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ASTM E1348-11

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by transmittance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.
This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens (see also Guide E179 and Practice E805):
Fully transparent specimens (free from turbidity, haze, or translucency), and
Translucent or hazy specimens, provided that the specimen can be placed flush against the transmission port of the integrating sphere.
This test method is not recommended for measurement of retroreflective transparent or translucent specimens, or samples that are fluorescent.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the transmission properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for all fully transparent specimens without regard for the specimen position relative to the transmission port of the instrument. Translucent specimens, however, must be placed flush against the transmission port of the sphere.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2011
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.02 - Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1348-02(2007) - Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Replaced By
ASTM E1348-15 - Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
Effective Date
01-Nov-2015
Referred By
ASTM D4587-23 - Standard Practice for Fluorescent UV-Condensation Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM E179-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM D4303-10(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Lightfastness of Colorants Used in Artists' Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM E1247-12(2017) - Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM C1649-14(2021) - Standard Practice for Instrumental Transmittance Measurement of Color for Flat Glass, Coated and Uncoated
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM D1746-23 - Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM E313-20 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM E805-22 - Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM E3022-18 - Standard Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteristics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used in Fluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1348 − 11
StandardTest Method for
Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using
1
Hemispherical Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1348; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E308PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
the CIE System
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measure-
E805Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
ment of the transmission properties and color of object-color
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolo-
E1164PracticeforObtainingSpectrometricDataforObject-
rimeterwithahemisphericalopticalmeasuringsystem,suchas
Color Evaluation
an integrating sphere.
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for all fully
3. Terminology
transparentspecimenswithoutregardforthespecimenposition
3.1 Definitions:
relative to the transmission port of the instrument. Translucent
specimens, however, must be placed flush against the trans- 3.1.1 The definitions in Guide E179, Terminology E284,
and Practice E1164 are applicable to this test method.
mission port of the sphere.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4. Summary of Test Method
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
4.1 Thistestmethodprovidesaprocedureformeasuringthe
transmittanceoftransmittingspecimensbyusingaspectropho-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tometer or spectrocolorimeter equipped with a hemispherical
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
optical measuring system such as an integrating sphere.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.2 This test method includes procedures for calibrating the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
instrument and for selecting specimens suitable for precision
measurement.
2. Referenced Documents
2 4.3 This test method is satisfactory for all fully transparent
2.1 ASTM Standards:
specimenswithplaneandparallelsurfaces.Whenpossible,the
D1003Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
user should select the position of the specimen in the trans-
of Transparent Plastics
mission compartment to provide either essentially total or
D2244Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
essentially regular transmittance, depending on the end use of
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
the measured data.
Coordinates
E179Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
4.4 Accurate measurement of translucent specimens re-
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties
quires that the specimen be placed flush against the transmis-
of Materials
sion port of the integrating sphere (see Practice E1164, 8.1.4).
E284Terminology of Appearance
4.5 Most modern spectrophotometers have the capacity to
compute the color coordinates of the specimen during the
measurement. When this is the case, the user of this test
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
method must select the color system, observer, and illuminant
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on
(see the Procedure section in Practice E308, Section 6).
Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originally
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E1348-02(2007).
5. Significance and Use
DOI: 10.1520/E134811.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1348 − 11
either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring sys- 9. Procedure
tems. This test method provides procedures for such measure-
9.1 When required, select the color scales, observer, and
ment by transmittance spectrophotometry using a hemispheri-
illuminant to be used in the computation of color coordinates
cal optical measuring system.
(see the Procedure section in Practice E308, Section 6).
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement
9.2 S
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1348–02(Reapproved2007) Designation:E1348–11
Standard Test Method for
Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using
1
Hemispherical Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1348; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Thistestmethoddescribestheinstrumentalmeasurementofthetransmissionpropertiesandcolorofobject-colorspecimens
by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating
sphere.
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for all fully transparent specimens without regard for the specimen position relative
to the transmission port of the instrument. Translucent specimens, however, must be placed flush against the transmission port of
the sphere.
1.3
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
E284 Terminology of Appearance
E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
E1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The definitions in Guide E179, Terminology E284, and Practice E1164 are applicable to this test method.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for measuring the transmittance of transmitting specimens by using a spectropho-
tometer or spectrocolorimeter equipped with a hemispherical optical measuring system such as an integrating sphere.
4.2 This test method includes procedures for calibrating the instrument and for selecting specimens suitable for precision
measurement.
4.3 This test method is satisfactory for all fully transparent specimens with plane and parallel surfaces.When possible, the user
shouldselectthepositionofthespecimeninthetransmissioncompartmenttoprovideeitheressentiallytotaloressentiallyregular
transmittance, depending on the end use of the measured data.
4.4 Accurate measurement of translucent specimens requires that the specimen be placed flush against the transmission port of
the integrating sphere (see Practice E1164, 8.1.4).
4.5 Most modern spectrophotometers have the capacity to compute the color coordinates of the specimen during the
measurement. When this is the case, the user of this test method must select the color system, observer, and illuminant (see the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on
Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.
Current edition approved MayNov. 1, 2007.2011. Published May 2007.December 2011. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20022007 as
E1348-02(2007). DOI: 10.1520/E1348-02R07.10.1520/E134811.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1348–11
Procedure section in Practice E308, Section 6).
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Themostdirectandaccessiblemethodsforobtainingthecolorcoordinatesofobjectcolorsarebyinstrumentalmeasurement
using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method
provides procedures for such measurement by transmitta
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.2.2 Object-color specimens for color assessment.
5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss specimens, the specular component should generally be excluded during the measurement.
5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be made with the specular component included, but the resulting color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or 0/45, may lead to better correlations.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.  
1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-color specimens. However, it should not be used for retroreflective specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss surfaces should preferably not be measured by use of this geometry.  
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ASTM E1247-12(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry

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4.1 Several standards, including Practices E991, E1164, and Test Methods E1331, E1348 and E1349, require either the presence or absence of fluorescence exhibited by the specimen for correct application. This practice provides spectrophotometric procedures for identifying the presence of fluorescence in materials.  
4.2 This practice is applicable to all object-color specimens, whether opaque, translucent, or transparent, meeting the requirements for specimens in the appropriate standards listed in 2.1. Translucent specimens should be measured by reflectance, with a standard non-fluorescent backing material, usually but not necessarily black, placed behind the specimen during measurement.  
4.3 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer in which the spectral distribution of the illumination on the specimen can be altered by the user in one of several ways. The modification of the illumination can either be by the insertion of optical filters between the illuminating source and the specimen, without interfering with the detection of the radiation from the specimen, or by interchange of the illuminating and detecting systems of the instrument or by scanning of both the illuminating energy and detection output as in the two-monochromator method.  
4.4 The confirmation of the presence of fluorescence is made by the comparison of spectral curves, color difference, or single parameter difference such as ΔY between the measurements.
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Note 1: Since the addition of fluorescing agents (colorants, whitening agents, etc.) is often intentional by the manufacturer of a material, information on the presence or absence of fluorescent properties in a specimen may often be obtained from the maker of the material.  
1.2 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer that both irradiates the specimen over the wavelength range from 340 nm to 700 nm and allows the spectral distribution of illumination on the specimen to be altered as desired.  
1.3 Within the above limitations, this practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
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5.1 The most fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of visual display units (VDUs) is by the use of spectroradiometric data. (See CIE No. 18 and 63.) These data are used by summation together with numerical values representing the 1931 CIE Standard Observer and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function.  
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1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Munsell color order system, a system based on the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, and chroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfaces viewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision. This practice provides a simple visual method as an alternative to the more precise and more complex method based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (see Practices E308 and E1164). Provision is made for conversion of CIE data to Munsell notation.  
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Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2301-12(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for High Visibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety Applications Using 45°:Normal Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides procedures for obtaining tristimulus values, luminance factors and chromaticity coordinates of fluorescent-retroreflective materials by bispectral colorimetry using a 45:0 or 0:45 optical measuring system.  
5.2 The CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer is used to calculate the colorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and markings used in daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications because in practice these materials are primarily viewed from a distance where they subtend less than 4° of the visual field.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to object-color specimens of any gloss level.  
5.4 Due to the retroreflective properties of these materials the colorimetric data may not be suitable for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.5 This test method is suitable for quality control testing of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials.
Note 1: Separation of the fluorescence and reflectance components from the total colorimetric properties provides useful and meaningful information to evaluate independently the luminescent and diffuse reflective efficiency and consistency of these materials.  
5.6 This test method is the referee method for determining the conformance of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials to standard daytime colorimetric specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the colorimetric properties (CIE tristimulus values, luminance factors, and chromaticity coordinates) of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials when illuminated by daylight.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to any sheeting or marking material having combined fluorescent and retroreflective properties used for daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1477-98a(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Luminous Reflectance Factor of Acoustical Materials by Use of Integrating-Sphere Reflectometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acoustical materials are often used as the entire ceiling of rooms and are therefore an important component of the lighting system. The luminous reflectance of all important components must be known in order to predict the level of illumination that will be obtained.  
5.2 The reflecting properties of a surface are measured relative to those of a standard reflector, the perfect reflecting diffuser, to provide a reflectance factor. The luminous reflectance factor is calculated for a standard illuminant, and a standard observer, for the standard hemispherical (integrating-sphere) geometry of illumination and viewing, in which all reflected radiation from an area of the surface is collected. In this way the reflecting properties of an acoustical material can be represented by a single number measured and calculated under standard conditions.  
5.3 Acoustical materials generally have a non-glossy white or near-white finish. The types of surface cover a wide range from smooth to deeply fissured. Measurement with integrating-sphere reflectometers has been satisfactory although multiple measurements may be required to sample the surface adequately. Instruments with other types of optical measuring systems may be used if it can be demonstrated that they provide equivalent results.  
5.4 The use of this test method for determining the luminous reflectance factor is required by Classification E1264.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the luminous reflectance factor of acoustical materials for use in predicting the levels of room illumination.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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