ASTM D3427-14a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
Standard Test Method for Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air bubbles to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in an inability to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifugal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and poor hydraulic system performance or failure.
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2 % volume under a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air under conditions where a separation time is available. The significance of this test method has not been fully established. However, entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of sensitivity of the control of turbine and hydraulic systems. This test may not be suitable for ranking oils in applications where residence times are short and gas contents are high.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, and gear oils to separate entrained air.
Note 1: This test method was developed for mineral based oils. It may be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies only to petroleum oils.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D3427 − 14a
Designation313–01
Standard Test Method for
1
Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3427; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3. Terminology
1.1 Thistestmethodcoverstheabilityofturbine,hydraulic, 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
and gear oils to separate entrained air. 3.1.1 air release time, n—the number of minutes needed for
air entrained in the oil to reduce in volume to 0.2% under the
NOTE1—Thistestmethodwasdevelopedformineralbasedoils.Itmay
conditions of this test and at the specified temperature.
beusedforsomesyntheticfluids;however,theprecisionstatementapplies
only to petroleum oils.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this 4.1 Compressed air is blown through the test oil, which has
been heated to a temperature of (25, 50, 75)°C. After the air
standard.
flowisstopped,thetimerequiredfortheairentrainedintheoil
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
toreduceinvolumeto0.2%isrecordedastheairreleasetime.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
NOTE2—Byagreementbetweenthecustomerandthelaboratory,theoil
may be heated at other temperatures. However, the precision at these
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
different temperatures is not known at present.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If
D1401TestMethodforWaterSeparabilityofPetroleumOils
the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air
and Synthetic Fluids
bubbles to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will
D4057Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in
Petroleum Products
an inability to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifu-
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
gal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and
3
2.2 DIN Standard:
poor hydraulic system performance or failure.
DIN 51381
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air
content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2% volume
under a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
under conditions where a separation time is available. The
Subcommittee D02.C0.02 on Corrosion and Water/Air Separability.
significance of this test method has not been fully established.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published February 2015. Originally
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D3427–14. DOI:
However, entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of
10.1520/D3427-14A.
sensitivityofthecontrolofturbineandhydraulicsystems.This
This standard has been developed through the cooperative effort betweenASTM
test may not be suitable for ranking oils in applications where
International and the Energy Institute, London. The EI and ASTM International
logos imply that the ASTM International and EI standards are technically residence times are short and gas contents are high.
equivalent, but does not imply that both standards are editorially identical.Adopted
as a joint ASTM/IP standard in 2006.
6. Apparatus
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.1 AschematicdiagramoftheapparatusisshowninFig.1.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
The component parts are described as follows:
the ASTM website.
3
6.1.1 TestVessel,madeofborosilicateglassasshowninFig.
Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrasse 6, 1000 Berlin 30,
Germany. 2, consisting of a jacketed sample tube fitted with an air inlet
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3427 − 14 D3427 − 14a
Designation 313–01
Standard Test Method for
1
Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3427; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, and gear oils to separate entrained air.
NOTE 1—This test method was developed for mineral based oils. It may be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies
only to petroleum oils.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1401 Test Method for Water Separability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Fluids
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
3
2.2 DIN Standard:
DIN 51 381
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 air release time, n—the number of minutes needed for air entrained in the oil to reduce in volume to 0.2 % under the
conditions of this test and at the specified temperature.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Compressed air is blown through the test oil, which has been heated to a temperature of (25, 50, 75) °C. After the air flow
is stopped, the time required for the air entrained in the oil to reduce in volume to 0.2 % is recorded as the air release time.
NOTE 2—By agreement between the customer and the laboratory, the oil may be heated at other temperatures. However, the precision at these different
temperatures is not known at present.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may
produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air bubbles
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.C0.02 on Corrosion and Water/Air Separability.
Current edition approved May 1, 2014Dec. 1, 2014. Published June 2014February 2015. Originally approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 20122014 as
D3427 – 12.D3427 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/D3427-14.10.1520/D3427-14A.
This standard has been developed through the cooperative effort between ASTM International and the Energy Institute, London. The EI and ASTM International logos
imply that the ASTM International and EI standards are technically equivalent, but does not imply that both standards are editorially identical. Adopted as a joint ASTM/IP
standard in 2006.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrasse 6, 1000 Berlin 30, Germany.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3427 − 14a
to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in an inability
to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifugal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and poor hydraulic
system performance or failure.
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2 % volume under
a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air under
conditions where a separation time is available. The significance of this test method has not been fully established. However,
entrained air
...
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