ASTM D6237-19

Standard Guide for Painting Inspectors (Concrete and Masonry Substrates)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide is intended as a reference for those concerned with the inspection of thin- or thick-film coating application to concrete and masonry substrates. It does not cover the application of cement-type coatings. The requirements for inspection should be addressed in all protective coating and lining work specifications. This guide may be used by specification writers when selecting and establishing the inspection requirements for coating and lining specifications. A sample checklist for use by inspectors is included as Appendix X1.1.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended as an information aid to painting inspectors in carrying out the task efficiently. It includes the key elements of surface preparation, coatings application, and final approval for both field and shop work. The items should be selected that are pertinent to a specific project.
Note 1: For additional helpful information, refer to the following documents:
Manual of Concrete Practice ACI 515R American Concrete Institute2
Manual of Coating Work for Light Water Nuclear Power Plant Primary Containment and Other Safety Related Facilities3
C811 Practice for Surface Preparation of Concrete for Application of Chemical-Resistant Resin Monolithic Surfacings4
Steel Structures Painting Manual Vol. 1 - Good Painting Practices5
Steel Structures Painting Manual Vol. 2 - Systems and Specifications5
Manufacturers Specifications and Instructions (made available to the inspector for reference to special requirements for proper application)
Safety Data Sheets (needed to ensure that personnel take necessary precautions in handling hazardous materials). Available from Materials manufacturer.  
1.2 Certain industries or owners may require certified inspection personnel. See Guide D4537 for establishing procedures to certify inspectors for coating work in nuclear facilities. SSPC offers a training and certification program for concrete coating inspection.5  
1.3 In certain cases the inspector may be required to assess the condition of the concrete substrate. SSPC has published an illustrated guide for performing a concrete condition assessment.5  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This guide is arranged in the following order:    
Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
ASTM Standards  
2.1  
OSHA Standards  
2.2  
ICRI Standards  
2.3  
SSPC Standards  
2.4  
Significance and Use  
3  
Preparation for Inspection  
4  
Surface Preparation Methods and Requirements  
5  
Surface Preparation  
5.1  
Factors Affecting Coating Performance  
5.2  
Surface Condition  
5.2.1  
Cleanliness  
5.2.2  
Moisture  
5.2.3  
Surface Preparation Procedures  
5.3  
Dry Surface Cleaning  
5.3.1  
Water and Steam Cleaning  
5.3.2  
Mechanical Tool Cleaning  
5.3.3  
Hand Tool Cleaning  
5.3.3.1  
Power Tool Cleaning  
5.3.3.2  
Scarifying Machines  
5.3.3.3  
Pre- and Post-Surface Preparation  
5.3.3.4  
Finished Surface  
5.3.3.5  
Blast Cleaning  
5.3.4  
Water Blast Cleaning  
5.3.5  
Acid Etching  
5.3.6  
Precautions in Preparing Unpainted and  
Previously Painted Surfaces  
5.4  
Inspection of Surfaces Prior to Field Painting  
5.5  
New Construction  
5.5.1  
Maintenance Repainting  
5.5.2  
Cracks and Voids  
6  
Cracks  
6.1  
Cracks in Concrete  
6.1.1  
Joints in Concrete  
...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2019
• ICS: 87.020 - Paint coating processes
• ICS: 91.060.10 - Walls. Partitions. Facades
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.46 - Industrial Protective Coatings

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D6237-09(2015) - Standard Guide for Painting Inspectors (Concrete and Masonry Substrates)
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2019
• Refers: ASTM D1212-91(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Wet Film Thickness of Organic Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2020
• Refers: ASTM D4414-95(2020) - Standard Practice for Measurement of Wet Film Thickness by Notch Gages
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2020
• Refers: ASTM F2170-19a - Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Humidity in Concrete Floor Slabs Using in situ Probes
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2019
• Refers: ASTM F2170-19 - Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Humidity in Concrete Floor Slabs Using in situ Probes
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2019
• Refers: ASTM D4259-18 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Concrete by Abrasion Prior to Coating Application
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2018
• Refers: ASTM D4787-13(2018) - Standard Practice for Continuity Verification of Liquid or Sheet Linings Applied to Concrete Substrates
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018
• Refers: ASTM D4537-12(2018) - Standard Guide for Establishing Procedures to Qualify and Certify Personnel Performing Coating and Lining Work Inspection in Nuclear Facilities
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2018
• Refers: ASTM D4262-05(2018) - Standard Test Method for pH of Chemically Cleaned or Etched Concrete Surfaces
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2018
• Refers: ASTM D4263-83(2018) - Standard Test Method for Indicating Moisture in Concrete by the Plastic Sheet Method
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2018
• Refers: ASTM F2170-18 - Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Humidity in Concrete Floor Slabs Using in situ Probes
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2018
• Refers: ASTM F2170-17 - Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Humidity in Concrete Floor Slabs Using in situ Probes
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2017
• Refers: ASTM F2170-16b - Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Humidity in Concrete Floor Slabs Using in situ Probes
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Refers: ASTM D5064-16 - Standard Practice for Conducting a Patch Test to Assess Coating Compatibility
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Refers: ASTM F2170-16a - Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Humidity in Concrete Floor Slabs Using in situ Probes
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016

Overview

ASTM D6237-19: Standard Guide for Painting Inspectors (Concrete and Masonry Substrates) provides comprehensive guidance for painting inspectors engaged in the inspection of thin- or thick-film coating applications to concrete and masonry substrates. Developed by ASTM, this standard is an essential reference for professionals ensuring quality and compliance in industrial and commercial coating projects. The guide addresses all stages of inspection, including surface preparation, application, handling, and essential safety considerations.

Designed as an information resource, ASTM D6237-19 can be used by inspectors, project engineers, and specification writers to establish effective, project-specific inspection requirements. A sample inspection checklist is included in the standard, supporting consistent, high-quality outcomes in both field and shop environments.

Key Topics

ASTM D6237-19 covers the following critical topics relevant for concrete and masonry coating projects:

• Preparation for Inspection: Outlines inspector responsibilities, safety documentation (including Safety Data Sheets), and required project information such as coating types, thickness, and application methods.
• Surface Preparation: Details methods including dry surface cleaning, water and steam cleaning, mechanical tool cleaning (hand and power tools), scarifying, blast cleaning (abrasive and water), and acid etching.
• Inspection of Surfaces: Provides criteria for inspecting cleanliness, surface profile, moisture, cracks, voids, and preparation quality both before new construction coatings and during maintenance repainting.
• Coating Storage and Mixing: Addresses best practices for storing coatings and thinners, proper mixing techniques, acceptable thinning practices, and care to prevent premature coating failures.
• Application and Ambient Conditions: Discusses the effects of temperature, humidity, and weather on coating application and curing, ensuring that coatings perform as intended.
• Quality Assurance and Equipment: Describes inspection equipment usage (e.g., wet/dry film thickness gauges, adhesion testers), sampling, and record keeping for maintaining quality control.
• Handling Cracks and Voids: Offers guidance for assessing, filling, and sealing cracks and voids to ensure long-term coating performance.

Applications

ASTM D6237-19 is widely used in various industries where protective coatings are essential for durability and safety:

• Infrastructure projects: Bridges, tunnels, dams, and water treatment plants benefit from robust inspection practices for coating concrete and masonry components.
• Power generation facilities: Nuclear and conventional plants require stringent inspection procedures addressed within this standard for containment structures.
• Commercial and Institutional Buildings: Ensuring high-quality coatings in hospitals, schools, and public buildings with masonry or concrete surfaces.
• Industrial Applications: Food processing, manufacturing, storage facilities, and more require reliable coating inspection from project start through ongoing maintenance.

The guide supports both field and shop inspections and is valuable for new construction as well as maintenance and refurbishing activities. It assists specification writers in identifying proper inspection protocols and ensures coatings are applied safely and effectively.

Related Standards

ASTM D6237-19 references and aligns with several key industry standards and guidelines to ensure comprehensive inspection and quality management:

• ASTM C805, D4258, D4259, D4260, D4262, D4263: Methods for evaluating and preparing concrete surfaces.
• ASTM D3359, D4138, D4414, D6132, D7234: Testing for adhesion and film thickness.
• SSPC Standards: Including SSPC-SP13/NACE No. 6 (Surface Preparation of Concrete), SSPC-PA 7 (Application of Coating to Concrete), SSPC-Guide 6/7 (Debris Containment and Disposal).
• ICRI Guideline No. 03732: Guidance for selecting and specifying surface preparation for sealers, coatings, and overlays.
• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200/1926.59: Hazard communication for safety in coating application environments.

By integrating ASTM D6237-19 and its referenced documents, organizations can establish a reliable framework for painting inspections on concrete and masonry, resulting in cost-effective, durable, and safe outcomes across a wide range of construction and industrial projects.

Keywords: ASTM D6237-19, concrete coating inspection, masonry substrates, surface preparation, coating application, industrial standards, painting inspector, protective coatings, SSPC, ICRI, OSHA, quality assurance.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6237 − 19
Standard Guide for
Painting Inspectors (Concrete and Masonry Substrates)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6237; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This guide is intended as an information aid to painting
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
inspectors in carrying out the task efficiently. It includes the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
key elements of surface preparation, coatings application, and
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
final approval for both field and shop work. The items should
be selected that are pertinent to a specific project. 1.6 This guide is arranged in the following order:
Section
NOTE 1—For additional helpful information, refer to the following
Referenced Documents 2
documents:
ASTM Standards 2.1
Manual of Concrete Practice ACI 515R American Concrete Institute
OSHA Standards 2.2
ManualofCoatingWorkforLightWaterNuclearPowerPlantPrimary
ICRI Standards 2.3
Containment and Other Safety Related Facilities
SSPC Standards 2.4
C811 Practice for Surface Preparation of Concrete for Application of
Significance and Use 3
Chemical-Resistant Resin Monolithic Surfacings
Preparation for Inspection 4
Surface Preparation Methods and Requirements 5
Steel Structures Painting Manual Vol. 1 - Good Painting Practices
Surface Preparation 5.1
Steel Structures Painting Manual Vol. 2 - Systems and Specifications
Factors Affecting Coating Performance 5.2
Manufacturers Specifications and Instructions (made available to the
Surface Condition 5.2.1
inspector for reference to special requirements for proper application)
Cleanliness 5.2.2
Safety Data Sheets (needed to ensure that personnel take necessary
Moisture 5.2.3
precautions in handling hazardous materials). Available from Materials
Surface Preparation Procedures 5.3
manufacturer.
Dry Surface Cleaning 5.3.1
Water and Steam Cleaning 5.3.2
1.2 Certain industries or owners may require certified in-
Mechanical Tool Cleaning 5.3.3
spection personnel. See Guide D4537 for establishing proce-
Hand Tool Cleaning 5.3.3.1
Power Tool Cleaning 5.3.3.2
durestocertifyinspectorsforcoatingworkinnuclearfacilities.
Scarifying Machines 5.3.3.3
SSPC offers a training and certification program for concrete
Pre- and Post-Surface Preparation 5.3.3.4
coating inspection.
Finished Surface 5.3.3.5
Blast Cleaning 5.3.4
1.3 In certain cases the inspector may be required to assess
Water Blast Cleaning 5.3.5
the condition of the concrete substrate. SSPC has published an
Acid Etching 5.3.6
Precautions in Preparing Unpainted and
illustrated guide for performing a concrete condition assess-
5 Previously Painted Surfaces 5.4
ment.
Inspection of Surfaces Prior to Field Painting 5.5
New Construction 5.5.1
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Maintenance Repainting 5.5.2
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
Cracks and Voids 6
only. Cracks 6.1
Cracks in Concrete 6.1.1
Joints in Concrete 6.1.2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
Voids 6.2
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Recoat Intervals 6.3
Subcommittee D01.46 on Industrial Protective Coatings.
Coating Storage and Handling 7
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2019. Published September 2019. Originally
Storage of Coating and Thinner 7.1
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D6237 – 09 (2015).
Mixing of Coatings 7.2
DOI: 10.1520/D6237-19.
Thinning 7.3
Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
Thinning of Coating 7.3.1
Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.concrete.org. Heating of Coating 7.4
ASTM, 1979. Ambient Condition Considerations 8
Drying 8.1
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Low Temperature 8.2
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
High Temperature 8.3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Moisture 8.4
the ASTM website.
5 Wind 8.5
Available from SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings, 800 Trumbull
Coating Application 9
Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15205, http://www.sspc.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6237 − 19
D4537 Guide for Establishing Procedures to Qualify and
Residual Contaminants 9.1
Quality Assurance 9.2
Certify Personnel Performing Coating and Lining Work
Film Defects 9.2.1
Inspection in Nuclear Facilities
Brush Application 9.3
D4787 Practice for Continuity Verification of Liquid or
Spray Application 9.4
Roller Application 9.5
Sheet Linings Applied to Concrete Substrates
Miscellaneous Methods 9.6
D5064 Practice for Conducting a Patch Test to Assess
Rate of Application 9.7
Coating Compatibility
Additional Considerations 10
Ventilation 10.1
D6132 TestMethodforNondestructiveMeasurementofDry
Painting Schedule 10.2
Film Thickness of Applied Organic Coatings Using an
Film Integrity 10.3
Recoat Time 10.4 Ultrasonic Coating Thickness Gage
Coating System Failure 10.5
D6677 Test Method for Evaluating Adhesion by Knife
Inspection Equipment 11
D7234 Test Method for Pull-OffAdhesion Strength of Coat-
General 11.1
Adhesion of Existing Coating 11.1.1 ings on Concrete Using Portable Pull-Off Adhesion Tes-
Portable Pull-Off Adhesion 11.1.2
ters
Field Inspection Equipment 11.2
D7682 Test Method for Replication and Measurement of
Drying and Curing Times 11.2.1
Concrete Surface Profiles Using Replica Putty
Thermometers 11.2.1.1
Psychrometric Charts 11.2.1.2
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
Wet-Film Thickness Gages 11.2.2
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
Interchemical Gage 11.2.2.1
Notched Gage 11.2.2.2 peratures)
Dry-Film Thickness Gages 11.2.3
F1869 Test Method for Measuring MoistureVapor Emission
Destructive Thickness Gage 11.2.3.1
Rate of Concrete Subfloor Using Anhydrous Calcium
Nondestructive Film Thickness Gages 11.2.3.2
Discontinuity (Holiday) Tester 11.3 Chloride
Inspection Checklist Appendix X1
F2170 Test Method for Determining Relative Humidity in
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
Concrete Floor Slabs Using in situ Probes
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
2.2 OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Standard:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 7
29 CFR 1926.59 Hazard Communication
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
2.3 International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI):
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Guideline No. 03732 Selecting and Specifying Concrete
Surface Preparation for Sealers, Coatings, and Polymer
2. Referenced Documents
Overlays
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2.4 SSPC Standards:
C805 Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Con-
SSPC-AB 1 Mineral and Slag Abrasives
crete
SSPC-Guide 6 Guide for Containing Debris Generated Dur-
C811 Practice for Surface Preparation of Concrete for Ap-
ing Paint Removal Operations
plication of Chemical-Resistant Resin Monolithic Surfac-
SSPC-Guide 7 Guide for the Disposal of Lead-
ings (Withdrawn 2012)
Contaminated Surface Preparation Debris
D1212 Test Methods for Measurement of Wet Film Thick-
SSPC Guide 23 Field Methods for the Determination of
ness of Organic Coatings
Moisture in Concrete and Masonry Walls and Ceilings,
D3359 Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
EIFS, and Stucco
D4138 Practices for Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of
SSPC-PA 7 Application of Coating to Concrete
Protective Coating Systems by Destructive, Cross-
SSPC-PA 9 Measurement of Dry Coating Thickness Using
Sectioning Means
Ultrasonic Gages
D4258 Practice for Surface Cleaning Concrete for Coating
SSPC-SP13/NACE No. 6 Surface Preparation of Concrete
D4259 Practice for Preparation of Concrete by Abrasion
Prior to Coating Application
3. Significance and Use
D4260 Practice for Liquid and Gelled Acid Etching of
3.1 Thisguideisintendedasareferenceforthoseconcerned
Concrete
D4262 TestMethodforpHofChemicallyCleanedorEtched with the inspection of thin- or thick-film coating application to
concrete and masonry substrates. It does not cover the appli-
Concrete Surfaces
D4263 Test Method for Indicating Moisture in Concrete by cation of cement-type coatings. The requirements for inspec-
tion should be addressed in all protective coating and lining
the Plastic Sheet Method
D4285 Test Method for Indicating Oil or Water in Com- work specifications. This guide may be used by specification
pressed Air
D4414 Practice for Measurement of Wet Film Thickness by
AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
Notch Gages
732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
6 8
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on AvailablefromInternationalConcreteRepairInstitute,3166S.RiverRd.,Suite
www.astm.org. 132, Des Plaines, IL 60018, http://www.icri.org.
D6237 − 19
writers when selecting and establishing the inspection require- grease, soil, fungus, mold, and mildew that make it difficult to
ments for coating and lining specifications.Asample checklist attain proper adhesion.
for use by inspectors is included as Appendix X1.1.
5.2.3 Moisture—There should be no free standing water on
the surface although a damp surface may be acceptable for
4. Preparation for Inspection certain types of coatings. Moisture is required to cure concrete,
but after the specified cure time has passed, the inspector
4.1 The guide describes the duties of the inspector and
should check for excessive moisture below the surface as
discusses inspection methods, both visual and instrumental,
determined by Test Method D4263 or by use of a moisture
that can be used to determine that the specification require-
meter. Many coating types will not adhere over entrapped
ments have been met by the painting contractor.
moisture. Concrete slabs to which a floor coating will be
4.2 Before painting is started, the project engineer should
applied are more commonly checked for moisture vapor
provide the inspector with information from the official plans
transmission rate using the calcium chloride method as de-
and specifications as to surface preparation requirements,
scribed inTest Method F1869, or in situ probes as described in
coating type, thinner to be used, mixing ratios to be used,
Test Method F2170.
recommended application thickness, recommended primer, tie
5.3 Surface Preparation Procedures—Safety precautions
coat, topcoat, time between coats, method of application,
are not addressed separately for each of the following surface
ambient condition restrictions, and any special precautions to
preparation methods. Each has its own safety-related hazards,
be followed.These details should be recorded in an inspector’s
and U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration
record book to eliminate any misunderstanding between the
regulations should be followed. Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for
inspector and the contractor.
the solvents and cleaning compounds provided by the manu-
4.3 The inspector should obtain copies of Safety Data
facturer should also be consulted for proper worker protection.
Sheets (SDS) for all products that will be used on the project,
5.3.1 Dry Surface Cleaning—Broom, vacuum cleaners or a
review any hazard communications program in accordance
compressedairstream,orboth,areusedtoremovesurfacedust
with 29 CFR 1926.59 that will apply to the project, and review
and other loosely adherent solid contaminants in accordance
other safety information related to the work that will be
with paragraphs 6.1 to 6.3 of Practice D4258. Compressed air
performed by the contractor. The inspector should examine
should be free of water and oil. Test compressed air supply in
these materials and be supplied with appropriate protective
accordance with Test Method D4285. Visually examine the
equipment and devices.
surface for the presence of dust, debris and loosely adherent
concrete.
4.4 The Product Data Sheets (PDS) for the coating products
5.3.2 Water and Steam Cleaning—These procedures are
to be used, including thinners where applicable, shall be
intended to remove dust, dirt, and water-soluble surface con-
provided with the procured product. Note that the coating
taminants. Clean, potable water is used with sufficient pressure
specification may allow only specific pre-qualified coatings to
to remove dust, dirt, and loose material. Hand scrubbing with
be used.
a stiff-bristled brush may be necessary. Visually examine the
prepared surface for debris, dirt, oil, grease, loosely adherent
5. Surface Preparation Methods and Requirements
concrete, and other contaminants. Moisture content may be
5.1 SurfacePreparationisoneofthemostimportantfactors
determined after the surface has dried in accordance with Test
affecting the performance of coatings.The specifier determines
Method D4263 or by use of a moisture meter.
the appropriate degree of surface preparation according to the
5.3.2.1 Detergentsornonorganicsolventemulsifyingagents
expected service life and type of coating specified. Information
are used with water and steam cleaning to remove oil and
on selection of surface preparation methods can be found in
grease contaminants. Heavy oil grease deposits should be
SSPC-SP13/NACE No. 6 and ICRI Guideline No. 03732.
removed by scraping prior to cleaning. Residues of the
5.2 Factors Affecting Coating Performance—There are a cleaning agent should be removed by flushing the surface with
number of factors that must be considered to ensure a proper clean potable water before the surface dries. Removal of the
painting project. cleaning agent may be verified by measuring the surface pH in
accordance with Test Method D4262.
5.2.1 Surface Condition—Concrete and masonry have
5.3.2.2 Practice D4258, paragraphs 6.4 to 6.6 present the
unique properties associated with them due to their physical
nature and method of formation. New concrete may be very procedures and test methods for water and steam cleaning both
with and without detergents or emulsifying agents.
smooth and hard if hard trowel finished or have cavities and
holes at or just below the surface if poured. As with surface 5.3.3 Mechanical Tool Cleaning—Mechanical tool cleaning
preparation of other substrates, contaminants must be removed is used to remove fins and projections, laitance, glaze,
and the surface suitably roughened. All protrusions should be efflorescence, and concrete curing compounds. It results in a
removed by suitable hand or power tool technique prior to sound concrete surface that is suitably roughened. Mechanical
cleaning. Visible holes should be filled with a patching tool cleaning is presented in Practice D4259, paragraphs 6.1 to
compound compatible with the coating to be applied. 6.5. Various techniques may be required by the specifier
depending on the nature of the job.
5.2.2 Cleanliness—Manymaterials,ifnotremovedfromthe
surface, will affect the life of the coating. These include form 5.3.3.1 Hand Tool Cleaning is one method used for the
release agents, surface hardeners, laitance, efflorescence, removal of loose or otherwise unsound concrete, by hand
D6237 − 19
chipping or scraping using wire, fiber or bristle brushes, hand Guideline No. 03732. Alternatively the surface profile can be
scrapers or chisels, and chipping hammers. measuredusingadepthmicrometerthatwillmeasureupto250
mils.
(a) Wire brushes should be rigid enough to clean the
surface thoroughly and shaped to penetrate all corners and 5.3.5 Water Jetting—A high pressure water cleaning/jetting
joints. Brushes should be kept free of all materials that may
is described in Practice D4259, Section 7. It should be noted
clog the wires of the brush. that water introduced into the concrete will lengthen the drying
(b) Hand scrapers should be made of tool steel, tempered time needed. The surface should have a roughened textured
appearance.
andgroundtoasharpedgeandshouldbeofthepropersizeand
shape to enable cleaning to be done as specified.
5.3.6 Acid Etching—This method uses acids such as muri-
atic (hydrochloric), citric, phosphoric or sulfamic to remove
5.3.3.2 Power Tool Cleaning is a method used for the
foreignmaterialsandweaksurfacelaitance,andtoroughenthe
removal of loose or otherwise defective concrete and protru-
surface.Acid etching is described in Practice D4260. It is only
sions by power wire brushes, power impact tools, power
performed on horizontal surfaces.
grinders, power sanders or by a combination of these methods.
All equipment should be suitable for the configuration of the 5.3.6.1 Fins and protrusions, oil, grease, concrete curing
compounds, form release agents, and concrete hardeners
work to be cleaned and maintained free of material that clogs
should be removed prior to acid etching by one or more of the
the wire or disks making them ineffective. All impact tools
techniques in 5.3.1 – 5.3.5. The surface is pre-wetted prior to
should be kept sharp.
application of the acid and free-standing water removed.
5.3.3.3 Scarifying Machines for concrete surfaces are avail-
5.3.6.2 Bubbling should be uniformly evident after the
able that either cut or chip away a thin layer. Aggregate
etching solution is applied. The concentration of the etching
loosened by mechanical impacting should be removed.
solution may have to be increased if bubbling is not evident.
5.3.3.4 Pre- and Post-Surface Preparation—Mechanical
Curing compounds, sealers, oil, grease, and hardeners inhibit
tool cleaning requires that grease, oil and other penetrating
acid etching. Areas where bubbling does not occur should be
contaminants be removed prior to cleaning and after surface
mechanically cleaned to remove these contaminants and the
preparation as described in 5.3.2.1.
acid reapplied.
5.3.3.5 Finished Surface—The surface is visually inspected
5.3.6.3 The surfaces should be flushed with clean potable
for dirt, dust, grease, oil, and loose contaminants. The surface
water. Repeated flushing and scrubbing with a stiff-bristled
should have a roughened textured appearance and aggregate
brush may be needed to remove acid residues and perhaps
may be exposed. A roughness standard may be established by
neutralization. Test the surface pH in accordance with Test
mutual agreement.
Method D4262 for removal of the etching solution.
5.3.4 Blast Cleaning is used to remove foreign materials
5.3.6.4 The acid-etched surface should be uniformly rough-
from concrete in accordance with Practice D4259 to provide a
ened similar in appearance to a medium or coarse grade
roughened surface. Blast cleaning is described in Practice
sandpaper.
D4259. Dry or wet abrasive blasting may be used or specified.
5.3.6.5 It may necessary to test for moisture content in
5.3.4.1 All visible oil, grease, and other contaminants
accordance with Test Method D4263 prior to applying the
should be removed prior to blast cleaning as described in
coating.
5.3.2.1. The compressed air used for blast cleaning should be
5.4 Precautions in Preparing Unpainted and Previously
free of condensed water or oil. Compressed air supply can be
Painted Surfaces—Cleaning should proceed by sections, bays,
tested in accordance with Test Method D4285.
or other readily identifiable parts of the work. The cleaning of
5.3.4.2 Blast-cleaning operations should be performed so
each section, bay, or part of the work should be entirely
that no damage is done to the completed portion of the work.
completed, inspected, and accepted before any coating is
Blast cleaning is often performed from the top to bottom of the
applied. The system of alternately cleaning and painting short
structure and should only be carried on downwind from any
sections by one craftsperson is not good practice.
recently painted areas.
5.4.1 Iftrafficoranyothersourceproducesanobjectionable
5.3.4.3 Blast cleaned surfaces should be examined for any
amount of dust, it is customary to control the dust by using
tracesofoil,grease;wherepresent,thecontaminantsshouldbe
tarpaulins, etc., for a sufficient distance around the structure
removed by cleaning according to 5.3.2.1. Surfaces that have
andtakeanyotherprecautionnecessarytopreventdustanddirt
been dry blasted should be brushed with clean brushes, blown
from coming into contact with the cleaned or freshly painted
with compressed air free of oil and moisture, or vacuum
surfaces. It may be necessary at times to use some of the
cleaned to eliminate any traces of blast products, dust or dirt
specified methods for cleaning surfaces of newly applied
from the surface. This also serves to remove abrasive from
coating between the various coats.
pockets and corners.
5.4.2 Some areas to be painted or repainted may be exposed
5.3.4.4 The finished surface should have a roughened tex-
to chemical fumes and should be washed with water before
ture based on a roughness standard established by mutual
painting. Washing may also be necessary between coats of
agreement. The resulting surface texture can be assessed paint. If there is reason to suspect the presence of chemicals,
according to Test Method D7682, MethodAor B, or using the
the surfaces should be tested before applying subsequent
ICRI Concrete Surface Profilers (CSPs) referenced in ICRI paints.
D6237 − 19
5.4.3 Current regulations require containment and collec- 6. Cracks and Voids
tion of surface preparation debris for disposal. When the
6.1 Crackscanbepresentinconcreteoratjointsinconcrete
existing coating contains regulated heavy metals such as lead
and masonry.The specification should address how cracks will
or chromium, or other regulated compounds such as organotin,
be prepared. Usually, this requires caulks, sealants, or fillers to
special precautions and handling of debris may be necessary.
be used before the coating is applied. Note that cracks may be
Inspection of containment and disposal requirements, espe-
static or dynamic. It is recommended that cracks be monitored
cially site storage requirements, may be part of a coating
over a 24-h period to determine their characteristics before
inspector’s activities. SSPC-Guide 6 and SSPC-Guide 7 pres-
repair.
ent information useful to the inspector and sections of these
6.1.1 CracksinConcrete that are visible on the surface may
guides may be referenced in the specification.
require filling or sealing prior to coating. Either the specifica-
tionorproductdatasheetforthecrackfiller/sealerwillindicate
5.5 Inspection of Surfaces Prior to Field Painting—It
the maximum width of crack for which the sealer can be used.
should be emphasized that the first coat should be applied to
A ruler or feeler gage can be used to measure crack width.
the cleaned surfaces before any soiling or deterioration can
Larger cracks usually require other materials or treatments,
occur. The cleaned surface should be inspected to ensure all
including routing out the crack. Manufacturer’s instructions
visible contaminants have been removed. The substrate should
should be obtained and followed.
be suitably roughened if mechanical tool cleaning, blast
6.1.2 JointsinConcreteandMasonrythatallowmoistureor
cleaning, water blast cleaning, or acid etching is used. Exces-
other elements to penetrate may also require caulking, sealing,
sive roughness and exposed aggregate are just as deleterious as
or filling. Joints may also require sealing to provide a continu-
too smooth a finish.
oussurfaceforcosmeticreasons.Caulks,putties,andfillersare
5.5.1 New Construction—The strength of the concrete at or
used. The inspector should ensure that all joints have been
near the surface may affect the adhesion of the coating system.
properly prepared, and that loose material has been removed.
A pull-off adhesion tester as described in Test Method D7234
The caulk, putty, or filler should be applied in accordance with
may be used. Alternatively, the soundness of the concrete
the manufacturer’s instructions, including ambient condition
surface can be assessed in accordance with Test Method C805
restrictions.Expansionandcontroljointsaredesignedtomove.
using a rebound hammer.
Coatings applied to these joints may crack when the joints
move.The specifications should address the painting of expan-
5.5.2 Maintenance Repainting—In most cases, maintenance
sion joints.
painting will consist of spot-cleaning and priming of small
isolated areas of deterioration followed by application of one
6.2 Voids or “bug holes” may be present in the surface or
overall new finish coat to all surfaces of the structure. The
opened up by surface preparation. Voids should be filled prior
inspector of maintenance painting should be alert for several
to application of the coating. Note that voids may be static or
conditions not encountered in the painting of new work.
dynamic. It is recommended that voids be monitored over a
24-h period to determine their characteristics before repair. In
5.5.2.1 Sound coating not intended to be removed should
some cases, surface fillers are applied over the entire surface to
not be damaged by cleaning operations on adjacent areas. This
seal pores and fill in voids to create a smooth surface.
is particularly important with spot blast cleaning.
Limitations may exist on how deep a void can be filled,
5.5.2.2 The junctions between sound coating and spot-
requiring multiple applications of the filler. The product data
cleaned areas should present a smooth, feathered appearance.
sheet for the filler should be consulted.
The application of coating to be spot-cleaned areas should
overlaptheold,adjacentcoatingby50mm(2in.)toensurefull 6.3 Recoat Intervals apply to crack sealers and void fillers
astheydotocoatings.Theinspectorshouldensurethematerial
coverage of the cleaned areas. Before the overall finish coat is
applied, the inspector must verify that oil, grime, dust, and cures for the minimum time before the coating is applied and
the maximum recoat time, if applicable, is not exceeded.
other contaminants are cleaned from the old coating surfaces.
5.5.2.3 Adhesion of the newly applied coat to the old
7. Coating Storage and Handling
coating should be carefully checked. Practice D5064 presents
7.1 Storage of Coating and Thinner—All coatings and
theprocedureforevaluatingadhesionofmaintenancecoatings.
thinners should be stored in areas or structures that are
5.5.2.4 Under the direction of the engineer, the inspector
well-ventilated and not subject to excessive heat, open flames,
may explore beneath the surface of the existing or new coating
electrical discharge, or direct sunlight. Storage should conform
film for loosening of the old film, and where the inspector
to applicable regulations and the manufacturer’s written in-
discovers such conditions, require that the surface be cleaned
structions.Materialssusceptibletodamageatlowtemperatures
and repainted.
should be stored to prevent freezing, such as in heated areas.
5.5.2.5 The effect of any newly applied coating on the old
Too high a storage temperature reduces the shelf life of the
underlying coating should be noted. Any coating that shows
coating.Ifacoatingisstockedforaconsiderablelengthoftime
curling, lifting, or wrinkling should be reported to the engineer
(several months), it is desirable to invert the containers at
immediately since it may have to be removed and the area
monthly intervals. This will prevent hard settling and thus
repainted. If the defects are general, rather than existing in a make mixing quicker and easier when the coating is used.
few isolated areas, use of a different type of coating may be
7.1.1 Coating containers should remain unopened until
necessary. needed and the oldest should be used first. The manufacturer’s
D6237 − 19
written instructions should be followed regarding shelf life. container. The required thinner is then added and the two
Coatings that have livered, gelled, or otherwise deteriorated portions are remixed to obtain a homogenous mixture.
during storage should not be used. If a material is in question,
7.3.1.1 To estimate the wet-film thickness of the thinned
do not use it until it has been tested by the manufacturer or
coating required to obtain the specified dried-film thickness,
independent laboratory and found to be satisfactory.
the percent volume of the nonvolatile (solids) in the original
7.1.2 Where a skin has formed in the container, the skin
coatingmustbeknown.Thisfigureisreadilyobtainedfromthe
should be cut loose from the sides of the container, removed,
manufacturer’s product data sheet. With this information the
and discarded. If the skins are thick enough to have a practical
calculation may be made as follows:
effect on the composition, the remaining coating should not be
D~1.01T!
used until it has been tested and found to be satisfactory.
W 5 (1)
S
7.2 Mixing of Coatings—All coatings should be thoroughly
where:
and completely mixed in the containers in which they were
W = wet-film thickness,
supplied. When it is not possible to use the supplied containers
D = desired dry-film thickness,
other clean containers may be used. Where there is noticeable
S = percent by volume (expressed as a fraction) of coating
settling and mixing is done either by power stirrers or by hand,
solids, and
most of the vehicle should be poured off into a clean container.
T = percent by volume (expressed as a fraction) of thinner
The pigment is then lifted from the bottom of the container
added.
with a clean broad, flat paddle, lumps broken up, and the
pigment thoroughly mixed with the vehicle present. The
7.4 Heating of Coating—Coating as delivered in the manu-
poured-off vehicle should be returned slowly to the original
facturer’s containers and mixed thoroughly, are ready for use,
container with simultaneous stirring. It is also useful at thi
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6237 − 09 (Reapproved 2015) D6237 − 19
Standard Guide for
Painting Inspectors (Concrete and Masonry Substrates)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6237; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide is intended as an information aid to painting inspectors in carrying out the task efficiently. It includes the key
elements of surface preparation, coatings application, and final approval for both field and shop work. The items should be selected
that are pertinent to a particular job.specific project.
NOTE 1—For additional helpful information, refer to the following documents:
Manual of Concrete Practice ACI 515R American Concrete Institute
Manual of Coating Work for Light Water Nuclear Power Plant Primary Containment and Other Safety Related Facilities
C811 Practice for Surface Preparation of Concrete for Application of Chemical-Resistant Resin Monolithic Surfacings
SSPC-PA Guide 3 - A Guide to Safety in Paint Application
Steel Structures Painting Manual Vol. 1- 1 - Good Painting Practices
Steel Structures Painting Manual Vol. 2 - Systems and Specifications
Manufacturers Specifications and Instructions (made available to the inspector for reference to special requirements for proper application)
Material Safety Data Sheets (needed to insureensure that personnel take necessary precautions in handling hazardous materials). Available from
Materials manufacturer.
1.2 Certain industries or owners may require certified inspection personnel. See Guide D4537 for establishing procedures to
certify inspectors for coating work in nuclear facilities. SSPC offers a training and certification program for concrete coating
inspection.
1.3 In certain cases the inspector may be required to assess the condition of the concrete substrate. SSPC has published an
illustrated guide for performing a concrete condition assessment.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of whomever uses the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This guide is arranged in the following order:
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D01.46 on Industrial Protective Coatings.
Current edition approved July 1, 2015Sept. 1, 2019. Published September 2019July 2015. . Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20092015 as
D6237D6237 – 09 (2015). – 09. DOI: 10.1520/D6237-09R15.10.1520/D6237-19.
Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.concrete.org.
ASTM, 1979.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC), 40 24th St., 6th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15222-4656,Coatings, 800 Trumbull Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA
15205, http://www.sspc.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6237 − 19
Section
Referenced Documents 2
ASTM Standards 2.1
OSHA Standards 2.2
ICRI Standards 2.3
SSPC Standards 2.4
Significance and Use 3
Preparation for Inspection 4
Surface Preparation Methods and Requirements 5
Surface Preparation 5.1
Factors Affecting Coating Performance 5.2
Surface Condition 5.2.1
Cleanliness 5.2.2
Moisture 5.2.3
Surface Preparation Procedures 5.3
Dry Surface Cleaning 5.3.1
Water and Steam Cleaning 5.3.2
Mechanical Tool Cleaning 5.3.3
Hand Tool Cleaning 5.3.3.1
Power Tool Cleaning 5.3.3.2
Scarifying Machines 5.3.3.3
Pre- and Post-Surface Preparation 5.3.3.4
Finished Surface 5.3.3.5
Blast Cleaning 5.3.4
Water Blast Cleaning 5.3.5
Acid Etching 5.3.6
Precautions in Preparing Unpainted and
Previously Painted Surfaces 5.4
Inspection of Surfaces Prior to Field Painting 5.5
New Construction 5.5.1
Maintenance Repainting 5.5.2
Cracks and Voids 6
Cracks 6.1
Cracks in Concrete 6.1.1
Joints in Concrete 6.1.2
Voids 6.2
Recoat Intervals 6.3
Coating Storage and Handling 7
Storage of Coating and Thinner 7.1
Mixing of Coatings 7.2
Thinning 7.3
Initial Samples 7.3.1
Thinning of Coating 7.3.2
Thinning of Coating 7.3.1
Sampling of Thinned Coating 7.3.3
Heating of Coating 7.4
Weather Considerations 8
Ambient Condition Considerations 8
Drying 8.1
Low Temperature 8.2
High Temperature 8.3
Moisture 8.4
Wind 8.5
Coating Application 9
Residual Contaminants 9.1
Quality Assurance 9.2
Film Defects 9.2.1
Brush Application 9.3
Spray Application 9.4
Roller Application 9.5
Miscellaneous Methods 9.6
Rate of Application 9.7
Additional Considerations 10
Ventilation 10.1
Painting Schedule 10.2
Film Integrity 10.3
Recoat Time 10.4
Coating System Failure 10.5
Inspection Equipment 11
General 11.1
Adhesion of Existing Coating 11.1.1
Portable Pull-Off Adhesion 11.1.2
Field Inspection Equipment 11.2
Drying and Curing Times 11.2.1
Thermometers 11.2.1.1
Relative Humidity and Dew Point 11.2.1.2
Psychrometric Charts 11.2.1.2
Viscosity Cups 11.2.2
D6237 − 19
Wet-Film Thickness Gages 11.2.4
Wet-Film Thickness Gages 11.2.2
Interchemical Gage 11.2.4.1
Interchemical Gage 11.2.2.1
Notched Gage 11.2.4.2
Notched Gage 11.2.2.2
Dry-Film Thickness Gages 11.2.5
Dry-Film Thickness Gages 11.2.3
Destructive Thickness Gage 11.2.5.1
Destructive Thickness Gage 11.2.3.1
Nondestructive Film Thickness Gages 11.2.5.2
Nondestructive Film Thickness Gages 11.2.3.2
Discontinuity (Holiday) Tester 11.3
Inspection Checklist Appendix X1
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C805 Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete
C811 Practice for Surface Preparation of Concrete for Application of Chemical-Resistant Resin Monolithic Surfacings
(Withdrawn 2012)
D1212 Test Methods for Measurement of Wet Film Thickness of Organic Coatings
D1475 Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related Products
D3359 Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
D4138 Practices for Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Protective Coating Systems by Destructive, Cross-Sectioning
Means
D4212 Test Method for Viscosity by Dip-Type Viscosity Cups
D4258 Practice for Surface Cleaning Concrete for Coating
D4259 Practice for Preparation of Concrete by Abrasion Prior to Coating Application
D4260 Practice for Liquid and Gelled Acid Etching of Concrete
D4262 Test Method for pH of Chemically Cleaned or Etched Concrete Surfaces
D4263 Test Method for Indicating Moisture in Concrete by the Plastic Sheet Method
D4285 Test Method for Indicating Oil or Water in Compressed Air
D4414 Practice for Measurement of Wet Film Thickness by Notch Gages
D4537 Guide for Establishing Procedures to Qualify and Certify Personnel Performing Coating and Lining Work Inspection in
Nuclear Facilities
D4787 Practice for Continuity Verification of Liquid or Sheet Linings Applied to Concrete Substrates
D5064 Practice for Conducting a Patch Test to Assess Coating Compatibility
D6132 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Applied Organic Coatings Using an Ultrasonic
Coating Thickness Gage
D6677 Test Method for Evaluating Adhesion by Knife
D7234 Test Method for Pull-Off Adhesion Strength of Coatings on Concrete Using Portable Pull-Off Adhesion Testers
E1907D7682 Guide to Methods of Evaluating Moisture Conditions of Concrete Floors to Receive Resilient Floor CoveringsTest
Method for Replication and Measurement of Concrete Surface Profiles Using Replica Putty (Withdrawn 2008)
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)
F1869 Test Method for Measuring Moisture Vapor Emission Rate of Concrete Subfloor Using Anhydrous Calcium Chloride
F2170 Test Method for Determining Relative Humidity in Concrete Floor Slabs Using in situ Probes
2.2 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standard:
29 CFR 1910.12001926.59 Hazard Communication
2.3 International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI):
Guideline No. 03732 Selecting and Specifying Concrete Surface Preparation for Sealers, Coatings, and Polymer Overlays
2.4 SSPC Standards:
SSPC-SP1SSPC-AB 1 Solvent CleaningMineral and Slag Abrasives
SSPC-SP7/NACE No. 4 Brush-off Blast Cleaning
SSPC-PA1 Paint Application Specifications
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
Available from International Concrete Repair Institute, 3166 S. River Rd., Suite 132, Des Plaines, IL 60018, http://www.icri.org.
D6237 − 19
SSPC-Guide 6 Guide for Containing Debris Generated During Paint Removal Operations
SSPC-Guide 7 Guide for the Disposal of Lead-Contaminated Surface Preparation Debris
SSPC-SP12/NACE No. 5SSPC Guide 23 Surface Preparation and Cleaning of Steel and Other Hard Materials by High- and
Ultrahigh-Pressure Water Jetting Prior to RecoatingField Methods for the Determination of Moisture in Concrete and Masonry
Walls and Ceilings, EIFS, and Stucco
SSPC-PA 7 Application of Coating to Concrete
SSPC-PA 9 Measurement of Dry Coating Thickness Using Ultrasonic Gages
SSPC-SP13/NACE No. 6 Surface Preparation of Concrete
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This guide is intended as a reference for those concerned with the inspection of thin- or thick-film coating application to
concrete and masonry substrates. It does not cover the application of cement-type coatings. A checklist is included as AppendixThe
requirements for inspection should be X1.1. Many of the details covered may be in a specification for a particular project. A
specification for coating projects should include the coatings to be used.addressed in all protective coating and lining work
specifications. This guide may be used by specification writers when selecting and establishing the inspection requirements for
coating and lining specifications. A sample checklist for use by inspectors is included as Appendix X1.1.
4. Preparation for Inspection
4.1 The guide describes the duties of the inspector and discusses inspection methods, both visual and instrumental, that can be
used to determine that the specification requirements have been met by the painting contractor.
4.2 Before the start of the job, the inspector should be provided information by the project engineer painting is started, the
project engineer should provide the inspector with information from the official plans and specifications as to surface preparation
requirements, coating type, thinner to be used, mixing ratios to be used, recommended application thickness, recommended primer,
tie coat, topcoat, time between coats, method of application, ambient condition restrictions, and any special precautions to be
followed. These details should be recorded in an inspector’s record book to eliminate any misunderstanding between the inspector
and the contractor.
4.3 The inspector should obtain copies of Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for all products that will be used on the project, review any
hazard communications program in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.12001926.59 that will apply to the project, and review other
safety information related to the work that will be performed by the contractor. The inspector should examine these materials and
be supplied with appropriate protective equipment and devices.
4.4 The Product Data Sheets (PDS) for the coating products to be used, including thinners where applicable, shall be provided
with the procured product. Note that the coating specification may allow only specific pre-qualified coatings to be used.
5. Surface Preparation Methods and Requirements
5.1 Surface Preparation—Preparation One is one of the most important factors affecting the performance of coatings is surface
preparation. coatings. The specifier determines the proper level appropriate degree of surface preparation according to the expected
service life and type of coating specified. Information on selection of the level of surface preparation methods can be found in
SSPC-SP13/NACE No. 6 and ICRI Guideline No. 03732.
5.2 Factors Affecting Coating Performance—There are a number of factors that must be considered to ensure a proper painting
project.
5.2.1 Surface Condition—Concrete and masonry have unique properties associated with them due to their physical nature and
method of formation. New concrete may be very smooth and hard if hard trowel finished,finished or have cavities and holes at or
just below the surface if poured. As with surface preparation of other substrates, contaminants must be removed and the surface
suitably roughened. All protrusions should be removed by suitable hand or power tool technique prior to cleaning. Visible holes
should be filled with a patching compound compatible with the coating to be applied.
5.2.2 Cleanliness—Many materials, if not removed from the surface, will affect the life of the coating. These include form
release agents, surface hardeners, laitance, efflorescence, grease, soil, fungus, mold, and mildew, whichmildew that make it
impossibledifficult to obtainattain proper adhesion.
5.2.3 Moisture—There should be no free standing water on the surface although a damp surface may be allowedacceptable for
certain types of coatings. Moisture is required to cure concrete, but after the specified cure time has passed, the inspector should
check for excessive moisture below the surface as determined by Test Method D4263 or by use of a moisture meter. Many coating
types will not adhere over entrapped moisture. Concrete slabs to which a floor coating will be applied are more commonly checked
for moisture vapor transmission rate using the calcium chloride method as described in Test Method F1869, or in situ probes as
described in Test Method F2170.
5.3 Surface Preparation Procedures—Safety precautions are not addressed separately for each of the following surface
preparation methods. Each has its own safety-related hazards, and U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration regulations
D6237 − 19
should be followed. Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)(SDS) for the solvents and cleaning compounds provided by the
manufacturer should also be consulted for proper worker protection.
5.3.1 Dry Surface Cleaning—Broom, vacuum cleaners or a compressed air stream, or both, are used to remove surface dust and
other loosely adherent solid contaminants in accordance with paragraphs 6.1 to 6.3 of Practice D4258. Compressed air should be
free of water and oil. Test compressed air supply in accordance with Test Method D4285. Visually examine the surface for the
presence of dust, debris and loosely adherent concrete.
5.3.2 Water and Steam Cleaning—These procedures are intended to remove dust, dirt, and water-soluble surface contaminants.
Clean, potable water is used with sufficient pressure to remove dust, dirt, and loose material. Hand scrubbing with a stiff-bristled
brush may be necessary. Visually examine the prepared surface for debris, dirt, oil, grease, loosely adherent concrete, and other
contaminants. Moisture content may be determined after the surface has dried in accordance with Test Method D4263 or by use
of a moisture meter.
5.3.2.1 Detergents or nonorganic solvent emulsifying agents are used with water and steam cleaning to remove oil and grease
contaminants. Heavy oil grease deposits should be removed by scraping prior to cleaning. Residues of the cleaning agent should
be removed by flushing the surface with clean potable water before the surface dries. In some cases removal Removal of the
cleaning agent may be verified by measuring the surface pH in accordance with Test Method D4262.
5.3.2.2 Practice D4258, paragraphs 6.4 to 6.6 present the procedures and test methods for water and steam cleaning both with
and without detergents or emulsifying agents.
5.3.3 Mechanical Tool Cleaning—Mechanical tool cleaning is used to remove fins and projections, laitance, glaze, efflorescence,
and concrete curing compounds. It results in a sound concrete surface that is suitably roughened. Mechanical tool cleaning is
presented in Practice D4259, paragraphs 6.1 to 6.5. Various techniques may be required by the specifier depending on the nature
of the job.
5.3.3.1 Hand Tool Cleaning is one method used for the removal of loose or otherwise unsound concrete, by hand brushing, hand
sanding, hand chipping, chipping or scraping using wire, fiber or bristle brushes, grinding stones, sandpaper, steel wool, hand
scrapers or chisels, and chipping hammers.
(a) Wire brushes should be rigid enough to clean the surface thoroughly and shaped to penetrate into all corners and joints.
Brushes should be kept free of all materials that may clog the wires of the brush.
(a) Wire brushes should be rigid enough to clean the surface thoroughly and shaped to penetrate all corners and joints. Brushes
should be kept free of all materials that may clog the wires of the brush.
(b) Hand scrapers should be made of tool steel, tempered and ground to a sharp edge and should be of the proper size and shape
to enable cleaning to be done as specified.
(b) Hand scrapers should be made of tool steel, tempered and ground to a sharp edge and should be of the proper size and shape
to enable cleaning to be done as specified. Scrapers should be kept sharp at all times.
5.3.3.2 Power Tool Cleaning is a method used for the removal of loose or otherwise defective concrete and protrusions by power
wire brushes, power impact tools, power grinders, power sanders or by a combination of these methods. All equipment should be
suitable for the configuration of the work to be cleaned and maintained free of material that clogs the wire or disks making them
ineffective. All impact tools should be kept sharp.
5.3.3.3 Scarifying Machines for concrete surfaces are available that either cut or chip away a thin layer. Aggregate loosened by
mechanical impacting should be removed.
5.3.3.4 Pre- and Post-Surface Preparation—Mechanical tool cleaning requires that grease, oil and other penetrating
contaminants be removed prior to cleaning and after surface preparation as described in 5.3.2.1.
5.3.3.5 Finished Surface—The surface is visually inspected for dirt, dust, grease, oil, and loose contaminants. The surface
should have a roughened textured appearance and aggregate may be exposed. A roughness standard may be established by mutual
agreement.
5.3.4 Blast Cleaning is used to remove foreign materials from concrete in accordance with Practice D4259 to provide a
roughened surface. Blast cleaning is described in Practice D4259. Dry or wet abrasive blasting may be used or specified.
5.3.4.1 Blast cleaning requires that all All visible oil, grease, and other contaminants should be removed prior to blasting blast
cleaning as described in 5.3.2.1. The compressed air used for blast cleaning should be free of condensed water or oil. Compressed
air supply can be tested in accordance with Test Method D4285.
5.3.4.2 Blast-cleaning operations should be performed so that no damage is done to the completed portion of the work. Blast
cleaning is often performed from the top to bottom of the structure and should only be carried on downwind from any recently
painted areas.
5.3.4.3 Blast cleaned surfaces should be examined for any traces of oil, grease or smudges; grease; where present, the
contaminants should be removed by cleaning according to 5.3.2.1. Surfaces that have been dry blasted should be brushed with
clean brushes, blown with compressed air free of oil and moisture, or vacuum cleaned to eliminate any traces of blast products,
dust or dirt from the surface. This also serves to remove abrasive from pockets and corners.
5.3.4.4 The finished surface should have a roughened texture similar to sandpaper of the specified grit or to the ICRI Visual
Standard. A roughness standard may be established bybased on a roughness standard established by mutual agreement. The
resulting surface texture can be assessed according to Test Method D7682mutual agreement., Method A or B, or using the ICRI
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Concrete Surface Profilers (CSPs) referenced in ICRI Guideline No. 03732. Alternatively the surface profile can be measured using
a depth micrometer that will measure up to 250 mils.
5.3.5 Water Blast Cleaning—Jetting—A high pressure water blast, either with or without abrasive injected into the stream, is
used as an alternative to open abrasive blasting since it reduces the release of dust into the atmosphere. Water blast cleaning is
cleaning/jetting is described in Practice D4259, Section 7. Low-pressure water cleaning per SSPC-SP12/NACE No. 5 (<34 MPa
(<5,000 psi)) alone is usually considered a satisfactory procedure for decorative painting, but for protective barrier coatings,
low-pressure water cleaning without abrasive injection may not remove enough weak surface material. High-pressure water
cleaning per SSPC-SP12/NACE No. 5 (34 MPa (5,000 psi) to 69 MPa (10,000 psi)) is usually needed. It should be noted that water
introduced into the concrete will lengthen the drying time needed. The surface should have a roughened textured appearance.
5.3.6 Acid Etching—This method uses acids such as muriatic (hydrochloric), citric, phosphoric or sulfamic to remove foreign
materials and weak surface laitance, and to roughen the surface. Acid etching is described in Practice D4260. It is only performed
on horizontal surfaces.
5.3.6.1 Fins and protrusions, oil, grease, concrete curing compounds, form release agents, and concrete hardeners should be
removed prior to acid etching by one or more of the techniques in 5.3.1 – 5.3.5. The surface is pre-wetted prior to application of
the acid and free-standing water removed.
5.3.6.2 Bubbling should be uniformly evident after the etching solution is applied. The concentration of the etching solution
may have to be increased if bubbling is not evident. Curing compounds, sealers, oil, grease, and hardeners inhibit acid etching.
Areas where bubbling does not occur should be mechanically cleaned to remove these contaminants and the acid reapplied.
5.3.6.3 The surfaces should be flushed with clean potable water. Repeated flushing and scrubbing with a stiff-bristled brush may
be needed to remove acid residues and perhaps neutralization. Test the surface pH in accordance with Test Method D4262 for
removal of the etching solution.
5.3.6.4 The acid-etched surface should be uniformly roughened similar in appearance to a medium or coarse grade sandpaper.
5.3.6.5 It may necessary to test for moisture content in accordance with Test Method D4263 prior to applying the coating.
5.4 Precautions in Preparing Unpainted and Previously Painted Surfaces—Cleaning should proceed by sections, bays, or other
readily identifiable parts of the work. The cleaning of each section, bay, or part of the work should be entirely completed, inspected,
and accepted before any coating is applied. The system of alternately cleaning and painting short sections by one
workmancraftsperson is not good practice.
5.4.1 If traffic or any other source produces an objectionable amount of dust, it is customary to control the dust by using
tarpaulins, etc., for a sufficient distance around the structure and take any other precaution necessary to prevent dust and dirt from
coming into contact with the cleaned or freshly painted surfaces. It may be necessary at times to use some of the specified methods
for cleaning surfaces of newly applied coating between the various coats.
5.4.2 Some areas to be painted or repainted may be exposed to chemical fumes and should be washed with water before
painting. Washing may also be necessary between coats of paint. If there is reason to suspect the presence of chemicals, the surfaces
should be tested before applying subsequent paints.
5.4.3 Current regulations require containment and collection of surface preparation debris for disposal. When the existing
coating contains regulated heavy metals such as lead or chromium, or other regulated compounds such as organotin, special
precautions and handling of debris may be necessary. Inspection of containment and disposal requirements, especially site storage
requirements, are may be part of a coating inspector’s activities. SSPC-Guide 6 and SSPC-Guide 7 present information useful to
the inspector and sections of these guides may be referenced in the specification.
5.5 Inspection of Surfaces Prior to Field Painting—It should be emphasized that the first coat should be applied to the cleaned
surfaces before any soiling or deterioration can occur. The cleaned surface should be inspected to ensure all visible contaminants
have been removed. The substrate should be suitably roughened if mechanical tool cleaning, blast cleaning, water blast cleaning,
or acid etching is used. Excessive roughness and exposed aggregate isare just as deleterious as too smooth a finish.
5.5.1 New Construction—The strength of the concrete at or near the surface may affect the adhesion of the coating system. A
pull-off adhesion tester as described in Test Method D7234 may be used. Alternatively, the soundness of the concrete surface can
be assessed in accordance with Test Method C805 using a rebound hammer.
5.5.2 Maintenance Repainting—In most cases, maintenance painting will consist of spot-cleaning and priming of small isolated
areas of deterioration followed by application of one overall new finish coat to all surfaces of the structure. The inspector of
maintenance painting should be alert for several conditions not encountered in the painting of new work.
5.5.2.1 Sound coating not intended to be removed should not be damaged by cleaning operations on adjacent areas. This is
particularly important with spot blast cleaning.
5.5.2.2 The junctions between sound coating and spot-cleaned areas should present a smooth, feathered appearance. The
application of coating to be spot-cleaned areas should overlap the old, adjacent coating by 50 mm (2 in.) in order to assureensure
full coverage of the cleaned areas. Before the overall finish coat is applied, the inspector must ensureverify that oil, grime, dust,
and other contaminants are cleaned from the old coating surfaces.
5.5.2.3 Adhesion of the newly applied coat to the old coating should be carefully checked. Practice D5064 presents the
procedure for evaluating adhesion of maintenance coatings.
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5.5.2.4 Under the direction of the engineer, the inspector may explore beneath the surface of the existing or new coating film
for loosening of the old film, and where he the inspector discovers such conditions, require that the surface be cleaned and
repainted.
5.5.2.5 The effect of any newly applied coating on the old underlying coating should be noted. Any coating that shows curling,
lifting, or wrinkling should be reported to the engineer immediately since it may have to be removed and the area repainted. If
the defects are general, rather than existing in a few isolated areas, use of a different type of coating may be necessary.
6. Cracks and Voids
6.1 Cracks can be present in concrete or at joints in concrete and masonry. The specification should address how cracks will
be prepared. Usually, this requires caulks, sealants, or fillers to be used before the coating is applied. Note that cracks may be static
or dynamic. It is recommended that cracks be monitored over a 24-h period to determine their characteristics before repair.
6.1.1 Cracks in Concrete that are visible on the surface may require filling or sealing prior to coating. Either the specification
or product data sheet for the crack filler/sealer will indicate the maximum width of crack for which the sealer can be used. A ruler
or feeler gage can be used to measure crack sizes.width. Larger cracks usually require other materials or treatments, including
routing out the crack. Manufacturer’s instructions should be obtained and followed.
6.1.2 Joints in Concrete and Masonry that allow moisture or other elements to penetrate may also require caulking, sealing, or
filling. Joints may also require sealing to provide a continuous surface for cosmetic reasons. Caulks, putties, and fillers are used.
The inspector should ensure that all joints have been properly prepared, and that loose material has been removed. The caulk, putty,
or filler should be applied in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, including weather limitations. ambient condition
restrictions. Expansion and control joints are designed to move. Coatings applied to these joints may crack when the joints move.
The specifications should address the painting of expansion joints.
6.2 Voids or “bug holes” may be present in the surface or opened up by surface preparation. Voids should be filled prior to
application of the coating. Note that voids may be static or dynamic. It is recommended that voids be monitored over a 24-h period
to determine their characteristics before repair. In some cases, surface fillers are applied over the entire surface to seal pores and
fill in voids so to create a smooth surface results. surface. Limitations may exist on how deep a void can be filled, requiring multiple
applications of the filler. The product data sheet for the filler should be consulted.
6.3 Recoat Intervals apply to crack sealers and void fillers as they do to coatings. The inspector should ensure the material cures
for the minimum time before the coating is applied and the maximum recoat time, if applicable, is not exceeded.
7. Coating Storage and Handling
7.1 Storage of Coating and Thinner—All coatings and thinners should be stored in areas or structures that are well-ventilated
and not subject to excessive heat, open flames, electrical discharge, or direct rays of the sun. Storage should be in compliance with
sunlight. Storage should conform to applicable regulations and the manufacturer’s written instructions. Materials susceptible to
damage at low temperatures should be stored to prevent freezing, such as in heated areas. Too high a storage temperature reduces
the shelf life of the coating. If a coating is stocked for a considerable length of time (several months), it is desirable to invert the
containers at monthly intervals. This will prevent hard settling and thus make mixing quicker and easier when the coating is to
be used.
7.1.1 Coating containers should remain unopened until needed and the oldest should be used first. The manufacturer’s written
instructions should be followed regarding shelf life. Coatings that have livered, gelled, or otherwise deteriorated during storage
should not be used. If a particular material is in question, do not use it until it has been tested by the manufacturer or independent
laboratory and found to be satisfactory.
7.1.2 Where a skin has formed in the container, the skin should be cut loose from the sides of the container, removed, and
discarded. If it is felt that the skins are thick enough to have a practical effect on the composition, the remaining coating should
not be used until it has been tested and found to be satisfactory.
7.2 Mixing of Coatings—All coatings should be thoroughly and completely mixed in clean containers before use. the containers
in which they were supplied. When it is not possible to use the supplied containers other clean containers may be used. Where there
is noticeable settling and mixing is done either by power stirrers or by hand, most of the vehicle should be poured off into a clean
container. The pigment is then lifted from the bottom of the container with a clean broad, flat paddle, lumps broken up, and the
pigment thoroughly mixed with the vehicle present. The poured-off vehicle should be returned slowly to the original container with
simultaneous stirring. It is also useful at this point to mix or pour repeatedly from one container to another (boxing) until the
composition is uniform. The bottom of the original container should be inspected for the unmixed pigment. Two component
coatings should be mixed by agitation only, and not withby boxing. After the individual components are homogenous, they are
intermixed with agitation in the order stated in the manufacturer’s instructions, that is, add Part B to Part A. The coating should
not be mixed or kept in suspension by means of an air stream bubbling under the coating surface.
7.2.1 Some coatings may require straining after mixing to ensure homogeneity and to remove skins and foreign matter. The
strainers should be of a type to remove only skins, etc., but not to remove pigment. For example, a 297 μm (50-mesh) strainer is
normally satisfactory for most coatings unless some specific size is required in the specification. Containers should be covered
when not in use, to reduce volatile losses and skinning.
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7.2.2 Coatings should be agitated enough during application to ensure homogeneity. Some materials may even require constant
agitation during use.
7.2.3 Coating materials that cure by chemical reaction may require an induction time to allow the components to partially react
prior to thinning or application.
7.2.4 The components of plural component coatings should be thoroughly mixed as described in 7.2, and then pre-heated to
the temperature recommended by the coating manufacturer. The two components are subsequently pumped in the required volume
ratio by plural component equipment through heated or insulated hoses to specialized mixing equipment located immediately
before the spray gun.
7.3 Thinning—Some specifications permit field thinning of laboratory-accepted coatings while others do not. This section
describes some commonly accepted procedures when thinning is permitted.
7.3.1 Initial Samples—When thinning on the job site is permitted and unless other arrangements have been made (for example
using manufacturer-supplied thinner from unopened containers and complying with the manufacturer’s written thinning
instructions), the painting inspector may need to submit to an agreed-upon testing laboratory with a 1-L (1-qt) sample from each
batch to be thinned, together with a 1-qt sample of the thinner to be employed using clean sample containers in both cases. A
request is submitted with these samples for advice on the proper thinning rate for the conditions prevailing and the consistency
limits of the thinned coating.
7.3.2 Thinning of Coating—All additions of thinner should be made in the presence of the inspector and only amounts or types
of thinner permitted by the specification or manufacturer, or both, should be added. Thinning is carried out by pouring about half
of the thoroughly mixed coating into an empty, clean container. The required thinner is then added and the two portions are remixed
to obtain a homogenous mixture.
7.3.1 SamplingThinning of Thinned Coating—During the work, additional samples need not be submitted for testing unless a
deviation is noted in the coating consistency or if it is suspected that there has been a change in the thinner.All additions of thinner
should be made in the presence of the inspector and only amounts or types of thinner permitted by the specification or
manufacturer, or both, should be added. Thinning is carried out by pouring about half of the thoroughly mixed coating into an
empty, clean container. The required thinner is then added and the two portions are remixed to obtain a homogenous mixture.
7.3.3.1 When an inspector is qualified and has the necessary equipment available at the field office, arrangements may be made
for on-site inspection of thinning and of the thinned coating. This speeds acceptance of a coating. The inspector should keep a
record of all coating modifications, amount of thinning, weight per gallon, and viscosity. Where dry-film thickness is specified, the
inspector should verify the new wet thickness necessary to obtain the desired dried thickness with the thinned coating. Compliance
with the specification should be based on dry-film thickness when specified.
7.3.1.1 To estimate the wet-film thickness of the thinned coating required to obtain the specified dried-film thickness, the percent
volume of the nonvolatile (solids) in the original coating must be known. This figure is readily obtained from the manufacturer.
manufacturer’s product data sheet. With this information the calculation may be made as follows:
D~1.01T!
W 5 (1)
S
where:
W = wet-film thickness,
D = desired dry-film thickness,
S = percent by volume (expressed as a fraction) of coating solids, and
T = percent by volume (expressed as a fraction) of thinner added.
7.4 Heating of Coating—Coating as delivered in the manufacturer’s containers and mixed thoroughly, are ready for use, unless
the specification permits on-site thinning of high-viscosity material. When the temperature of the liquid coating is low (below 10°C
(50°F)) the consistency (viscosity) may increase to the point that application is difficult. Where thinning is not permitted, the
coating may be heated. Should the contractor wish to reduce the viscosity by heating to make application easier, the containers
may be warmed in hot water, on steam radiators by storing in a warm room, or by other acceptable indirect heating processes.
In-line heaters are also available for application equipment. Direct application of flame to the containers is forbidden by fire
regulations. It should be noted, however, that heating of the coating alone will not compensate for ambient or surface temperatures,
or both, that are below the minimum specified for that material. For products to be applied by plural component spray this section
does not apply. See 7.2.4.
8. Weather Ambient Condition Considerations
8.1 Drying—It is well known that most coatings, particularly those for structures, coatings will not dry properly at low
temperatures andand/or high relative humidities,humidity, nor will they perform well if applied over wet surfaces. Temperature
limitations presented in the specification or manufacturer’s product data sheet are mandatory.
8.2 Low Temperature—Many specifications indicate temperature limits between which painting may be undertaken. The typical
minimum temperature (air, material and surface) is usually 5°C (40°F),(40°F) but may be as low as -18°C (0°F) for “cold-curing”
one or two component systems, or 10°C (50°F) for conventional two component systems. The requirements may state further that
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painting should not be undertaken when the temperature is dropping and within 3°C (5°F) of the lower limit. However, some
authorities believe that some coatings may be applied at (or below) 0°C (32°F) without adverse effects. Within the limitations of
the composition of the coating, this may be satisfactory depending upon the type of coating and providing the surface is dry.
Painting over ice or frost will result in early adhesion failure of the coating.
8.3 High Temperature—The maximum reasonable temperature for application is 52°C (125°F) unless clearly specified
otherwise. A surface that is too hot may cause the coating solvents to evaporate so fast that application is difficult, blistering takes
place, or a porous film results. To keep the temperature down it It may be desirable, where practical, to paint under cover at a shop
or protect the surface from the sun with tarpaulins.tarpaulins to keep the temperature down.
8.4 Moisture—Painting should not be performed in rain, snow, fog, or mist, or when the temperature of the surface is less than
3°C (5°F) above the dew point. This is especially true in spring and fall when days are warm and nights are cool. point temperature.
Wet surfaces should not be painted unless the coatings are specifically designed for that condition. Relative humidity is usually
an indicator of condensing conditions. High humidity can also affect the cure of some coatings. Specifications often contain an
85 % upper limit. If it is suspected that the temperature and humidity conditions are such that moisture is condensing upon the
surface, measure the relative humidity and dew point upper limit of 85 % relative humidity. Ambient conditions and surface
temperature should be measured prior to mixing coatings and at intervals throughout the application process as described in
11.2.1.2.
8.4.1 When coatings must be applied in damp or cold weather, the substrate should be painted under cover, or protected from
the surrounding air, and the concrete or masonry heated to a satisfactory temperature. The concrete should remain under cover until
the applied coating is dry or until weather conditions permit its exposure in the open.
8.4.2 Newly applied coatings improperly exposed to freezing temperatures, excessive humidity, rain, snow, or condensation
should be removed, the surface again prepared and painted with the same number of coats as the undamaged area.removed and
reapplied to a properly prepared surface under acceptable conditions of temperature and humidity.
8.5 Wind—The wind direction and velocity should be considered when applying coatings in areas where airborne overspray
could damage automobiles, boats, and structures property nearby. Heavy winds may result in considerable loss of coatingsolvents
and excessive drying of the droplets before reaching the surface. This results in an inability of the film to flow together (dry spray).
If uncorrected, dry spray may create holidays leading to poor performance and it can interfere with adhesion of the applied or
subsequent coat. Thinning with slower evaporating solvents may reduce or eliminate dry spray and produce a smooth surface.
These problems can be avoided by utilizingusing brush or roller application methods instead of spray, scheduling the work at the
less windy times of day, changing materials to the fast-dry types that do not adhere or damage adjacent property, or or scheduling
the work when the wind is blowing in a direction where dry spray will not cause damage.
9. Coating Application
9.1 Residual Contaminants—Visually inspect the surface immediately prior to painting to ensure that spent abrasive, dust, and
debris have been completely removed. Dust removal should be considered satisfactory when the path left by a gloved hand wiped
over the surface is barely discernable when viewed from a distance of approximately 1 m (3 ft). During the inspection, also ensure
that any oil or grease contamination that may have become deposited on the surface is completely removed. This is accomplished
by solvent, steam or detergent cleaning in accordance with SSPC-SP1.
9.2 Quality Assurance—The inspector should consult manufacturer’s product data sheet and ensure that (1) coatings received
meet the description of the products acceptable under the requirements of the specification; (2) they are properly mixed and thinned
(where allowed); (3) colors match a visual standard provided; (4) that proper precautions have been taken to prevent damage to
adjacent areas from cleaning and painting operations; (5) working practices are so scheduled that damage to newly applied coating
is minimized; (6) application equipment (brushes, spray) is acceptable for type, cleanliness, and usabi
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