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ASTM E1348-02

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the transmission properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for all fully transparent specimens without regard for the specimen position relative to the transmission port of the instrument. Translucent specimens, however, must be placed flush against the transmission port of the sphere.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2002
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.02 - Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1348-90(1996) - Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Replaced By
ASTM E1348-02(2007) - Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM C1649-14(2021) - Standard Practice for Instrumental Transmittance Measurement of Color for Flat Glass, Coated and Uncoated
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM E805-22 - Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM E179-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4303-10(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Lightfastness of Colorants Used in Artists' Materials
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D1746-23 - Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4587-23 - Standard Practice for Fluorescent UV-Condensation Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM E1247-12(2017) - Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM E3022-18 - Standard Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteristics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used in Fluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM E313-20 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002

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ASTM E1348-02 - Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical GeometryASTM E1348-02 - Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
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ASTM E1348-02 - Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1348–02
Standard Test Method for
Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using
1
Hemispherical Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1348; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measure- 3.1 Definitions:
ment of the transmission properties and color of object-color 3.1.1 The definitions in Guide E179, Terminology E284,
specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolo- and Practice E1164 are applicable to this test method.
rimeterwithahemisphericalopticalmeasuringsystem,suchas
4. Summary of Test Method
an integrating sphere.
4.1 Thistestmethodprovidesaprocedureformeasuringthe
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for all fully
transparentspecimenswithoutregardforthespecimenposition transmittanceoftransmittingspecimensbyusingaspectropho-
tometer or spectrocolorimeter equipped with a hemispherical
relative to the transmission port of the instrument. Translucent
specimens, however, must be placed flush against the trans- optical measuring system such as an integrating sphere.
4.2 This test method includes procedures for calibrating the
mission port of the sphere.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the instrument and for selecting specimens suitable for precision
measurement.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 4.3 This test method is satisfactory for all fully transparent
specimenswithplaneandparallelsurfaces.Whenpossible,the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. user should select the position of the specimen in the trans-
mission compartment to provide either essentially total or
2. Referenced Documents
essentially regular transmittance, depending on the end use of
2.1 ASTM Standards: the measured data.
D1003 Test Method for Haze and LuminousTransmittance 4.4 Accurate measurement of translucent specimens re-
2
of Transparent Plastics quires that the specimen be placed flush against the transmis-
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and sion port of the integrating sphere (see Practice E1164, 8.1.4).
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color 4.5 Most modern spectrophotometers have the capacity to
3
Coordinates compute the color coordinates of the specimen during the
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for measurement. When this is the case, the user of this test
MeasurementofReflectionandTransmissionPropertiesof method must select the color system, observer, and illuminant
3
Materials (see Practice E308, Section 6).
3
E284 Terminology of Appearance.
5. Significance and Use
E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by
3
Using the CIE System 5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining
the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental
E805 PracticeforIdentificationofInstrumentalMethodsof
3
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with
either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring sys-
E1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrophotometric Data for
3
Object-Color Evaluation tems. This test method provides procedures for such measure-
ment by transmittance spectrophotometry using a hemispheri-
cal optical measuring system.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on
of the following types of specimens (see also Guide E179 and
Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.
Practice E805):
Current edition approved June 10, 2002. Published August 2002. Originally
published as E1348-90. Last previous edition E1348-90(1996).
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1348
5.2.1 Fullytransparentspecimens(freefromturbidity,haze, 9.3 Handle the specimen carefully; avoid touching the area
or translucency), and to be measured. When necessary, clean the specimen by an
5.2.2 Translucent or hazy specimens, provided that the agreed procedure.
specimen can be placed flush against the transmission port of 9.4 For the measurement of fully transparent specimens,
the integrating sphere. place the specimen in the transmission
...

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Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

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5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.2.2 Object-color specimens for color assessment.
5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss specimens, the specular component should generally be excluded during the measurement.
5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be made with the specular component included, but the resulting color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or 0/45, may lead to better correlations.
5.2.2.3 For the measurement of plane-surface, low-gloss (matte) specimens, the specular component may either be excluded or included, as no significant difference in the results should be apparent.  
5.2.3 Specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment. For this application, the specular component should generally be included during the measurement.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of the following types of specimens, for which the use of bidirectional measurement geometry (0/45 or 45/0) is preferable (Guide E179):  
5.3.1 Object-color specimens of intermediate gloss,  
5.3.2 Retroreflective specimens, and  
5.3.3 Fluorescent specimens (Practice E...
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1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.  
1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-color specimens. However, it should not be used for retroreflective specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss surfaces should preferably not be measured by use of this geometry.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E1247-12(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry

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4.1 Several standards, including Practices E991, E1164, and Test Methods E1331, E1348 and E1349, require either the presence or absence of fluorescence exhibited by the specimen for correct application. This practice provides spectrophotometric procedures for identifying the presence of fluorescence in materials.  
4.2 This practice is applicable to all object-color specimens, whether opaque, translucent, or transparent, meeting the requirements for specimens in the appropriate standards listed in 2.1. Translucent specimens should be measured by reflectance, with a standard non-fluorescent backing material, usually but not necessarily black, placed behind the specimen during measurement.  
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4.4 The confirmation of the presence of fluorescence is made by the comparison of spectral curves, color difference, or single parameter difference such as ΔY between the measurements.
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1.1 This practice provides spectrophotometric methods for detecting the presence of fluorescence in object-color specimens.
Note 1: Since the addition of fluorescing agents (colorants, whitening agents, etc.) is often intentional by the manufacturer of a material, information on the presence or absence of fluorescent properties in a specimen may often be obtained from the maker of the material.  
1.2 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer that both irradiates the specimen over the wavelength range from 340 nm to 700 nm and allows the spectral distribution of illumination on the specimen to be altered as desired.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of visual display units (VDUs) is by the use of spectroradiometric data. (See CIE No. 18 and 63.) These data are used by summation together with numerical values representing the 1931 CIE Standard Observer and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function.  
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1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Munsell color order system, a system based on the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, and chroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfaces viewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision. This practice provides a simple visual method as an alternative to the more precise and more complex method based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (see Practices E308 and E1164). Provision is made for conversion of CIE data to Munsell notation.  
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5.1 The color displayed on a VDU is an important aspect of the reproduction of colored images. The VDU is often used as the design, edit, and approval medium. Images are placed into the computer by some sort of capture device, such as a camera or scanner, modified by the computer operator, and sent on to a printer or color separation generator, or even to a paint dispenser or textile dyer. The color of the final product is to have some well-defined relationship to the original. The most common medium for establishing the relationship between input, edit, and output color (device-independent color space) is the CIE tristimulus space. This guide identifies the procedures for deriving a model that relates the digital computer settings of a VDU to the CIE tristimulus values of the colored light emitted by the primaries.
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1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
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1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E179-17(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials

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1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
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ASTM E2301-12(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for High Visibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety Applications Using 45°:Normal Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides procedures for obtaining tristimulus values, luminance factors and chromaticity coordinates of fluorescent-retroreflective materials by bispectral colorimetry using a 45:0 or 0:45 optical measuring system.  
5.2 The CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer is used to calculate the colorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and markings used in daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications because in practice these materials are primarily viewed from a distance where they subtend less than 4° of the visual field.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to object-color specimens of any gloss level.  
5.4 Due to the retroreflective properties of these materials the colorimetric data may not be suitable for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.5 This test method is suitable for quality control testing of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials.
Note 1: Separation of the fluorescence and reflectance components from the total colorimetric properties provides useful and meaningful information to evaluate independently the luminescent and diffuse reflective efficiency and consistency of these materials.  
5.6 This test method is the referee method for determining the conformance of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials to standard daytime colorimetric specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the colorimetric properties (CIE tristimulus values, luminance factors, and chromaticity coordinates) of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials when illuminated by daylight.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to any sheeting or marking material having combined fluorescent and retroreflective properties used for daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E1477-98a(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Luminous Reflectance Factor of Acoustical Materials by Use of Integrating-Sphere Reflectometers

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5.3 Acoustical materials generally have a non-glossy white or near-white finish. The types of surface cover a wide range from smooth to deeply fissured. Measurement with integrating-sphere reflectometers has been satisfactory although multiple measurements may be required to sample the surface adequately. Instruments with other types of optical measuring systems may be used if it can be demonstrated that they provide equivalent results.  
5.4 The use of this test method for determining the luminous reflectance factor is required by Classification E1264.
SCOPE
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1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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