CEN/TS 15400:2006
(Main)Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of calorific value
Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of calorific value
This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of gross calorific value of solid recovered fuels at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 °C in a bomb calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid.
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Brennwertes
Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthodes pour la détermination du pouvoir calorifique
Trdno alternativno gorivo - Metode za ugotavljanje kurilne vrednosti
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2007
Trdno alternativno gorivo - Metode za ugotavljanje kurilne vrednosti
Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of calorific value
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Brennwertes
Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthodes pour la détermination du pouvoir
calorifique
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 15400:2006
ICS:
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 15400
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
October 2006
ICS 75.160.10
English Version
Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of calorific
value
Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthodes pour la Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Bestimmung
détermination du pouvoir calorifique des Brennwertes
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 25 March 2006 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 15400:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Principle.6
5 Reagents.7
6 Apparatus .8
7 Preparation of test sample.11
8 Calorimetric procedure .11
9 Calibration .17
10 Gross calorific value .22
11 Precision.26
12 Calculation of net calorific value at constant pressure.26
13 Test report .28
Annex A (normative) Adiabatic bomb calorimeters.29
Annex B (normative) Isoperibol and static-jacket bomb calorimeters.33
Annex C (normative) Automated bomb calorimeters .38
Annex D (informative) Checklists for the design and procedures of combustion experiments.41
Annex E (informative) Examples to illustrate the main calculations used in this Technical
Specification if an automated (adiabatic) bomb calorimeter is used for determinations.46
Annex F (informative) List of symbols used in this Technical Specification.49
Annex G (informative) Key-word index .52
Annex H (informative) Flow chart for a routine calorific value determination .55
Bibliography .56
Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 15400:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid
recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
WARNING — Strict adherence to all of the provisions specified in this Technical Specification should
ensure against explosive rupture of the bomb, or a blow-out, provided that the bomb is of proper
design and construction and in good mechanical condition.
This Technical Specification is based on ISO 1928:1995 and CEN/TS 14918 and modified to solid recovered
fuels with some additions and alterations specific to solid recovered fuels properties.
The result obtained is the gross calorific value of the sample analysed at constant volume with all the water of
the combustion products as liquid water. In practice, solid recovered fuels are burned at a constant
(atmospheric) pressure and the water is either not condensed (removed as vapour with the flue gases) or
condensed. Under both conditions, the operative heat of combustion to be used is the net calorific value of the
fuel at constant pressure. The net calorific value at constant volume can also be used; equations are given for
calculating both values.
General principles and procedures for the calibrations and the solid recovered fuels experiments are
presented in the normative text, whereas those pertaining to the use of a particular type of calorimetric
instrument are specified in Annexes A to C. Annex D contains checklists for performing calibration and fuel
experiments using specified types of calorimeters. Annex E gives examples to illustrate some of the
calculations.
1 Scope
This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of gross calorific value of solid
recovered fuels at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 °C in a bomb calorimeter calibrated
by combustion of certified benzoic acid.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this Technical Specification. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
CEN/TS 15296, Solid biofuels — Calculation of analyses to different bases
CEN/TS 15357:2006, Solid recovered fuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions
CEN/TS 15358, Solid recovered fuels — Quality management systems — Particular requirements for their
application to the production of solid recovered fuels
prCEN/TS 15443, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for laboratory sample preparation
CEN/TS 15414-3, Solid recovered fuels — Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method —
Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample
prCEN/TS 15440, Solid recovered fuels – Method for the determination of biomass content
EN ISO 10304-1, Water quality — Determination of dissolved fluoride, chloride, nitrite, orthophosphate,
bromide, nitrate and sulfate ions, using liquid chromatography of ions — Part 1: Method for water with low
contamination (ISO 10304-1:1992)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this Technical Specification, the terms and definitions given in CEN/TS 15357:2006 and
the following apply.
3.1
gross calorific value at constant volume
absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, in Joules, for unit mass of a solid recovered fuel burned
in oxygen in a calorimetric bomb under the conditions specified. The products of combustion are assumed to
consist of gaseous oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide, of liquid water (in equilibrium with its
vapour) saturated with carbon dioxide under the conditions of the bomb reaction, and of solid ash, all at the
reference temperature
3.2
net calorific value at constant volume
absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, in Joules, for unit mass of a solid recovered fuel burned
in oxygen under conditions of constant volume and such that all the water of the reaction products remains as
water vapour (in a hypothetical state at 0,1 MPa), the other products being, as for the gross calorific value, all
at the reference temperature
3.3
net calorific value at constant pressure
absolute value of the specific heat (enthalpy) of combustion, in Joules, for unit mass of a solid recovered fuel
burned in oxygen at constant pressure under such conditions that all the water of the reaction products
remains as water vapour (at 0,1 MPa), the other products being as for the gross calorific value, all at the
reference temperature
3.4
reference temperature
international reference temperature for thermo-chemistry of 25 °C is adopted as the reference temperature for
calorific values (see 8.7)
NOTE The temperature dependence of the calorific value of solid recovered fuels is small [less than 1 J/(g × K)].
3.5
effective heat capacity of the calorimeter
amount of energy required to cause unit change in temperature of the calorimeter
3.6
corrected temperature rise
change in calorimeter temperature caused solely by the processes taking place within the combustion bomb.
It is the total observed temperature rise corrected for heat exchange, stirring power etc. (see 8.6).
NOTE The change in temperature can be expressed in terms of other units: resistance of a platinum or thermistor
thermometer, frequency of a quartz crystal resonator etc., provided that a functional relationship is established between
this quantity and a change in temperature. The effective heat capacity of the calorimeter can be expressed in units of
energy per such an arbitrary unit. Criteria for the required linearity and closeness in conditions between calibrations and
fuel experiments are given in 9.3.
A list of the symbols used and their definitions is given in Annex F.
4 Principle
4.1 Gross calorific value
A weighed portion of the analysis sample of a solid recovered fuel is burned in high-pressure oxygen in a
bomb calorimeter under specified conditions. The effective heat capacity of the calorimeter is determined in
calibration experiments by the combustion of certified benzoic acid under similar conditions, accounted for in
the certificate. The corrected temperature rise is established from observations of temperature before, during
and after the combustion reaction takes place. The duration and frequency of the temperature observations
depend on the type of calorimeter used. Water is added to the bomb initially to give a saturated vapour phase
prior to combustion (see 8.2.1 and 9.2.2), thereby allowing all the water formed, from the hydrogen and
moisture in the sample, to be regarded as liquid water.
The gross calorific value is calculated from the corrected temperature rise and the effective heat capacity of
the calorimeter, with allowances made for contributions from ignition energy, combustion of the fuse(s) and for
thermal effects from side reactions such as the formation of nitric acid. Furthermore, a correction is applied to
account for the difference in energy between the aqueous sulphuric acid formed in the bomb reaction and
gaseous sulphur dioxide, i.e. the required reaction product of sulphur in the solid recovered fuel. The
corresponding energy effect between aqueous and gaseous hydrochloric acid is neglected for solid recovered
fuels.
NOTE The corresponding energy effect between aqueous and gaseous hydrochloric acid depends on the sample
characteristics, e.g. the content of inorganic and organic chlorine, mineral composition and the actual pH-value in bomb
liquid. At the present time no values are available for this chlorine correction. Attention should be paid to the extremely
high chlorine content in the test sample because e.g. PVC fractions can affect the calorific value significantly.
4.2 Net calorific value
The net calorific value at constant volume and the net calorific value at constant pressure of the solid
recovered fuel are obtained by calculation from the gross calorific value at constant volume determined on the
analysis sample. The calculation of the net calorific value at constant volume requires informatio
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