consequences of a high-altitude nuclear explosion.
Those dealing with this subject consider two cases:
- high-altitude nuclear explosions;
- low-altitude nuclear explosions.
ant case is the high-altitude nuclear explosion. In this case, the other
For civil systems, the most import
effects of the nuclear explosion: blast, ground shock, thermal and nuclear ionizing radiation are not
present at the ground level. However the electromagnetic pulse associated with the explosion may
cause disruption of, and damage to, communication, electronic and electric power systems thereby
upsetting the stability of modern society.
The object of this standard is to establish a common reference for the HEMP environment in order to
select realistic stresses to apply to victim equipment for evaluating their performance.
2 Normative reference
The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this section of IEC 1000-2. At the time of publication, the edition indicated was valid. All
rties to agreements based on this section of
normative documents are subject to revision, and pa
IEC 1000-2 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
normative documents indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid
International Standards.
IEC 50(161): 1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 161: Electromagnetic
compatibility
3 General
A high-altitude (above 30 km) nuclear burst produces three types of electromagnetic pulses which are
observed on the earth's su rface:
- early-time HEMP (fast);
intermediate-time HEMP (medium);
- late-time HEMP (slow):
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Historically, most interest has been focused on the early-time HEMP which was previously referred to
as simply "HEMP". Here we will use the term high-altitude "EMP" or "HEMP" to include all three types.
The term NEMP 1} covers many categories of nuclear EMP's including those produced by surface
)
2
bursts (SREMP) or created on space systems (SGEMP)3l.
Because the HEMP is produced by a high-altitude detonation, we do not obse rve other nuclear
weapon environments such as gamma rays, heat and shock waves at the earth's surface. HEMP was
reported from high-altitude U.S. nuclear tests in the South Pacific during the early 1960's, producing
effects on electronic equipment far from the burst location.
4 Definitions
HORIZONTAL
POLARIZATION
zinc VERTICAL
POLARIZATION
,
HH Einc ' ^'k
inc
H
GROUND PLANE
1111111111111 IIIIIII1111I1111IIIIIIIIIIII1111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111 II'll 1 I
IEC 116/96
1 – Geometry for the definition of polarization and
Figure
of the angles of elevation yr and azimuth 4
4.1 angle of elevation in the ve rtical plane `P: Angle yr measured in the ve rtical plane between a
flat horizontal surface such as the ground and the propagation vector (see figure 1).
1) NEMP: Nuclear ElectroMagnetic Pulse.
2) SREMP: Source Region EMP.
3)
SGEMP: System Generated EMP.
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4.2 azimuth angle, 4): Angle between the projection of the propagation vector on the ground plane
and the principal axis of the victim object (z axis for the transmission line of figure 1).
4.3 composite waveform: Waveform which maximizes the important features of a group of
waveforms.
4.4 coupling: Interaction of the HEMP field with a system to produce currents and voltages on
system surfaces and cables. Voltages result from the induced charges and are only defined at low
frequencies with wavelengths larger than the su rface or gap dimensions.
4.5 direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave: Direction of the propagation vector k ,
perpendicular to the plane containing the vectors of the electric and the magnetic fields (see figure 2).
Figure 2 – Geometry for the definition of the plane wave
4.6 Ej , E2, E3: Terminology for the early, intermediate and late-time HEMP electric fields.
4.7 EMP: Any electromagnetic pulse, general description.
4.8 energy fluence: Integral of the Poynting vector over time; presented in units of J/m2.
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4.9 geomagnetic dip angle, 8dip: Dip angle of the geomagnetic flux density vector le, measured
from the local horizontal in the magnetic north-south plane. Odip = 90° at the magnetic north pole,
–90° at the magnetic south pole.
Mag. N/S Plane
Odip
EARTH
NORTH
SOUTH
1EC 118/96
Figure 3 – Geomagnetic dip angle
4.10 ground zero: Point on the earth's surface directly below the burst; sometimes called
surface zero.
4.11 HEMP: High-altitude nuclear EMP.
4.12 high -altitude (nuclear explosion): Height of burst above 30 km altitude.
4.13 HOB: Height of burst.
An electromagnetic wave is horizontally polarized if the magnetic field
4.14 Horizontal polarization:
vector is in the incidence plane and the electric field vector is perpendicular to the incidence plane and
thus parallel to the ground plane (figure 1). (This type of polarization is also called perpendicular or
transverse electric (TE).)
4.15 incidence plane: Plane formed by the propagation vector and the normal to the ground plane.
4.16 low-altitude (nuclear explosion): Height of burst below 1 km altitude.
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4.17 NEMP:
Nuclear EMP; all types of EMP produced by a nuclear explosion.
4.18 polarization: Orientation of the electric field vector.
4.19 prompt radiation:
Nuclear energy which leaves an explosion within 1 µs.
4.20 SREMP: Source region EMP; the NEMP produced in any region where prompt radiation is also
present producing currents (sources) in the air.
4.21 tangent point: Any point on the earth's surf
ace where a line drawn from the burst is tangent to
the earth.
4.22 tangent radius:
Distance measured along the earth's su rface between ground zero and any
tangent point.
4.23 vertical polarization:
An electromagnetic wave is vertically polarized if the electric field vector is
in the incidence plane and the magnetic field vector is perpendicular to the incidence plane and thus
parallel to the ground plane (figure 1). (This type of polarization is also called parallel or transverse
magnetic (TM).)
5 Description of HEMP environment, radiated parameters
5.1 High-altitude bursts
When a nuclear weapon detonates at high altitudes, the prompt radiation (x-rays, gamma rays and
neutrons) deposit their energy in the dense air below the burst. In this deposition (source) region, the
gamma rays of the nuclear explosion produce Compton electrons by interactions with the molecules of
the air. These electrons are deflected in a coherent manner by the earth's magnetic field. These
transverse electron currents produce transverse electric fields which propagate down to the earth's
surface. This mechanism describes the generation of the early-time HEMP (figure 4) which is
characterized by a large peak electric field (tens of kilovolts per meter), a fast rise time (nanoseconds),
a short
pulse duration (up to about 100 ns) and a wave impedance of 377 O. The early-time HEMP
exposes the earth's su rf
ace within line-of-sight of the burst and is polarized transverse to the direction
of propagation and to the local geomagnetic field within the deposition region. In the northern and
southern latitudes (i.e. far from the equator) this means that the electric field is predominantly oriented
horizontally (horizontal polarization).
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Nuclear explosion
Ground zero
Figure 4 – Schematic representation of the early-time HEMP
from a high-altitude burst
Immediately following the initial fast HEMP transient, scattered gamma rays and inelastic gammas from
weapon neutrons create additional ionization resulting in the second pa rt (intermediate time) of the
HEMP signal. This second signal is on the order of 10 V/m to 100 V/m and can occur in a time interval
from 100 ns to tens of milliseconds.
The last type of HEMP, late-time HEMP, also designated magnetohydrodynamic EMP (MHD-EMP) is
generated from the same nuclear burst. Late-time HEMP is characterized by a low amplitude electric
field (tens of millivolts per meter), a slow rise time (seconds), and a long pulse duration (hundreds of
seconds). These fields will cause similar induction currents in power lines and telephone networks as
those associated with magnetic storms often observed in Canada and the Nordic countries. Late-time
HEMP can interact with transmission and distribution lines to induce currents that result in harmonics
and phase imbalances which can potentially damage major power system components (such as
transformers).
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5.2 Spatial extent of HEMP on the earth's surface
The strength of the electric field observed at the earth's su rface from a high-altitude explosion may
vary significantly (in peak amplitude, rise time, duration and polarization) over the large area affected
by the HEMP depending on burst height and yield (see figure 4). For example in the northern
occurs south of ground zero and can
hemisphere, the maximum peak electric field identified as
Emax
be as high as 50 kV/m, depending e.g. upon the height of burst and the weapon yield. Figure 5 shows
the early-time HEMP tangent radius as a function of the height of burst (HOB). For an explosion at an
altitude of 50 km, for example, the affected area on the ground would have a radius of 800 km and for
an altitude of 500 km, the tangent radius would be about 2 500 km. Figure 6 describes the variation
...
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