ASTM D975-23a
(Specification)Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel
Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel
ABSTRACT
This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel oils suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are: Grade No. 1-D S15; Grade No. 1-D S500; Grade No. 1-D S5000; Grade No. 2-D S15; Grade No. 2-D S500; Grade No. 2-D S5000; and Grade No. 4-D. The requirements specified for diesel fuel oils shall be determined in accordance with the following test methods: flash point; cloud point; water and sediment; carbon residue; ash; distillation; viscosity; sulfur; copper corrosion; cetane number; cetane index; aromaticity; lubricity; and conductivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are described as follows:
1.1.1 Grade No. 1-D S15—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S15 fuel.2
1.1.2 Grade No. 1-D S500—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S500 fuel.2
1.1.3 Grade No. 1-D S5000—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S5000 fuels.
1.1.4 Grade No. 2-D S15—A general purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load.2
1.1.5 Grade No. 2-D S500—A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load.2
1.1.6 Grade No. 2-D S5000—A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum), especially in conditions of varying speed and load.
1.1.7 Grade No. 4-D—A heavy distillate fuel, or a blend of distillate and residual oil, for use in low- and medium-speed diesel engines in applications involving predominantly constant speed and load.
Note 1: A more detailed description of the grades of diesel fuels is given in X1.2.
Note 2: The Sxxx designation has been adopted to distinguish grades by sulfur rather than using words such as “Low Sulfur” as previously because the number of sulfur grades is growing and the word descriptions were thought to be not precise. S5000 grades correspond to the so-called “regular” sulfur grades, the previous No. 1-D and No. 2-D. S500 grades correspond to the previous “Low Sulfur” grades. S15 grades were not in the previous grade system and are commonly referred to as “Ultra-Low Sulfur” grades or ULSD.
1.2 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes the required properties of diesel fuels at the time and place of delivery.
1.2.1 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate diesel fuels. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 14-Dec-2023
- Technical Committee
- D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
- Drafting Committee
- D02.E0 - Burner, Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels
Relations
- Effective Date
- 15-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Apr-2024
- Refers
ASTM D6371-24 - Standard Test Method for Cold Filter Plugging Point of Diesel and Heating Fuels - Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2023
- Refers
ASTM D5842-23 - Standard Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement - Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2023
- Effective Date
- 15-Jul-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2023
- Refers
ASTM D5842-19 - Standard Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement - Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2019
- Refers
ASTM D6371-17a - Standard Test Method for Cold Filter Plugging Point of Diesel and Heating Fuels - Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2017
Overview
ASTM D975-23a is the leading international standard specifying the requirements for diesel fuel oils. Developed by ASTM International, this specification defines seven grades of diesel fuel, each suited to a range of diesel engine types and operating conditions. ASTM D975-23a ensures the quality, safety, and performance of diesel fuels supplied to the market, supporting both environmental compliance and efficient engine operation.
By providing strict criteria for characteristics such as sulfur content, volatility, flash point, viscosity, lubricity, and contaminant levels, this standard is essential for fuel producers, suppliers, engine manufacturers, and users who require reliable, high-performance diesel fuels.
Key Topics
- Diesel Fuel Grades: Seven grades are covered, distinguished mainly by sulfur content and volatility:
- 1-D S15 (Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel, ULSD)
- 1-D S500 (Low Sulfur Diesel)
- 1-D S5000 (Regular Sulfur Diesel)
- 2-D S15, 2-D S500, 2-D S5000 (general-purpose middle distillates)
- 4-D (heavy distillate/residual blends for constant speed/load engines)
- Property Requirements: The standard outlines methods and limits for key diesel fuel properties, including:
- Flash point
- Cloud point
- Water and sediment content
- Carbon residue and ash
- Distillation profile
- Viscosity
- Sulfur content
- Copper corrosion rating
- Cetane number and cetane index
- Aromatic content
- Lubricity
- Electrical conductivity
- Sampling & Test Methods: Specifies ASTM-approved test methods for each critical property to maintain consistency and reliability.
- Additives & Blendstocks: Provides guidelines on permissible additives (up to 1% by volume) to enhance performance, as well as the inclusion of up to 5% biodiesel (B5 blends) compliant with ASTM D6751.
- Regulatory Compliance: Addresses federal, state, and local regulations, particularly concerning sulfur limits and tax-related dyeing for exempt fuels.
Applications
ASTM D975-23a is widely applied across the fuel supply chain, including:
- Refineries and Fuel Blenders: To formulate diesel fuels meeting precise requirements for diverse engine types.
- Distributors and Suppliers: To ensure fuel delivered to customers is within regulatory and quality specifications.
- Engine Manufacturers: Diesel engine design and warranty conditions are often based on fuels conforming to ASTM D975.
- Fleets and End-Users: Reliable operation of vehicles, generators, marine engines, railways, and industrial equipment depends on standardized fuel quality.
- Regulatory Bodies: For enforcement of emission standards and fuel taxes, using sulfur content and fuel dyeing criteria.
- Environmental Compliance: Supports national and international mandates for sulfur reduction (e.g., ULSD fuels for reduced emissions).
Diesel fuel users benefit from improved engine reliability, reduced contaminants, minimized wear and corrosion, and consistent operability in varied temperatures and operating loads.
Related Standards
Organizations and users referencing ASTM D975-23a should also be aware of related standards and test methods, including:
- ASTM D6751: Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blendstock (B100)
- ASTM D7467: Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blends (B6 to B20)
- ASTM Test Methods: D93 (flash point), D445 (viscosity), D2622 & D5453 (sulfur), D6079 (lubricity), D2500 (cloud point), and many more as specified in D975.
- EN 590/EN 14078 (Europe): Diesel fuel and FAME requirements for vehicles
- API RP 2003: Guidelines on static electricity threat during fuel handling
- ISO 4406: Contamination codes for hydraulic fluids
These standards, combined with ASTM D975-23a, underpin the reliable, safe, and environmentally responsible use of diesel fuel in global markets.
Keywords: ASTM D975, diesel fuel specification, diesel grades, sulfur content, ultra-low sulfur diesel, diesel fuel properties, engine reliability, fuel quality, ASTM standards, diesel fuel test methods, fuel additives, biodiesel blends, fuel regulatory compliance.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D975-23a is a technical specification published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel". This standard covers: ABSTRACT This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel oils suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are: Grade No. 1-D S15; Grade No. 1-D S500; Grade No. 1-D S5000; Grade No. 2-D S15; Grade No. 2-D S500; Grade No. 2-D S5000; and Grade No. 4-D. The requirements specified for diesel fuel oils shall be determined in accordance with the following test methods: flash point; cloud point; water and sediment; carbon residue; ash; distillation; viscosity; sulfur; copper corrosion; cetane number; cetane index; aromaticity; lubricity; and conductivity. SCOPE 1.1 This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are described as follows: 1.1.1 Grade No. 1-D S15—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S15 fuel.2 1.1.2 Grade No. 1-D S500—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S500 fuel.2 1.1.3 Grade No. 1-D S5000—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S5000 fuels. 1.1.4 Grade No. 2-D S15—A general purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load.2 1.1.5 Grade No. 2-D S500—A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load.2 1.1.6 Grade No. 2-D S5000—A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum), especially in conditions of varying speed and load. 1.1.7 Grade No. 4-D—A heavy distillate fuel, or a blend of distillate and residual oil, for use in low- and medium-speed diesel engines in applications involving predominantly constant speed and load. Note 1: A more detailed description of the grades of diesel fuels is given in X1.2. Note 2: The Sxxx designation has been adopted to distinguish grades by sulfur rather than using words such as “Low Sulfur” as previously because the number of sulfur grades is growing and the word descriptions were thought to be not precise. S5000 grades correspond to the so-called “regular” sulfur grades, the previous No. 1-D and No. 2-D. S500 grades correspond to the previous “Low Sulfur” grades. S15 grades were not in the previous grade system and are commonly referred to as “Ultra-Low Sulfur” grades or ULSD. 1.2 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes the required properties of diesel fuels at the time and place of delivery. 1.2.1 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive. Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate diesel fuels. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ABSTRACT This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel oils suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are: Grade No. 1-D S15; Grade No. 1-D S500; Grade No. 1-D S5000; Grade No. 2-D S15; Grade No. 2-D S500; Grade No. 2-D S5000; and Grade No. 4-D. The requirements specified for diesel fuel oils shall be determined in accordance with the following test methods: flash point; cloud point; water and sediment; carbon residue; ash; distillation; viscosity; sulfur; copper corrosion; cetane number; cetane index; aromaticity; lubricity; and conductivity. SCOPE 1.1 This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are described as follows: 1.1.1 Grade No. 1-D S15—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S15 fuel.2 1.1.2 Grade No. 1-D S500—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S500 fuel.2 1.1.3 Grade No. 1-D S5000—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S5000 fuels. 1.1.4 Grade No. 2-D S15—A general purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load.2 1.1.5 Grade No. 2-D S500—A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load.2 1.1.6 Grade No. 2-D S5000—A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum), especially in conditions of varying speed and load. 1.1.7 Grade No. 4-D—A heavy distillate fuel, or a blend of distillate and residual oil, for use in low- and medium-speed diesel engines in applications involving predominantly constant speed and load. Note 1: A more detailed description of the grades of diesel fuels is given in X1.2. Note 2: The Sxxx designation has been adopted to distinguish grades by sulfur rather than using words such as “Low Sulfur” as previously because the number of sulfur grades is growing and the word descriptions were thought to be not precise. S5000 grades correspond to the so-called “regular” sulfur grades, the previous No. 1-D and No. 2-D. S500 grades correspond to the previous “Low Sulfur” grades. S15 grades were not in the previous grade system and are commonly referred to as “Ultra-Low Sulfur” grades or ULSD. 1.2 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes the required properties of diesel fuels at the time and place of delivery. 1.2.1 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive. Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate diesel fuels. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D975-23a is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 75.160.20 - Liquid fuels. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D975-23a has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D975-23, ASTM D445-24, ASTM D6371-24, ASTM D613-24, ASTM E1064-24, ASTM D86-23ae1, ASTM D86-23a, ASTM D7094-23, ASTM D7345-23, ASTM D445-23, ASTM D5842-23, ASTM E1064-23, ASTM D86-23, ASTM D5842-19, ASTM D6371-17a. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM D975-23a is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D975 − 23a
Standard Specification for
Diesel Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D975; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
NOTE 1—A more detailed description of the grades of diesel fuels is
1. Scope*
given in X1.2.
1.1 This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel
NOTE 2—The Sxxx designation has been adopted to distinguish grades
suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are
by sulfur rather than using words such as “Low Sulfur” as previously
because the number of sulfur grades is growing and the word descriptions
described as follows:
were thought to be not precise. S5000 grades correspond to the so-called
1.1.1 Grade No. 1-D S15—A special-purpose, light middle
“regular” sulfur grades, the previous No. 1-D and No. 2-D. S500 grades
distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a
correspond to the previous “Low Sulfur” grades. S15 grades were not in
fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than
the previous grade system and are commonly referred to as “Ultra-Low
Sulfur” grades or ULSD.
that provided by Grade No. 2-D S15 fuel.
1.1.2 Grade No. 1-D S500—A special-purpose, light middle
1.2 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agree-
distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a
ment between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes the
fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than
required properties of diesel fuels at the time and place of
that provided by Grade No. 2-D S500 fuel.
delivery.
1.1.3 Grade No. 1-D S5000—A special-purpose, light
1.2.1 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance
middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications
of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more
requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher
restrictive.
volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S5000 fuels.
NOTE 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create
1.1.4 Grade No. 2-D S15—A general purpose, middle dis-
problems in the handling of distillate diesel fuels. For more information on
tillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel
the subject, see Guide D4865.
with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use
2 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
in applications with conditions of varying speed and load.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1.5 Grade No. 2-D S500—A general-purpose, middle
standard.
distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
load.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1.6 Grade No. 2-D S5000—A general-purpose, middle
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum), especially in conditions
of varying speed and load.
2. Referenced Documents
1.1.7 Grade No. 4-D—A heavy distillate fuel, or a blend of
distillate and residual oil, for use in low- and medium-speed
2.1 ASTM Standards:
diesel engines in applications involving predominantly con-
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
stant speed and load.
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Closed Cup Tester
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2023. Published December 2023. Originally
approved in 1948. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as D975 – 23. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/D0975-23A. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
This fuel complies with 40 CFR Part 1090 – Regulation of Fuels, Fuel Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Additives, and Regulated Blendstocks; effective January 1, 2021. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D975 − 23a
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen- D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-
eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method) (With- tricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
drawn 2023)
D5186 Test Method for Determination of the Aromatic
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
Content and Polynuclear Aromatic Content of Diesel
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
Fuels By Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
D5304 Test Method for Assessing Middle Distillate Fuel
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
Storage Stability by Oxygen Overpressure
ity)
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Petroleum Products
D5771 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
D613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil
and Liquid Fuels (Optical Detection Stepped Cooling
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
Method)
Method)
D5772 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-
and Liquid Fuels (Linear Cooling Rate Method)
leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
D5773 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
and Liquid Fuels (Constant Cooling Rate Method)
High Temperature Combustion and Infrared (IR) Detec-
D5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for
tion or Thermal Conductivity Detection (TCD)
D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by Volatility Measurement
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure) D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples
D2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel
of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
Oil (Accelerated Method)
D6078 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
by the Scuffing Load Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evalua-
and Liquid Fuels
tor (SLBOCLE) (Withdrawn 2021)
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
D6079 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation
D6217 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Middle
and Distillate Fuels
Distillate Fuels by Laboratory Filtration
D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
lometric Karl Fischer Titration
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-
D6371 Test Method for Cold Filter Plugging Point of Diesel
troleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
and Heating Fuels
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
D6468 Test Method for High Temperature Stability of
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
Middle Distillate Fuels
lometry
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
Systems
Cup Tester
D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blendstock (B100)
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products for Middle Distillate Fuels
D4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contami- D6890 Test Method for Determination of Ignition Delay and
nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils by
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
Combustion in a Constant Volume Chamber
Petroleum Products
D6898 Test Method for Evaluating Diesel Fuel Lubricity by
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
an Injection Pump Rig (Withdrawn 2021)
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
D7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Jet
trometry
Fuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, and
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
Gasoline-Ethanol Blends by Monochromatic Wavelength
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4308 Test Method for Electrical Conductivity of Liquid
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
Hydrocarbons by Precision Meter
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
D4539 Test Method for Filterability of Diesel Fuels by
Kinematic Viscosity)
Low-Temperature Flow Test (LTFT)
D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continu-
D4737 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index by Four
ously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester
Variable Equation
D7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, and
4 Jet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. Fluorescence Spectrometry
D975 − 23a
D7321 Test Method for Particulate Contamination of Bio- Infrared spectroscopy method
diesel B100 Blend Stock Biodiesel Esters and Biodiesel EN 15751 Automotive fuels—Fatty acid methyl ester
Blends by Laboratory Filtration (FAME) fuel and blends with diesel fuel—Determination
D7344 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products of oxidation stability by accelerated oxidation method
and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Mini Method) IP 156 Determination of hydrocarbon types in petroleum
D7345 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products products—Fluorescent indicator adsorption method
and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Micro Distil- ISO 4406 Hydraulic fluid power—Fluids—Method for cod-
lation Method) ing the level of contamination by solid particles
D7371 Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty ISO 16889 Hydraulic fluid power—Filters—Multi-pass
Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid method for evaluating filtration performance of a filter
Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR-PLS Method) element
D7467 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend
3. Terminology
(B6 to B20)
D7545 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Middle Dis-
3.1 Definitions:
tillate Fuels—Rapid Small Scale Oxidation Test (RSSOT)
3.1.1 additive, n—in diesel fuels, a substance added to diesel
D7619 Test Method for Sizing and Counting Particles in
fuel at a blend level not greater than 1 % by volume of the
Light and Middle Distillate Fuels, by Automatic Particle
finished fuel.
Counter
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Additives are generally included in fin-
D7668 Test Method for Determination of Derived Cetane
ished diesel fuel to enhance performance properties (for
Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils—Ignition Delay and
example, cetane number, lubricity, cold flow, etc.).
Combustion Delay Using a Constant Volume Combustion
3.1.1.2 Discussion—Additives that contain hydrocarbon oil
Chamber Method
blended with other substances may exclude the hydrocarbon oil
D7683 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
portion for determination of the volume percent of the additive
and Liquid Fuels (Small Test Jar Method)
in the finished fuel.
D7688 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels
3.1.1.3 Discussion—Triglycerides (for example, vegetable
by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) by
oils, animal fats, greases, and so forth) have been found to
Visual Observation
cause fouling of fuel oil burning equipment. Similar fouling is
D7689 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
expected in diesel engine applications and triglycerides are
and Liquid Fuels (Mini Method)
therefore not allowed as additives or components of additives.
D7861 Test Method for Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl
3.1.2 alternative blendstock, n—in diesel fuels and fuel oils,
Esters (FAME) in Diesel Fuel by Linear Variable Filter
a non-hydrocarbon oil substance added to diesel fuel and fuel
(LVF) Array Based Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy
oil at blend levels greater than 1 % by volume of the finished
D7945 Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity
fuel.
and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Constant
Pressure Viscometer
3.1.2.1 Discussion—An alternative blendstock should nor-
D8183 Test Method for Determination of Indicated Cetane
mally have an industry consensus standard or an annex in this
Number (ICN) of Diesel Fuel Oils using a Constant
specification that defines its physical and chemical properties.
Volume Combustion Chamber—Reference Fuels Calibra-
3.1.2.2 Discussion—See Appendix X7 for guidance regard-
tion Method
ing new materials for #1-D and #2-D grades of diesel fuels.
D8148 Test Method for Spectroscopic Determination of
3.1.3 biodiesel, n—fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of
Haze in Fuels
long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
fats, designated B100.
Determine Conformance with Specifications
3.1.4 biodiesel blend (BXX), n—a homogeneous mixture of
E1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulo-
hydrocarbon oils and mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty
metric Karl Fischer Titration
acids.
2.2 Other Documents:
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In the abbreviation, BXX, the XX rep-
26 CFR Part 48 Manufacturers and Retailers Excise Taxes
resents the volume percentage of biodiesel in the blend.
40 CFR Part 1090 Regulation of Fuels, Fuel Additives, and
5 3.1.5 diesel fuel, n—liquid specifically designed for injec-
Regulated Blendstocks
tion into a compression-ignition engine to provide energy.
API RP 2003 Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of
6 3.1.5.1 Discussion—The liquid is frequently a mixture con-
Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents
sisting primarily of hydrocarbons. For D975 compliant diesel
EN 14078 Liquid petroleum products—Determination of
fuels, see the section on Alternative Blendstocks for allowed
fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in middle distillates—
non-hydrocarbon blendstocks.
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401 or Available from the National CEN members listed on the CEN website
https://ecfr.gov. (www.cenorm.be) or from the CEN/TC 19 Secretariat (astm.@nen.nl).
6 8
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.
D975 − 23a
3.1.5.2 Discussion—A compression-ignition engine is fre- X7 discusses some matters for consideration regarding the use
quently called a diesel engine. In this type of engine, the of diesel fuels from feedstocks other than petroleum.
combustion reactions are initiated when the injected fuel mixes
3.1.9 S(numerical specification maximum), n—a part of the
with the hot compressed gases in the combustion zone. There
grade name that states the maximum sulfur content, in ppm by
is no spark. The properties of the fuel must support the
mass (mg/kg), allowed by this specification and formatted as S
requirements for compression-ignition engines.
followed with no space by the numerical sulfur maximum.
3.1.5.3 Discussion—Blendstocks of varying composition
3.1.9.1 Discussion—Of the seven diesel fuel grades speci-
and additives are blended to meet the requirements of relevant
fied in this standard, six have important distinguishing maxi-
specifications, operating conditions (for example, operation at
mum sulfur regulatory requirements. These are Grades No. 1-D
low temperatures), and market needs.
S15, No. 1-D S500, No. 1-D S5000, No. 2-D S15, No. 2-D
3.1.5.4 Discussion—Many diesel fuels comply with detailed
S500 and No. 2-D S5000. The seventh grade, No. 4-D, is
requirements such as are found in regional or national standard
distinguished from these other grades by many major proper-
specifications. Other liquid fuels are under development for
ties in addition to sulfur (unregulated maximum), and therefore
future use in diesel engines and may not comply with any
is not included in this designation system. Thus, Grade No. 4-D
recognized standard.
does not have the designation S20000 as part of its grade name.
-4
3.1.6 fuel contaminants, n—material not intended to be 3.1.9.2 Discussion—mg/kg is equivalent to μg/g, 1×10 %
present in a fuel, whether introduced during or subsequent to by mass, and mass fraction 0.000001.
manufacture, handling, distribution or storage, that makes the 3.1.9.3 Discussion—Most, but not all, test methods to de-
fuel less suitable for the intended use. termine sulfur content mentioned in this specification produce
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Fuel contaminants include materials in- results in units of mg/kg. Consult the test method in use to
troduced subsequent to the manufacture of fuel and fuel determine units for a particular result.
degradation products. Contaminants, which can be soluble in
3.1.10 severe use, n—use of the fuel in applications where
the fuel or insoluble (suspended liquid droplets or solid or
engines operating under high load conditions can cause the fuel
semisolid particles), can be the result of improper processing or
to be exposed to excessive heat and pressure.
contamination by a wide range of materials including water,
3.1.11 switch loading, n—of liquid fuels, the practice of
rust, airblown dust, deterioration of internal protective coatings
loading low vapor pressure product (for example, diesel fuel)
on pipes or vessels and products of fuel degradation and
into an empty or near-empty fixed or portable container that
biological growth. Solid or semisolid contaminants can be
previously held a high or intermediate vapor pressure product
referred to as silt or sediment.
(such as gasoline or solvent) without prior compartment
3.1.7 fuel-degradation products, n—those materials that are
cleaning treatment and inert gas purging; and the reverse
formed in fuel during storage, usage, or exposure to high
procedure where a high vapor pressure product is added to a
temperatures and pressures.
container that previously held a low vapor pressure product.
3.1.7.1 Discussion—Insoluble degradation products can
3.1.11.1 Discussion—Since middle distillate fuels have flash
combine with other fuel contaminants to enhance deleterious
points above 38 °C, during normal distribution of these fuels,
effects. Soluble degradation products (soluble gums) are less
the atmosphere above the fuels in a container such as a tanker
volatile than fuel and can carbonize to form deposits due to
truck, rail car, or barge, is normally below the lower explosive
complex interactions and oxidation of small amounts of
limit, so there is low risk of fire or explosion should an
olefinic or sulfur-, oxygen-, or nitrogen-containing compounds
electrostatic discharge (spark) occur. However, when the pre-
present in fuels. The formation of degradation products can be
vious load in the compartment was a volatile, flammable fuel
catalyzed by dissolved metals, especially copper and zinc.
such as gasoline, and if some residual fuel vapor or mist
When dissolved copper and zinc are present it can be deacti-
remains in the compartment, and the container has a mixture of
vated with metal deactivator additives.
air and fuel vapor or mist (that is, not purged with an inert gas),
3.1.8 hydrocarbon oil, n—a homogeneous mixture with then there is a risk that the atmosphere in the container being
elemental composition primarily of carbon and hydrogen that filled could be in the explosive range creating a hazard should
may also contain sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen from residual an electrostatic discharge occur.
impurities and contaminants associated with the fuel’s raw
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
materials and manufacturing processes and excluding added
3.2.1 bulk fuel, n—fuel in a vessel exceeding 400 L.
oxygenated materials.
3.2.2 long-term storage, n—storage of fuel for longer than
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Neither macro nor micro emulsions are
12 months after it is received by the user.
included in this definition since neither are homogeneous
mixtures.
4. Sampling, Containers, and Sample Handling
3.1.8.2 Discussion—Examples of excluded oxygenated ma-
terials are alcohols, esters, ethers, and triglycerides. 4.1 It is strongly advised to review all test methods prior to
3.1.8.3 Discussion—The hydrocarbon oil may be manufac- sampling to understand the importance and effects of sampling
tured from a variety of raw materials, for example petroleum technique, proper containers, and special handling required for
(crude oil), oil sands, natural gas, coal, and biomass. Appendix each test method.
D975 − 23a
4.2 Correct sampling procedures are critical to obtaining a Bias, of Test Method D7042 contains bias-correction informa-
representative sample of the diesel fuel to be tested. Refer to tion. In case of dispute, Test Method D445 shall be used as the
Appendix X2 for recommendations. The recommended proce- referee method.
dures or practices provide techniques useful in the proper
5.1.8 Sulfur—The following list shows the referee test
sampling or handling of diesel fuels.
methods and alternative test methods for sulfur and the
corresponding fuel grades to which each applies.
5. Test Methods
Sulfur
Grades
Test Method
5.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shall
D129 No. 1-D S5000, No. 2-D
be determined in accordance with the following methods:
S5000,
No. 4-D
5.1.1 Flash Point—Test Methods D93, except where other
D1266 No. 1-D S500, No. 2-D S500
methods are prescribed by law. For all grades, Test Methods
D1552 No. 1-D S5000, No. 2-D
D3828 and D7094 may be used as alternatives with the same S5000,
No. 4-D
limits. For Grades No. 1-D S15, No. 1-D S500, No. 1-D S5000,
D2622 All Grades
No. 2-D S15, No. 2-D S500, and No. 2-D S5000, Test Method
(referee for
S500,
D56 may be used as an alternative with the same limits,
S5000, and
provided the flash point is below 93 °C and the viscosity is
No. 4
below 5.5 mm /s at 40 °C. This test method will give slightly
Grades)
D3120 No. 1-D S15, No. 2-D S15
lower values. In cases of dispute, Test Methods D93 shall be
No. 1-D S500, No. 2-D S500
used as the referee method. Test Method D56 may not be used
(If the fuel contains biodiesel,
as the alternative method for Grade No. 4-D because its
this method may not be appli-
cable as it is limited to oxy-
minimum viscosity limit is 5.5 mm /s at 40 °C.
genates with a boiling range
5.1.2 Cloud Point—Test Method D2500. For all fuel grades
of 26 °C to 274 °C)
in Table 1, bias-corrected results from the automatic Test
D4294 No. 1-D S500, No. 2-D S500
No. 1-D S5000, No. 2-D
Methods D5771, D5772, D5773, D7683, or D7689 may be
S5000,
used as alternatives with the same limits. Bias-correction
No. 4-D
equations are noted in the respective precision sections of each
D5453 All Grades
(referee for
automatic test method. In case of dispute, Test Method D2500
S15 grades)
shall be the referee method.
D7039 No. 1-D S15, No. 2-D S15
No. 1-D S500, No. 2-D S500
5.1.3 Water and Sediment—Test Method D2709 is used for
D7220 No. 1-D S15, No. 1-D S500
fuel Grades No. 1-D S15, No. 1-D S500, No. 1-D S5000, No.
No. 2-D S15, No. 2-D S500
2-D S15, No. 2-D S500, and No. 2-D S5000. Test Method
5.1.9 Copper Corrosion—Test Method D130, 3 h test at a
D1796 is used for Grade No. 4-D. See Appendix X8 for
minimum control temperature of 50 °C. This test method is
additional guidance on water and sediment in Grades No. 1-D
used for fuel Grades No. 1-D S15, No. 1-D S500, No. 1-D
and 2-D diesel fuels.
S5000, No. 2-D S15, No. 2-D S500 and No. 2-D S5000. Grade
5.1.4 Carbon Residue—Test Method D524 is used for fuel
No. 4-D does not have a copper corrosion requirement.
Grades No. 1-D S15, No. 1-D S500, No. 1-D S5000, No. 2-D
5.1.10 Cetane Number—Test Method D613 is used for all
S15, No. 2-D S500 and No. 2-D S5000. Grade No. 4-D does
fuel grades in Table 1. Test Methods D6890, D7668 (see Note
not have a limit for carbon residue.
4), or D8183 (see Note 5) may be used for all No. 1-D and No.
5.1.5 Ash—Test Method D482 is used for all grades in Table
2-D grades with the DCN or ICN (D8183) result being
1.
compared to the cetane number specification requirement of
5.1.6 Distillation—Test Method D86 is used for Grades No.
40. Test Method D613 shall be the referee method.
1-D S15, No. 1-D S500, No. 1-D S5000, No. 2-D S15, No. 2-D
S500, and No. 2-D S5000. For all grades, Test Method D2887,
NOTE 4—Precision from Test Method D7668 were obtained from
D7344, or D7345 can be used as an alternative. Results from
results produced by laboratories using externally obtained pre-blended
calibration reference material.
Test Method D2887 shall be reported as “Predicted D86”
NOTE 5—Precision from Test Method D8183 were obtained from
results by application of the correlation in Appendix X4 of Test
results produced by laboratories using pre-blended calibration reference
Method D2887 to convert the values. Results from Test
materials from a single source.
Methods D7344 and D7345 shall be reported as “Predicted
5.1.11 Cetane Index—Test Methods D976 or D4737 are
D86” results by application of the corrections described in Test
used for fuel Grades No. 1-D S15, No. 1-D S500, No. 2-D S15
Methods D7344 and D7345 to improve agreement with D86
and No. 2-D S500.
values. In case of dispute, Test Method D86 shall be the referee
method. Grade No. 4-D does not have distillation require- 5.1.12 Aromaticity—Test Methods D1319 or D5186. These
ments.
test methods provide an indication of the aromatics content of
5.1.7 Viscosity—Test Method D445 and D7945 may be used fuels. These test methods are used for fuel Grades No. 1-D S15,
for all fuel grades in Table 1 with the same limits. Bias- No. 1-D S500, No. 2-D S15 and No. 2-D S500. The supplier of
corrected values from Test Method D7042 may be used as the fluorescent indicator dyed gel used in Test Method D1319
alternative results for Test Method D445 on Grades No. 1-D (and IP 156) is no longer able to supply the dye needed for the
and No. 2-D with the same limits. Section 15, Precision and method to work with diesel fuel. Lot numbers 3000000975 and
D975 − 23a
A,B,C
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Diesel Fuel
Grade
ASTM
Property Test
No. 1-D No. 1-D No. 1-D No. 2-D No. 2-D No. 2-D
D No. 4-D
E E E
Method
S15 S500 S5000 S15 S500 S5000
E E E
Flash Point, °C, min. D93 38 38 38 52 52 52 55
Water and Sediment, percent volume, max D2709 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 .
D1796 . . . . . . 0.50
Distillation Temperature, °C 90 %, percent volume D86
recovered
E E E
min . . . 282 282 282 .
max 288 288 288 338 338 338 .
Kinematic Viscosity, mm /S at 40 °C D445
E E E
min 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.9 1.9 1.9 5.5
max . 2.4 2.4 2.4 4.1 4.1 4.1 24.0
Ash percent mass, max D482 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.10
F
Sulfur, ppm (μg/g) max D5453 15 . . 15 . . .
percent mass, max D2622 . 0.05 0.50 . 0.05 0.50 2.00
Copper strip corrosion rating, max D130 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 .
(3 h at a minimum control temperature of 50 °C)
H I I I I I I I
Cetane number, min D613 40. 40. 40. 40. 40. 40. 30.
In the United States, one of the following properties
shall
be met:
G
(1) Cetane index, min. D976/D4737 40 40 . 40 40 . .
G, J
(2) Aromaticity, percent volume, max D1319/D5186 35 35 . 35 35 . .
Operability Requirements
K K K K K K
Cloud point, °C, max D2500 .
or
LTFT/CFPP, °C, max D4539/D6371
Ramsbottom carbon residue on 10 % D524 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.35 0.35 0.35 .
distillation residue, percent mass, max
Lubricity, HFRR @ 60 °C, micron, max D6079/D7688 520 520 520 520 520 520 .
L L L L L L
Conductivity, pS/m or Conductivity Units (C.U.), min D2624/D4308 25 25 25 25 25 25 .
A
To meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be agreed upon between purchaser, seller, and manufacturer.
B
See Sections 6 and 7 for further statements on diesel fuel requirements.
C
Unless otherwise exempted under United States regulations, if diesel fuel is sold for tax exempt purposes then, at or beyond terminal storage tanks, they are required
by 26 CFR Part 48 to contain the dye Solvent Red 164 at a concentration spectrally equivalent to 3.9 lb of the solid dye standard Solvent Red 26 per thousand barrels
of diesel fuel or kerosine, or the tax must be collected.
D
The test methods indicated are the approved referee methods. Other acceptable methods are indicated in 5.1.
E
When a cloud point less than −12 °C is specified, as can occur during cold months, it is permitted and normal blending practice to combine Grades No. 1 and No. 2 to
meet the low temperature requirements. In that case, the minimum flash point shall be 38 °C, the minimum viscosity at 40 °C shall be 1.7 mm /s, and the minimum 90 %
recovered temperature shall be waived.
F
Other sulfur limits can apply in selected areas in the United States and in other countries.
G
These test methods and year designations are specified in 40 CFR Part 1090.
H
Where cetane number by Test Method D613 is not available, Test Method D4737 can be used as an approximation. Although biodiesel blends are excluded from the
scope of Test Method D4737, the results of Test Method D4737 for up to B5 blends can be used as an approximation.
I
Low ambient temperatures as well as engine operation at high altitudes may require the use of fuels with higher cetane ratings.
J
See 5.1.12.
K
It is unrealistic to specify low temperature properties that will ensure satisfactory operation at all ambient conditions. In general, cloud point Low Temperature Flow Test,
and Cold Filter Plugging Point Test may be used as an estimate of operating temperature limits for Grades No. 1–D S15; No. 2–D S15; No. 1–D S500; No. 2–D S500;
and No. 1–D S5000 and No. 2–D S5000 diesel fuel. However, satisfactory operation below the cloud point may be achieved depending on equipment design, operating
conditions, and the use of flow-improver additives as described in X5.1.2. Appropriate low temperature operability properties should be agreed upon between the fuel
supplier and purchaser for the intended use and expected ambient temperatures. Test Methods D4539 and D6371 may be especially useful to estimate vehicle low
temperature operability limits when flow improvers are used. Due to fuel delivery system, engine design, and test method differences, low temperature operability tests
may not provide the same degree of protection in various vehicle operating classes. Tenth percentile minimum air temperatures for U.S. locations are provided in Appendix
X5 as a means of estimating expected regional temperatures. The tenth percentile minimum air temperatures can be used to estimate expected regional target
temperatures for use with Test Methods D2500, D4539, and D6371. Refer to X5.1.3 for further general guidance on test application.
L
The electrical conductivity of the diesel fuel is measured at the time and temperature of the fuel at delivery. The 25 pS/m minimum conductivity requirement applies at
all instances of high velocity transfer (7 m/s) but sometimes lower velocities, see 8.1 for detailed requirements) into mobile transport (for example, tanker trucks, rail cars,
and barges).
above will not provide correct aromatics values. Test Method 6. Workmanship
D5186 may also be used with the same limits by converting
6.1 The diesel fuel shall be visually free of undissolved
D5186 % by mass values to % by volume using the bias-
water, sediment, and suspended matter.
correction equation in D5186 for predicted D1319 results.
6.2 The diesel fuel shall also be free of any adulterant or
5.1.13 Lubricity—Test Method D6079 or D7688. Test
contaminant that can render the fuel unacceptable for its
Method D6079 shall be the referee method.
commonly used applications.
5.1.14 Conductivity—Both conductivity test methods, Test
Methods D2624 and D4308 are allowed for all grades of No. 1
7. Requirements
and No. 2 diesel fuels. There is no conductivity requirement for
No. 4 diesel fuel. For conductivities below 1 pS/m, Test 7.1 The grades of diesel fuels herein specified shall be
Method D4308 is preferred. hydrocarbon oils, except as provided in 7.3, with the inclusion
D975 − 23a
of additives to enhance performance, if required, conforming to 7.3.1 Fuels Blended with Biodiesel—The detailed require-
the detailed requirements shown in Table 1 and as provided in ments for fuels blended with biodiesel shall be as follows:
7.1.1.
7.3.1.1 Biodiesel for Blending—If biodiesel is a component
7.1.1 Additives may be included in diesel fuel at a blend of any diesel fuel, the biodiesel shall meet the requirements of
level not greater than 1 % by volume of the finished fuel.
Specification D6751.
7.1.1.1 Additives are generally included in finished diesel 7.3.1.2 Diesel fuel containing up to 5 % volume biodiesel
fuel to enhance performance properties (for example, cetane
shall meet the requirements for the appropriate grade No. 1-D
number, lubricity, cold flow, and so forth). or No. 2-D fuel, as listed in Table 1.
7.1.1.2 Additives that contain hydrocarbon oil blended with
7.3.1.3 Test Method D7371 shall be used for determination
other substances may exclude the hydrocarbon oil portion for
of the volume percent biodiesel in a biodiesel blend. Test
determination of the volume percent of the finished fuel.
Method EN 14078 or Test Method D7861 may also be used. In
7.1.1.3 Triglycerides (for example, vegetable oils, animal cases of dispute, Test Method D7371 shall be the referee test
fats, greases, and so forth) have been found to cause fouling of
method. See Practice E29 for guidance on significant digits.
fuel oil burning equipment. Similar fouling is expected in
7.3.1.4 Diesel fuels containing more than 5 % volume
diesel engine applications, and triglycerides are therefore not
biodiesel component are not included in this specification.
allowed as additives or components of additives.
7.3.1.5 Biodiesel blends with No. 4–D fuel are not covered
by this specification.
7.2 Grades No. 2-D S15, No. 2-D S500 and No. 2-D
S5000—When a cloud point less than −12 °C is specified, as
8. Precautionary Notes on Conductivity
can occur during cold months, it is permitted and normal
blending practice to combine Grades No. 1 and No. 2 to meet
8.1 Accumulation of static charge occurs when a hydrocar-
the low temperature requirements. In that case, the minimum
bon liquid flows with respect to another surface. The electrical
flash point shall be 38 °C, the minimum viscosity at 40 °C shall
conductivity requirement of 25 pS/m minimum at temperature
be 1.7 mm /s, and the minimum 90 % recovered temperature
of delivery shall apply when the transfer conditions in Table 2
shall be waived.
exist for the delivery into a mobile transport container (for
7.3 Alternative Blendstocks: example, tanker trucks, railcars, and barges).
TABLE 2 Transfer Conditions
Maximum Pipe Diameter When Filling When Filling When Filling
(for a distance of Tank Truck Undivided Rail Marine Vessels
30 s upstream of Compartments Car Compartments
delivery nozzle)
0.1023 m fuel velocity $ 4.9 m/s fuel velocity $ 7.0 m/s fuel velocity $ 7.0 m/s
0.1541 m fuel velocity $ 3.24 m/s fuel velocity $ 5.20 m/s fuel velocity $ 7.0 m/s
0.2027 m fuel velocity $ 2.47 m/s fuel velocity $ 3.90 m/s fuel velocity $ 7.0 m/s
0.2545 m fuel velocity $ 1.96 m/s fuel velocity $ 3.14 m/s fuel velocity $ 7.0 m/s
9. Keywords
9.1 biodiesel; biodiesel blend; diesel; diesel fuel; fuel oil;
petroleum and petroleum products
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF ASTM SPECIFICATION FOR DIESEL FUELS
X1.1 Introduction fying the wide variety of commercially available diesel fuels.
Limiting values of significant properties are prescribed for
X1.1.1 The properties of commercial fuel oils and diesel
seven grades of diesel fuels. These grades and their general
fuels depend on the refining practices employed and the nature
applicability for use in diesel engines are broadly indicated as
of the crude oils from which they are produced. Distillate fuel
follows:
oils, for example, can be produced within the boiling range of
150 °C and 400 °C having many possible combinations of
X1.2.2 Grade No. 1-D S15—Grade No. 1-D S15 comprises
various properties, such as volatility, ignition quality, viscosity,
the class of very low sulfur, volatile diesel fuels from kerosine
and other characteristics.
to the intermediate middle distillates. Fuels within this grade
X1.2 Grades are applicable for use in (1) high-speed diesel engines and
diesel engine applications that require ultra-low sulfur fuels,
X1.2.1 This specification is intended as a statement of
(2) applications necessitating frequent and relatively wide
permissible limits of significant fuel properties used for speci-
D975 − 23a
variations in loads and speeds, and (3) applications where X1.3.1.6 Frequency of speed and load changes, and
abnormally low operating temperatures are encountered. X1.3.1.7 Atmospheric conditions. Some of these factors can
influence the required fuel properties outlined as follows:
X1.2.3 Grade No. 1-D S500—Grade No. 1-D S500 com-
prises the class of low-sulfur, volatile diesel fuels from
X1.4 Cetane Number
kerosine to the intermediate middle distillates. Fuels within this
X1.4.1 Cetane number is a measure of the ignition quality of
grade are applicable for use in (1) high-speed diesel engines
the fuel and influences combustion roughness. The cetane
that require low sulfur fuels, (2) in applications necessitating
number requirements depend on engine design, size, nature of
frequent and relatively wide variations in loads and speeds, and
speed and load variations, and on starting and atmospheric
(3) in applications where abnormally low operating tempera-
conditions. Increase in cetane number over values actually
tures are encountered.
required does not materially improve engine performance.
X1.2.4 Grade No. 1-D S5000—Grade No. 1-D S5000 com-
Accordingly, the cetane number specified should be as low as
prises the class of volatile diesel fuels from kerosine to the
possible to assure maximum fuel availability.
intermediate middle distillates. Fuels within this grade are
applicable for use in high-speed diesel engines applications
X1.5 Distillation
necessitating frequent and relatively wide variations in loads
X1.5.1 The fuel volatility requirements depend on engine
and speeds, and also for use in cases where abnormally low
design, size, nature of speed and load variations, and starting
operating temperatures are encountered.
and atmospheric conditions. For engines in services involving
X1.2.5 Grade No. 2-D S15—Grade No. 2-D S15 includes
rapidly fluctuating loads and speeds as in bus and truck
the class of very low sulfur, middle distillate gas oils of lower
operation, the more volatile fuels can provide best
volatility than Grade No. 1-D S15. These fuels are applicable
performance, particularly with respect to smoke and odor.
for use in (1) high speed diesel engines and diesel engine
However, best fuel economy is generally obtained from the
applications that require ultra-low sulfur fuels, (2) applications
heavier types of fuels because of their higher heat content.
necessitating relatively high loads and uniform speeds, or (3)
diesel engines not requiring fuels having higher volatility or
X1.6 Viscosity
other properties specified in Grade No. 1-D S15.
X1.6.1 For some engines it is advantageous to specify a
X1.2.6 Grade No. 2-D S500—Grade No. 2-D S500 includes
minimum viscosity because of power loss due to injection
the class of low-sulfur, middle distillate gas oils of lower
pump and injector leakage. Maximum viscosity, on the other
volatility than Grade No. 1-D S500. These fuels are applicable
hand, is limited by considerations involved in engine design
for use in (1) high-speed diesel engine applications that require
and size, and the characteristics of the injection system.
low sulfur fuels, (2) applications necessitating relatively high
loads and uniform speeds, or (3) diesel engines not requiring
X1.7 Carbon Residue
fuels having higher volatility or other properties specified for
X1.7.1 Carbon residue gives a measure of the carbon
Grade No. 1-D S500.
depositing tendencies of a fuel oil when heated in a bulb under
X1.2.7 Grade No. 2-D S5000—Grade No. 2-D S5000 in-
prescribed conditions. While not directly correlating with
cludes the class of middle distillate gas oils of lower volatility
engine deposits, this property is considered an approximation.
than Grade No. 1-D S5000. These fuels are applicable for use
in (1) high-speed diesel engines in applications necessitating
X1.8 Sulfur
relatively high loads and uniform speeds, or (2) in diesel
X1.8.1 The effect of sulfur content on engine wear and
engines not requiring fuels having higher volatility or other
deposits appears to vary considerably in importance and
properties specified for Grade No. 1-D S5000.
depends largely on operating conditions. Fuel sulfur can affect
X1.2.8 Grade No. 4-D—Grade No. 4-D comprises the class
emission control systems performance. To assure maximum
of more viscous middle distillates and blends of these middle availability of fuels, the permissible sulfur content should be
distillates with residual fuel oils. Fuels within this grade are
specified as high as is practicable, consistent with maintenance
applicable for use in low- and medium-speed diesel engines in
considerations.
applications necessitating sustained loads at substantially con-
stant speed. X1.9 Flash Point
X1.9.1 The flash point as specified is not directly related to
X1.3 Selection of Particular Grade
engine performance. It is, however, of importance in connec-
tion with legal requirements and safety precautions involved in
X1.3.1 The selection of a particular diesel fuel from one of
fuel handling and storage, and is normally specified to meet
these seven ASTM grades for use in a given engine requires
insurance and fire regulations.
consideration of the following factors:
X1.3.1.1 Fuel price and availability,
X1.10 Cloud Point
X1.3.1.2 Maintenance considerations,
X1.3.1.3 Engine size and design,
X1.10.1 Cloud point is of importance in that it defines the
X1.3.1.4 Emission control systems,
temperature at which a cloud or haze of wax crystals appears
X1.3.1.5 Speed and load ranges, in the oil under prescribed test conditions which generally
D975 − 23a
relates to the temperature at which wax crystals begin to X1.16 Conductivity
precipitate from the oil in use.
X1.16.1 Electrical conductivity of fuels is an important
consideration in the safe handling characteristics of any fuel.
X1.11 Ash
The risk associated with explosions due to static electrical
X1.11.1 Ash-forming materials can be present in diesel fuel
discharge depends on the amount of hydrocarbon and oxygen
in two forms: (1) abrasive solids, and (2) soluble metallic
in the vapor space and the energy and duration of a static
soaps. Abrasive solids contribute to injector, fuel pump, piston
discharge. There are many factors that
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D975 − 23 D975 − 23a
Standard Specification for
Diesel Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D975; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are described
as follows:
1.1.1 Grade No. 1-D S15—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with
15 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S15 fuel.
1.1.2 Grade No. 1-D S500—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel
with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S500 fuel.
1.1.3 Grade No. 1-D S5000—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel
with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S5000 fuels.
1.1.4 Grade No. 2-D S15—A general purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15
ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load.
1.1.5 Grade No. 2-D S500—A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with
500 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load.
1.1.6 Grade No. 2-D S5000—A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with
5000 ppm sulfur (maximum), especially in conditions of varying speed and load.
1.1.7 Grade No. 4-D—A heavy distillate fuel, or a blend of distillate and residual oil, for use in low- and medium-speed diesel
engines in applications involving predominantly constant speed and load.
NOTE 1—A more detailed description of the grades of diesel fuels is given in X1.2.
NOTE 2—The Sxxx designation has been adopted to distinguish grades by sulfur rather than using words such as “Low Sulfur” as previously because the
number of sulfur grades is growing and the word descriptions were thought to be not precise. S5000 grades correspond to the so-called “regular” sulfur
grades, the previous No. 1-D and No. 2-D. S500 grades correspond to the previous “Low Sulfur” grades. S15 grades were not in the previous grade system
and are commonly referred to as “Ultra-Low Sulfur” grades or ULSD.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels.
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2023Dec. 15, 2023. Published September 2023December 2023. Originally approved in 1948. Last previous edition approved in
20222023 as D975 – 22a.D975 – 23. DOI: 10.1520/D0975-23.10.1520/D0975-23A.
This fuel complies with 40 CFR Part 1090 – Regulation of Fuels, Fuel Additives, and Regulated Blendstocks; effective January 1, 2021.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D975 − 23a
1.2 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes the required
properties of diesel fuels at the time and place of delivery.
1.2.1 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.
NOTE 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate diesel fuels. For more information on the
subject, see Guide D4865.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method) (Withdrawn 2023)
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
D613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by High Temperature Combustion and Infrared (IR) Detection or Thermal
Conductivity Detection (TCD)
D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
D2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels
D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
D4308 Test Method for Electrical Conductivity of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Precision Meter
D4539 Test Method for Filterability of Diesel Fuels by Low-Temperature Flow Test (LTFT)
D4737 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
D5186 Test Method for Determination of the Aromatic Content and Polynuclear Aromatic Content of Diesel Fuels By
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
D5304 Test Method for Assessing Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability by Oxygen Overpressure
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
D975 − 23a
and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D5771 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Optical Detection Stepped Cooling Method)
D5772 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Linear Cooling Rate Method)
D5773 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Constant Cooling Rate Method)
D5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement
D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D6078 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the Scuffing Load Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator
(SLBOCLE) (Withdrawn 2021)
D6079 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)
D6217 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Middle Distillate Fuels by Laboratory Filtration
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl
Fischer Titration
D6371 Test Method for Cold Filter Plugging Point of Diesel and Heating Fuels
D6468 Test Method for High Temperature Stability of Middle Distillate Fuels
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blendstock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels
D6890 Test Method for Determination of Ignition Delay and Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils by Combustion
in a Constant Volume Chamber
D6898 Test Method for Evaluating Diesel Fuel Lubricity by an Injection Pump Rig (Withdrawn 2021)
D7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Jet Fuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, and Gasoline-Ethanol
Blends by Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic
Viscosity)
D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester
D7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, and Jet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence
Spectrometry
D7321 Test Method for Particulate Contamination of Biodiesel B100 Blend Stock Biodiesel Esters and Biodiesel Blends by
Laboratory Filtration
D7344 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Mini Method)
D7345 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Micro Distillation
Method)
D7371 Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared
Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)
D7467 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20)
D7545 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Middle Distillate Fuels—Rapid Small Scale Oxidation Test (RSSOT)
D7619 Test Method for Sizing and Counting Particles in Light and Middle Distillate Fuels, by Automatic Particle Counter
D7668 Test Method for Determination of Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils—Ignition Delay and Combustion
Delay Using a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber Method
D7683 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Small Test Jar Method)
D7688 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) by Visual
Observation
D7689 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Mini Method)
D7861 Test Method for Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in Diesel Fuel by Linear Variable Filter (LVF) Array
Based Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy
D7945 Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Constant Pressure
Viscometer
D8183 Test Method for Determination of Indicated Cetane Number (ICN) of Diesel Fuel Oils using a Constant Volume
Combustion Chamber—Reference Fuels Calibration Method
D8148 Test Method for Spectroscopic Determination of Haze in Fuels
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
E1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
2.2 Other Documents:
26 CFR Part 48 Manufacturers and Retailers Excise Taxes
40 CFR Part 1090 Regulation of Fuels, Fuel Additives, and Regulated Blendstocks
API RP 2003 Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401 or https://ecfr.gov.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
D975 − 23a
EN 14078 Liquid petroleum products—Determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in middle distillates—Infrared
spectroscopy method
EN 15751 Automotive fuels—Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) fuel and blends with diesel fuel—Determination of oxidation
stability by accelerated oxidation method
IP 156 Determination of hydrocarbon types in petroleum products—Fluorescent indicator adsorption method
ISO 4406 Hydraulic fluid power—Fluids—Method for coding the level of contamination by solid particles
ISO 16889 Hydraulic fluid power—Filters—Multi-pass method for evaluating filtration performance of a filter element
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 additive, n—in diesel fuels, a substance added to diesel fuel at a blend level not greater than 1 % by volume of the finished
fuel.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
Additives are generally included in finished diesel fuel to enhance performance properties (for example, cetane number, lubricity,
cold flow, etc.).
3.1.1.2 Discussion—
Additives that contain hydrocarbon oil blended with other substances may exclude the hydrocarbon oil portion for determination
of the volume percent of the additive in the finished fuel.
3.1.1.3 Discussion—
Triglycerides (for example, vegetable oils, animal fats, greases, and so forth) have been found to cause fouling of fuel oil burning
equipment. Similar fouling is expected in diesel engine applications and triglycerides are therefore not allowed as additives or
components of additives.
3.1.2 alternative blendstock, n—in diesel fuels and fuel oils, a non-hydrocarbon oil substance added to diesel fuel and fuel oil at
blend levels greater than 1 % by volume of the finished fuel.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
An alternative blendstock should normally have an industry consensus standard or an annex in this specification that defines its
physical and chemical properties.
3.1.2.2 Discussion—
See Appendix X7 for guidance regarding new materials for #1-D and #2-D grades of diesel fuels.
3.1.3 biodiesel, n—fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats,
designated B100.
3.1.4 biodiesel blend (BXX), n—a homogeneous mixture of hydrocarbon oils and mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—
In the abbreviation, BXX, the XX represents the volume percentage of biodiesel in the blend.
3.1.5 diesel fuel, n—liquid specifically designed for injection into a compression-ignition engine to provide energy.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—
The liquid is frequently a mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons. For D975 compliant diesel fuels, see the section on
Alternative Blendstocks for allowed non-hydrocarbon blendstocks.
3.1.5.2 Discussion—
A compression-ignition engine is frequently called a diesel engine. In this type of engine, the combustion reactions are initiated
when the injected fuel mixes with the hot compressed gases in the combustion zone. There is no spark. The properties of the fuel
must support the requirements for compression-ignition engines.
3.1.5.3 Discussion—
Blendstocks of varying composition and additives are blended to meet the requirements of relevant specifications, operating
conditions (for example, operation at low temperatures), and market needs.
3.1.5.4 Discussion—
Many diesel fuels comply with detailed requirements such as are found in regional or national standard specifications. Other liquid
fuels are under development for future use in diesel engines and may not comply with any recognized standard.
Available from the National CEN members listed on the CEN website (www.cenorm.be) or from the CEN/TC 19 Secretariat (astm.@nen.nl).
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.
D975 − 23a
3.1.6 fuel contaminants, n—material not intended to be present in a fuel, whether introduced during or subsequent to manufacture,
handling, distribution or storage, that makes the fuel less suitable for the intended use.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—
Fuel contaminants include materials introduced subsequent to the manufacture of fuel and fuel degradation products.
Contaminants, which can be soluble in the fuel or insoluble (suspended liquid droplets or solid or semisolid particles), can be the
result of improper processing or contamination by a wide range of materials including water, rust, airblown dust, deterioration of
internal protective coatings on pipes or vessels and products of fuel degradation and biological growth. Solid or semisolid
contaminants can be referred to as silt or sediment.
3.1.7 fuel-degradation products, n—those materials that are formed in fuel during storage, usage, or exposure to high temperatures
and pressures.
3.1.7.1 Discussion—
Insoluble degradation products can combine with other fuel contaminants to enhance deleterious effects. Soluble degradation
products (soluble gums) are less volatile than fuel and can carbonize to form deposits due to complex interactions and oxidation
of small amounts of olefinic or sulfur-, oxygen-, or nitrogen-containing compounds present in fuels. The formation of degradation
products can be catalyzed by dissolved metals, especially copper and zinc. When dissolved copper and zinc are present it can be
deactivated with metal deactivator additives.
3.1.8 hydrocarbon oil, n—a homogeneous mixture with elemental composition primarily of carbon and hydrogen that may also
contain sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen from residual impurities and contaminants associated with the fuel’s raw materials and
manufacturing processes and excluding added oxygenated materials.
3.1.8.1 Discussion—
Neither macro nor micro emulsions are included in this definition since neither are homogeneous mixtures.
3.1.8.2 Discussion—
Examples of excluded oxygenated materials are alcohols, esters, ethers, and triglycerides.
3.1.8.3 Discussion—
The hydrocarbon oil may be manufactured from a variety of raw materials, for example petroleum (crude oil), oil sands, natural
gas, coal, and biomass. Appendix X7 discusses some matters for consideration regarding the use of diesel fuels from feedstocks
other than petroleum.
3.1.9 S(numerical specification maximum), n—a part of the grade name that states the maximum sulfur content, in ppm by mass
(mg/kg), allowed by this specification and formatted as S followed with no space by the numerical sulfur maximum.
3.1.9.1 Discussion—
Of the seven diesel fuel grades specified in this standard, six have important distinguishing maximum sulfur regulatory
requirements. These are Grades No. 1-D S15, No. 1-D S500, No. 1-D S5000, No. 2-D S15, No. 2-D S500 and No. 2-D S5000.
The seventh grade, No. 4-D, is distinguished from these other grades by many major properties in addition to sulfur (unregulated
maximum), and therefore is not included in this designation system. Thus, Grade No. 4-D does not have the designation S20000
as part of its grade name.
3.1.9.2 Discussion—
-4
mg/kg is equivalent to μg/g, 1×10 % by mass, and mass fraction 0.000001.
3.1.9.3 Discussion—
Most, but not all, test methods to determine sulfur content mentioned in this specification produce results in units of mg/kg. Consult
the test method in use to determine units for a particular result.
3.1.10 severe use, n—use of the fuel in applications where engines operating under high load conditions can cause the fuel to be
exposed to excessive heat and pressure.
3.1.11 switch loading, n—of liquid fuels, the practice of loading low vapor pressure product (for example, diesel fuel) into an
empty or near-empty fixed or portable container that previously held a high or intermediate vapor pressure product (such as
gasoline or solvent) without prior compartment cleaning treatment and inert gas purging; and the reverse procedure where a high
vapor pressure product is added to a container that previously held a low vapor pressure product.
3.1.11.1 Discussion—
Since middle distillate fuels have flash points above 38 °C, during normal distribution of these fuels, the atmosphere above the
fuels in a container such as a tanker truck, rail car, or barge, is normally below the lower explosive limit, so there is low risk of
fire or explosion should an electrostatic discharge (spark) occur. However, when the previous load in the compartment was a
volatile, flammable fuel such as gasoline, and if some residual fuel vapor or mist remains in the compartment, and the container
D975 − 23a
has a mixture of air and fuel vapor or mist (that is, not purged with an inert gas), then there is a risk that the atmosphere in the
container being filled could be in the explosive range creating a hazard should an electrostatic discharge occur.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 bulk fuel, n—fuel in a vessel exceeding 400 L.
3.2.2 long-term storage, n—storage of fuel for longer than 12 months after it is received by the user.
4. Sampling, Containers, and Sample Handling
4.1 It is strongly advised to review all test methods prior to sampling to understand the importance and effects of sampling
technique, proper containers, and special handling required for each test method.
4.2 Correct sampling procedures are critical to obtaining a representative sample of the diesel fuel to be tested. Refer to Appendix
X2 for recommendations. The recommended procedures or practices provide techniques useful in the proper sampling or handling
of diesel fuels.
5. Test Methods
5.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shall be determined in accordance with the following methods:
5.1.1 Flash Point—Test Methods D93, except where other methods are prescribed by law. For all grades, Test Methods D3828
and D7094 may be used as alternatives with the same limits. For Grades No. 1-D S15, No. 1-D S500, No. 1-D S5000, No. 2-D
S15, No. 2-D S500, and No. 2-D S5000, Test Method D56 may be used as an alternative with the same limits, provided the flash
point is below 93 °C and the viscosity is below 5.5 mm /s at 40 °C. This test method will give slightly lower values. In cases of
dispute, Test Methods D93 shall be used as the referee method. Test Method D56 may not be used as the alternative method for
Grade No. 4-D because its minimum viscosity limit is 5.5 mm /s at 40 °C.
5.1.2 Cloud Point—Test Method D2500. For all fuel grades in Table 1, bias-corrected results from the automatic Test Methods
D5771, D5772, D5773, D7683, or D7689 may be used as alternatives with the same limits. Bias-correction equations are noted
in the respective precision sections of each automatic test method. In case of dispute, Test Method D2500 shall be the referee
method.
5.1.3 Water and Sediment—Test Method D2709 is used for fuel Grades No. 1-D S15, No. 1-D S500, No. 1-D S5000, No. 2-D S15,
No. 2-D S500, and No. 2-D S5000. Test Method D1796 is used for Grade No. 4-D. See Appendix X8 for additional guidance on
water and sediment in Grades No. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuels.
5.1.4 Carbon Residue—Test Method D524 is used for fuel Grades No. 1-D S15, No. 1-D S500, No. 1-D S5000, No. 2-D S15, No.
2-D S500 and No. 2-D S5000. Grade No. 4-D does not have a limit for carbon residue.
5.1.5 Ash—Test Method D482 is used for all grades in Table 1.
5.1.6 Distillation—Test Method D86 is used for Grades No. 1-D S15, No. 1-D S500, No. 1-D S5000, No. 2-D S15, No. 2-D S500,
and No. 2-D S5000. For all grades, Test Method D2887, D7344, or D7345 can be used as an alternative. Results from Test Method
D2887 shall be reported as “Predicted D86” results by application of the correlation in Appendix X4 of Test Method D2887 to
convert the values. Results from Test Methods D7344 and D7345 shall be reported as “Predicted D86” results by application of
the corrections described in Test Methods D7344 and D7345 to improve agreement with D86 values. In case of dispute, Test
Method D86 shall be the referee method. Grade No. 4-D does not have distillation requirements.
5.1.7 Viscosity—Test Method D445 and D7945 may be used for all fuel grades in Table 1 with the same limits. Bias-corrected
values from Test Method D7042 may be used as alternative results for Test Method D445 on Grades No. 1-D and No. 2-D with
the same limits. Section 15, Precision and Bias, of Test Method D7042 contains bias-correction information. In case of dispute,
Test Method D445 shall be used as the referee method.
5.1.8 Sulfur—The following list shows the referee test methods and alternative test methods for sulfur and the corresponding fuel
grades to which each applies.
D975 − 23a
A,B,C
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Diesel Fuel
Grade
ASTM
Property Test
No. 1-D No. 1-D No. 1-D No. 2-D No. 2-D No. 2-D
D No. 4-D
E E E
Method
S15 S500 S5000 S15 S500 S5000
E E E
Flash Point, °C, min. D93 38 38 38 52 52 52 55
Water and Sediment, percent volume, max D2709 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 .
D1796 . . . . . . 0.50
Distillation Temperature, °C 90 %, percent volume D86
recovered
E E E
min . . . 282 282 282 .
max 288 288 288 338 338 338 .
Kinematic Viscosity, mm /S at 40 °C D445
E E E
min 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.9 1.9 1.9 5.5
max . 2.4 2.4 2.4 4.1 4.1 4.1 24.0
Ash percent mass, max D482 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.10
F
Sulfur, ppm (μg/g) max D5453 15 . . 15 . . .
percent mass, max D2622 . 0.05 0.50 . 0.05 0.50 2.00
Copper strip corrosion rating, max D130 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 .
(3 h at a minimum control temperature of 50 °C)
H I I I I I I I
Cetane number, min D613 40. 40. 40. 40. 40. 40. 30.
In the United States, one of the following properties
shall
be met:
G
(1) Cetane index, min. D976/D4737 40 40 . 40 40 . .
G, J
(2) Aromaticity, percent volume, max D1319/D5186 35 35 . 35 35 . .
Operability Requirements
K K K K K K
Cloud point, °C, max D2500 .
or
LTFT/CFPP, °C, max D4539/D6371
Ramsbottom carbon residue on 10 % D524 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.35 0.35 0.35 .
distillation residue, percent mass, max
Lubricity, HFRR @ 60 °C, micron, max D6079/D7688 520 520 520 520 520 520 .
L L L L L L
Conductivity, pS/m or Conductivity Units (C.U.), min D2624/D4308 25 25 25 25 25 25 .
A
To meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be agreed upon between purchaser, seller, and manufacturer.
B
See Sections 6 and 7 for further statements on diesel fuel requirements.
C
Unless otherwise exempted under United States regulations, if diesel fuel is sold for tax exempt purposes then, at or beyond terminal storage tanks, they are required
by 26 CFR Part 48 to contain the dye Solvent Red 164 at a concentration spectrally equivalent to 3.9 lb of the solid dye standard Solvent Red 26 per thousand barrels
of diesel fuel or kerosine, or the tax must be collected.
D
The test methods indicated are the approved referee methods. Other acceptable methods are indicated in 5.1.
E
When a cloud point less than −12 °C is specified, as can occur during cold months, it is permitted and normal blending practice to combine Grades No. 1 and No. 2 to
meet the low temperature requirements. In that case, the minimum flash point shall be 38 °C, the minimum viscosity at 40 °C shall be 1.7 mm /s, and the minimum 90 %
recovered temperature shall be waived.
F
Other sulfur limits can apply in selected areas in the United States and in other countries.
G
These test methods and year designations are specified in 40 CFR Part 1090.
H
Where cetane number by Test Method D613 is not available, Test Method D4737 can be used as an approximation. Although biodiesel blends are excluded from the
scope of Test Method D4737, the results of Test Method D4737 for up to B5 blends can be used as an approximation.
I
Low ambient temperatures as well as engine operation at high altitudes may require the use of fuels with higher cetane ratings.
J
See 5.1.12.
K
It is unrealistic to specify low temperature properties that will ensure satisfactory operation at all ambient conditions. In general, cloud point Low Temperature Flow Test,
and Cold Filter Plugging Point Test may be used as an estimate of operating temperature limits for Grades No. 1–D S15; No. 2–D S15; No. 1–D S500; No. 2–D S500;
and No. 1–D S5000 and No. 2–D S5000 diesel fuel. However, satisfactory operation below the cloud point may be achieved depending on equipment design, operating
conditions, and the use of flow-improver additives as described in X5.1.2. Appropriate low temperature operability properties should be agreed upon between the fuel
supplier and purchaser for the intended use and expected ambient temperatures. Test Methods D4539 and D6371 may be especially useful to estimate vehicle low
temperature operability limits when flow improvers are used. Due to fuel delivery system, engine design, and test method differences, low temperature operability tests
may not provide the same degree of protection in various vehicle operating classes. Tenth percentile minimum air temperatures for U.S. locations are provided in Appendix
X5 as a means of estimating expected regional temperatures. The tenth percentile minimum air temperatures can be used to estimate expected regional target
temperatures for use with Test Methods D2500, D4539, and D6371. Refer to X5.1.3 for further general guidance on test application.
L
The electrical conductivity of the diesel fuel is measured at the time and temperature of the fuel at delivery. The 25 pS/m minimum conductivity requirement applies at
all instances of high velocity transfer (7 m/s) but sometimes lower velocities, see 8.1 for detailed requirements) into mobile transport (for example, tanker trucks, rail cars,
and barges).
Sulfur
Grades
Test Method
D129 No. 1-D S5000, No. 2-D
S5000,
No. 4-D
D1266 No. 1-D S500, No. 2-D S500
D1552 No. 1-D S5000, No. 2-D
S5000,
No. 4-D
D975 − 23a
Sulfur
Grades
Test Method
D2622 All Grades
(referee for
S500,
S5000, and
No. 4
Grades)
D3120 No. 1-D S15, No. 2-D S15
No. 1-D S500, No. 2-D S500
(If the fuel contains biodiesel,
this method may not be appli-
cable as it is limited to oxy-
genates with a boiling range
of 26 °C to 274 °C)
D4294 No. 1-D S500, No. 2-D S500
No. 1-D S5000, No. 2-D
S5000,
No. 4-D
D5453 All Grades
(referee for
S15 grades)
D7039 No. 1-D S15, No. 2-D S15
No. 1-D S500, No. 2-D S500
D7220 No. 1-D S15, No. 1-D S500
No. 2-D S15, No. 2-D S500
5.1.9 Copper Corrosion—Test Method D130, 3 h test at a minimum control temperature of 50 °C. This test method is used for
fuel Grades No. 1-D S15, No. 1-D S500, No. 1-D S5000, No. 2-D S15, No. 2-D S500 and No. 2-D S5000. Grade No. 4-D does
not have a copper corrosion requirement.
5.1.10 Cetane Number—Test Method D613 is used for all fuel grades in Table 1. Test Methods D6890, D7668 (see Note 4), or
D8183 (see Note 5) may be used for all No. 1-D and No. 2-D grades with the DCN or ICN (D8183) result being compared to the
cetane number specification requirement of 40. Test Method D613 shall be the referee method.
NOTE 4—Precision from Test Method D7668 were obtained from results produced by laboratories using externally obtained pre-blended calibration
reference material.
NOTE 5—Precision from Test Method D8183 were obtained from results produced by laboratories using pre-blended calibration reference materials from
a single source.
5.1.11 Cetane Index—Test Methods D976 or D4737 are used for fuel Grades No. 1-D S15, No. 1-D S500, No. 2-D S15 and No.
2-D S500.
5.1.12 Aromaticity—Test Methods D1319 or D5186. These test methods provide an indication of the aromatics content of fuels.
These test methods are used for fuel Grades No. 1-D S15, No. 1-D S500, No. 2-D S15 and No. 2-D S500. The supplier of the
fluorescent indicator dyed gel used in Test Method D1319 (and IP 156) is no longer able to supply the dye needed for the method
to work with diesel fuel. Lot numbers 3000000975 and above will not provide correct aromatics values. Test Method D5186 may
also be used with the same limits by converting D5186 % by mass values to % by volume using the bias-correction equation in
D5186 for predicted D1319 results.
5.1.13 Lubricity—Test Method D6079 or D7688. Test Method D6079 shall be the referee method.
5.1.14 Conductivity—Both conductivity test methods, Test Methods D2624 and D4308 are allowed for all grades of No. 1 and No.
2 diesel fuels. There is no conductivity requirement for No. 4 diesel fuel. For conductivities below 1 pS/m, Test Method D4308
is preferred.
6. Workmanship
6.1 The diesel fuel shall be visually free of undissolved water, sediment, and suspended matter.
6.2 The diesel fuel shall also be free of any adulterant or contaminant that can render the fuel unacceptable for its commonly used
applications.
D975 − 23a
7. Requirements
7.1 The grades of diesel fuels herein specified shall be hydrocarbon oils, except as provided in 7.3, with the inclusion of additives
to enhance performance, if required, conforming to the detailed requirements shown in Table 1 and as provided in 7.1.1.
7.1.1 Additives may be included in diesel fuel at a blend level not greater than 1 % by volume of the finished fuel.
7.1.1.1 Additives are generally included in finished diesel fuel to enhance performance properties (for example, cetane number,
lubricity, cold flow, and so forth).
7.1.1.2 Additives that contain hydrocarbon oil blended with other substances may exclude the hydrocarbon oil portion for
determination of the volume percent of the finished fuel.
7.1.1.3 Triglycerides (for example, vegetable oils, animal fats, greases, and so forth) have been found to cause fouling of fuel oil
burning equipment. Similar fouling is expected in diesel engine applications, and triglycerides are therefore not allowed as
additives or components of additives.
7.2 Grades No. 2-D S15, No. 2-D S500 and No. 2-D S5000—When a cloud point less than −12 °C is specified, as can occur during
cold months, it is permitted and normal blending practice to combine Grades No. 1 and No. 2 to meet the low temperature
requirements. In that case, the minimum flash point shall be 38 °C, the minimum viscosity at 40 °C shall be 1.7 mm /s, and the
minimum 90 % recovered temperature shall be waived.
7.3 Alternative Blendstocks:
7.3.1 Fuels Blended with Biodiesel—The detailed requirements for fuels blended with biodiesel shall be as follows:
7.3.1.1 Biodiesel for Blending—If biodiesel is a component of any diesel fuel, the biodiesel shall meet the requirements of
Specification D6751.
7.3.1.2 Diesel fuel containing up to 5 % volume biodiesel shall meet the requirements for the appropriate grade No. 1-D or No.
2-D fuel, as listed in Table 1.
7.3.1.3 Test Method D7371 shall be used for determination of the volume percent biodiesel in a biodiesel blend. Test Method EN
14078 or Test Method D7861 may also be used. In cases of dispute, Test Method D7371 shall be the referee test method. See
Practice E29 for guidance on significant digits.
7.3.1.4 Diesel fuels containing more than 5 % volume biodiesel component are not included in this specification.
7.3.1.5 Biodiesel blends with No. 4–D fuel are not covered by this specification.
8. Precautionary Notes on Conductivity
8.1 Accumulation of static charge occurs when a hydrocarbon liquid flows with respect to another surface. The electrical
conductivity requirement of 25 pS/m minimum at temperature of delivery shall apply when the transfer conditions in Table 2 exist
for the delivery into a mobile transport container (for example, tanker trucks, railcars, and barges).
TABLE 2 Transfer Conditions
Maximum Pipe Diameter When Filling When Filling When Filling
(for a distance of Tank Truck Undivided Rail Marine Vessels
30 s upstream of Compartments Car Compartments
delivery nozzle)
0.1023 m fuel velocity $ 4.9 m/s fuel velocity $ 7.0 m/s fuel velocity $ 7.0 m/s
0.1541 m fuel velocity $ 3.24 m/s fuel velocity $ 5.20 m/s fuel velocity $ 7.0 m/s
0.2027 m fuel velocity $ 2.47 m/s fuel velocity $ 3.90 m/s fuel velocity $ 7.0 m/s
0.2545 m fuel velocity $ 1.96 m/s fuel velocity $ 3.14 m/s fuel velocity $ 7.0 m/s
D975 − 23a
9. Keywords
9.1 biodiesel; biodiesel blend; diesel; diesel fuel; fuel oil; petroleum and petroleum products
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF ASTM SPECIFICATION FOR DIESEL FUELS
X1.1 Introduction
X1.1.1 The properties of commercial fuel oils and diesel fuels depend on the refining practices employed and the nature of the
crude oils from which they are produced. Distillate fuel oils, for example, can be produced within the boiling range of 150 °C and
400 °C having many possible combinations of various properties, such as volatility, ignition quality, viscosity, and other
characteristics.
X1.2 Grades
X1.2.1 This specification is intended as a statement of permissible limits of significant fuel properties used for specifying the wide
variety of commercially available diesel fuels. Limiting values of significant properties are prescribed for seven grades of diesel
fuels. These grades and their general applicability for use in diesel engines are broadly indicated as follows:
X1.2.2 Grade No. 1-D S15—Grade No. 1-D S15 comprises the class of very low sulfur, volatile diesel fuels from kerosine to the
intermediate middle distillates. Fuels within this grade are applicable for use in (1) high-speed diesel engines and diesel engine
applications that require ultra-low sulfur fuels, (2) applications necessitating frequent and relatively wide variations in loads and
speeds, and (3) applications where abnormally low operating temperatures are encountered.
X1.2.3 Grade No. 1-D S500—Grade No. 1-D S500 comprises the class of low-sulfur, volatile diesel fuels from kerosine to the
intermediate middle distillates. Fuels within this grade are applicable for use in (1) high-speed diesel engines that require low sulfur
fuels, (2) in applications necessitating frequent and relatively wide variations in loads and speeds, and (3) in applications where
abnormally low operating temperatures are encountered.
X1.2.4 Grade No. 1-D S5000—Grade No. 1-D S5000 comprises the class of volatile diesel fuels from kerosine to the intermediate
middle distillates. Fuels within this grade are applicable for use in high-speed diesel engines applications necessitating frequent
and relatively wide variations in loads and speeds, and also for use in cases where abnormally low operating temperatures are
encountered.
X1.2.5 Grade No. 2-D S15—Grade No. 2-D S15 includes the class of very low sulfur, middle distillate gas oils of lower volatility
than Grade No. 1-D S15. These fuels are applicable for use in (1) high speed diesel engines and diesel engine applications that
require ultra-low sulfur fuels, (2) applications necessitating relatively high loads and uniform speeds, or (3) diesel engines not
requiring fuels having higher volatility or other properties specified in Grade No. 1-D S15.
X1.2.6 Grade No. 2-D S500—Grade No. 2-D S500 includes the class of low-sulfur, middle distillate gas oils of lower volatility
than Grade No. 1-D S500. These fuels are applicable for use in (1) high-speed diesel engine applications that require low sulfur
D975 − 23a
fuels, (2) applications necessitating relatively high loads and uniform speeds, or (3) diesel engines not requiring fuels having higher
volatility or other properties specified for Grade No. 1-D S500.
X1.2.7 Grade No. 2-D S5000—Grade No. 2-D S5000 includes the class of middle distillate gas oils of lower volatility than Grade
No. 1-D S5000. These fuels are applicable for use in (1) high-speed diesel engines in applications necessitating relatively high
loads and uniform speeds, or (2) in diesel engines not requiring fuels having higher volatility or other properties specified for Grade
No. 1-D S5000.
X1.2.8 Grade No. 4-D—Grade No. 4-D comprises the class of more viscous middle distillates and blends of these middle
distillates with residual fuel oils. Fuels within this grade are applicable for use in low- and medium-speed diesel engines in
applications necessitating sustained loads at substantially constant speed.
X1.3 Selection of Particular Grade
X1.3.1 The selection of a particular diesel fuel from one of these seven ASTM grades for use in a given engine requires
consideration of the following factors:
X1.3.1.1 Fuel price and availability,
X1.3.1.2 Maintenance considerations,
X1.3.1.3 Engine size and design,
X1.3.1.4 Emission control systems,
X1.3.1.5 Speed and load ranges,
X1.3.1.6 Frequency of speed and load changes, and
X1.3.1.7 Atmospheric conditions. Some of these factors can influence the required fuel properties outlined as follows:
X1.4 Cetane Number
X1.4.1 Cetane number is a measure of the ignition quality of the fuel and influences combustion roughness. The cetane number
requirements depend on engine design, size, nature of speed and load variations, and on starting and atmospheric conditions.
Increase in cetane number over values actually required does not materially improve engine performance. Accordingly, the cetane
number specified should be as low as possible to assure maximum fuel availability.
X1.5 Distillation
D975 − 23a
X1.5.1 The fuel volatility requirements depend on engine design, size, nature of speed and load variations, and starting and
atmospheric conditions. For engines in services involving rapidly fluctuating loads and speeds as in bus and truck operation, the
more volatile fuels can provide best performance, particularly with respect to smoke and odor. However, best fuel economy is
generally obtained from the heavier types of fuels because of their higher heat content.
X1.6 Viscosity
X1.6.1 For some engines it is advantageous to specify a minimum viscosity because of power loss due to injection pump and
injector leakage. Maximum viscosity, on the other hand, is limited by considerations involved in engine design and size, and the
characteristics of the injection system.
X1.7 Carbon Residue
X1.7.1 Carbon residue gives a measure of the carbon depositing tendencies of a fuel oil when heated in a bulb under prescribed
conditions. While not directly correlating with engine deposits, this property is considered an approximation.
X1.8 Sulfur
X1.8.1 The effect of sulfur content on engine wear and deposits appears to vary considerably in importance and depends largely
on operating conditions. Fuel sulfur can affect emission control systems performance. To assure maximum availability of fuels, the
permissible sulfur content should be specified as high as is practicable, consistent with maintenance considerations.
X1.9 Flash Point
X1.9.1 The flash point as specified is not directly related to engine performance. It is, however, of importance in connection with
legal requirements and safety precautions involved in fuel handling and storage, and is normally specified to meet insurance and
fire regulations.
X1.10 Cloud Point
X1.10.1 Cloud point is of importance in that it defines the temperature at which a cloud or haze of wax crystals appears in the
oil under prescribed test conditions which generally relates to the temperature at which wax crystals begin to precipitate from the
oil in use.
X1.11 Ash
X1.11.1 Ash-forming materials can be present in diesel fuel in two forms: (1) abrasive solids, and (2) soluble metallic soaps.
Abrasive solids contribute to injector, fuel pump, piston and ring wear, a
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