ASTM E1732-11a

Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every five years, and the year of last review or revision is appended.
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.  
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2011
• ICS: 01.040.07 - Natural and applied sciences (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 01.040.11 - Health care technology (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 07.140 - Forensic science
• Technical Committee: E30 - Forensic Sciences
• Drafting Committee: E30.92 - Terminology

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E1732-11 - Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Replaced By: ASTM E1732-11b - Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E1969-19 - Standard Practice for Microcrystal Testing in Forensic Analysis for Methamphetamine and Amphetamine
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E3235-21 - Standard Practice for Latent Print Evidence Imaging Resolution
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E2451-21 - Standard Practice for Preserving Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residue Extracts from Fire Debris Samples
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E3255-21 - Standard Practice for Quality Assurance of Forensic Science Service Providers Performing Forensic Chemical Analysis
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E3245-20e1 - Standard Guide for Systematic Approach to the Extraction, Analysis, and Classification of Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residues in Fire Debris Samples
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E3253-21 - Standard Practice for Establishing an Examination Scheme for Intact Explosives
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E3272-21 - Standard Guide for Collection of Soils and Other Geological Evidence for Criminal Forensic Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E860-22 - Standard Practice for Examining and Preparing Items That Are or May Become Involved in Criminal or Civil Litigation
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E1968-19 - Standard Practice for Microcrystal Testing in Forensic Analysis for Cocaine
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E2123-20 - Standard Practice for Preservation of Evidence in Sexual Violence Investigation
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E3260-21 - Standard Guide for Forensic Examination and Comparison of Pressure Sensitive Tapes
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E2548-16 - Standard Guide for Sampling Seized Drugs for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E3329-21e1 - Standard Practice for Establishing an Examination Scheme for Explosive Residues
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1732–11a
Standard Terminology
1
Relating to Forensic Science
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
5
1. Scope 2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 3534:1993 (E/F) Statistics—Vocabulary and Symbols
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding
Part 1: Probability and General Statistical Terms
definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific
Part 2: Statistical Quality Control
terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in
ISO 9000:2005 (E) Standard Quality Management
other readily available sources may not be included.
Systems—Fundamentals and Vocabulary
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-
ISO Guide 2 General Terms and Their Definitions Relating
mation included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every five
to Standardizing Activities
years, and the year of last review or revision is appended.
ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connection
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another
with Reference Materials
standards organization orASTM committee are identified with
ISO Guide 35 Reference Materials—General and Statistical
the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the
Principles for Certification
identifying document and ASTM committee; for example,
2
ISO GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in
ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.
Measurement (GUM)
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are
3
2.3 Other Sources:
identified with an abbreviation.
EURACHEM The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Meth-
2. Referenced Documents
ods, EURACHEM Working Group, English Edition
4
IAAI Glossary Glossary of Terms Related to Chemical and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Instrumental Analysis of Fire Debris, IAAI Forensic
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
6
Science Committee
ASTM Test Methods
IUPAC Terminology IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Ter-
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
minology, Second Edition, 1997
E1301 Guide for Proficiency Testing by Interlaboratory
Comparisons
3. Significance and Use
E1402 Guide for Sampling Design
3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensic
E2161 Terminology Relating to Performance Validation in
sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were
Thermal Analysis
used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is
as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on
dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Defini-
Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 on
7
tions. The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after
Terminology.
all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originally
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1732 – 11. DOI:
10.1520/E1732-11A.
2
Any definition that is unsourced has been developed by ASTM Subcommittee
E30.92.
3
Abbreviations are as follows: CRIM = criminalistics, QD = questioned docu-
5
ments, ENGR = engineering, TOX = toxicology, PB = pathology/biology, Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
ANTH = anthropology, and ODEN = odentology. la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
4 6
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from the International Association of Arson Investigators, Inc.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM (IAAI), 2111 BaldwinAvenue, Suite 203, Crofton, MD 21114, http://firearson.com.
7
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on ASTM Committee on Terminology, Compilation of ASTM Standard Defini-
the ASTM website. tions, 7th ed., Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 1990.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1732–11a
probability or level of confidence of the interval.
4. Terminology
(2) To associate a specific level of confidence with the interval
4.1 Definitions:
defined by the expanded uncertainty requires explicit or implicit
assumptions regarding the probability distribution characterized by the
accelerant, n—any material used to initiate or promote the
measurement result and its combined standard uncertainty.The level of
spread of a fire. The most common accelerants are flam-
confidence
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1732–11 Designation:E1732–11a
Standard Terminology
1
Relating to Forensic Science
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that are
generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every five years, and
the year of last review or revision is appended.
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the
abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the
2
American Society of Mechanical Engineering.
3
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.
2. Referenced Documents
4
2.1 ASTM Standards: E135Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E1301 Guide for Proficiency Testing by Interlaboratory Comparisons
E1402 Guide for Sampling Design
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 on Terminology.
Current edition approved JuneOct. 1, 2011. Published JulyOctober 2011. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20092011 as
E1732–09.E1732 – 11. DOI: 10.1520/E1732-11A.
2
Any definition that is unsourced has been developed by ASTM Subcommittee E30.92.
3
Abbreviations are as follows: CRIM = criminalistics, QD = questioned documents, ENGR = engineering, TOX = toxicology, PB = pathology/biology, ANTH = anthro-
pology, and ODEN = odentology.
4
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1732–11a
Guide for Sampling Design
E2161 Terminology Relating to Performance Validation in Thermal Analysis
5
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 3534:1993 (E/F) Statistics—Vocabulary and Symbols
Part 1: Probability and General Statistical Terms
Part 2: Statistical Quality Control ISO8402:1994Quality Management and Quality Assurance—Vocabulary
ISO9000:2000(E) Standard Quality Management Systems—Fundamentals and Vocabulary
ISO 9000:2005 (E) Standard Quality Management Systems—Fundamentals and Vocabulary
ISO Guide 2 General Terms and Their Definitions Relating to Standardizing Activities
ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connection with Reference Materials
ISO Guide 35 Reference Materials—General and Statistical Principles for Certification
ISO GUMGuide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)
ISO VIMInternational Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM) Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in
Measurement (GUM)
2.3 Other Sources:
EURACHEM The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods, EURACHEM Working Group, English Edition
IAAI Glossary Glossary of Terms Related to Chemical and Instrumental Analysis of Fire Debris, IAAI Forensic Science
6
Committee
IUPAC Terminology IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, Second Edition, 1997
3. Significance and Use
3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used
in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical
7
dictionaries; and the Compilation ofASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the
sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
5
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
6
Available from the International Associ
...