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ASTM F1166-95a(2000)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment and Facilities

Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment and Facilities

SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes general human engineering design criteria for marine vessels, and systems, subsystems, and equipment contained therein. It provides a useful tool for the designer to incorporate human capabilities into a design.
1.2 The purpose of this practice is to present human engineering design criteria, principles, and practices to achieve mission success through integration of the human into the vessel system, subsystem, and equipment with the goals of effectiveness, simplicity, efficiency, reliability, and safety for operation, training, and maintenance.
1.3 This practice applies to the design of vessels, systems, subsystems, and equipment. Nothing in this practice shall be construed as limiting the selection of hardware, materials, or processes to the specific items described herein. Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions, this practice is applicable to design of vessel systems, subsystems, and equipment for use by both men and women.
1.4 Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and publications required by contractors in connection with specific procurement functions should be obtained from the procuring activity or as directed by the contracting officer.
1.5 This practice is not intended to be a criterion for limiting use of material already in the field in areas such as lift repetition or temperature exposure time.
1.6 Force Limits--If it is known that an item is to be used by an already established occupational specialty, for which physical qualification requirements for entry into that specialty are also established, any discrepancy between the force criteria of this practice and the physical qualification requirements shall be resolved in favor of the latter. In this event, the least stringent physical qualification requirement of all specialties which may operate, maintain, transport, supply, move, lift, or otherwise manipulate the item, in the manner being considered, is selected as a maximum design force limit.
1.7 Manufacturing Tolerances--When manufacturing tolerances are not perceptible to the user, this practice shall not be construed as preventing the use of components whose dimensions are within a normal manufacturing upper or lower limit tolerance of the dimensions specified herein.
1.8 This practice is divided into the following sections:TABLE OF CONTENTSSectionTitle1 Scope 2 Referenced Documents 3 Terminology 4 Significance and Use 5 Control/Display Integration 6 Visual Displays, General Information 7 Location and Arrangement of Visual Displays 8 Coding of Visual Displays 9 Transilluminated Displays 10 Scale Indicators 11 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Displays 12 Large-Screen Displays 13 Other Displays 14 Audio Displays, General Information 15 Audio Warnings 16 Characteristics of Audible Alarms 17 Signal Characteristics in Relation to Operational Conditions and Objectives 18 Verbal Warning Signals 19 Controls for Audio Warning and Caution Devices 20 Speech Transmission Equipment 21 Controls, General Information 22 Arrangement and Grouping of Controls 23 Coding of Controls 24 Rotary Controls 25 Discrete Linear Controls 26 Continuous Adjustment Linear Controls 27 General Requirements for Labeling 28 Label Content 29 Specific Requirements by Label Type 30 Anthropometry 31 Workspace Design Requirements 32 Environment 33 Maintainability 34 Accessibility 35 Cases 36 Lubrication 37 Fasteners 38 Unit Design for Efficient Manual Handling 39 Handwheel Torque40 Equipment Mounting 41 Conductors 42 Connectors 43 Electrical Wires and Cables 44 Test Points 45 Test Equipment 46 Failure Indications and Fuse Requirements 47 Hydraulic Systems 48 Design of Equipment For Remote Handling 49 Small Systems and Equipment 50 Operational and Maintenance Vehicles 51 Hazards and Safety 52 User-Computer Interface 53 Data Display 54 Text/Program Editing 55 Audio Displays, Interface 56 Interactive Control  LIST OF FIGURESFigureTitle1 Angle of Incidence 2 Example of Display/Equipment Relat...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1999
ICS
47.020.01 - General standards related to shipbuilding and marine structures
Technical Committee
F25 - Ships and Marine Technology
Drafting Committee
F25.07 - General Requirements
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM F1166-95a(2006) - Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment and Facilities
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM F1966-12(2023) - Standard Specification for Dough Divider and Rounding Machines
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM F2283-12(2018) - Standard Specification for Shipboard Oil Pollution Abatement System
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM F2363/F2363M-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Sewage and Graywater Flow Through Treatment Systems
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM F1126-12(2023) - Standard Specification for Food Cutters (Electric)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM F1023-12(2018) - Standard Specification for Dispensers, Powdered Iced Tea
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM F2834-10a(2023) - Standard Specification for Induction Cooktops, Counter Top, Drop-in Mounted, or Floor Standing
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM F2891-15(2020)e1 - Standard Specification for Commercial Bulk Milk Dispensers, Mechanically Refrigerated
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM F1568-12(2023) - Standard Specification for Food Processors, Electric
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM F2796-19 - Standard Specification for Hot Food Holding Tables
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM F1602-12(2023) - Standard Specification for Kettles, Steam-Jacketed, 20 to 200 gal (75.7 to 757 L), Floor or Wall Mounted, Direct Steam, Gas and Electric Heated
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM F2092-14(2022) - Standard Specification for Convection Oven Gas or Electric
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM F3648-23 - Standard Guide for Maintenance of Marine Sanitation Devices (MSDs) and the Effects of Cleaning Agents on MSD Operations
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM F1360-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Ovens, Microwave, Electric
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM F952-12(2023) - Standard Specification for Mixing Machines, Food, Electric
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000

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ASTM F1166-95a(2000) - Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment and FacilitiesASTM F1166-95a(2000) - Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment and Facilities
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ASTM F1166-95a(2000) - Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment and Facilities
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: F 1166 – 95a (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Practice for
Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment,
1
and Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1166; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.7 Manufacturing Tolerances—When manufacturing toler-
ances are not perceptible to the user, this practice shall not be
1.1 This practice establishes general human engineering
construed as preventing the use of components whose dimen-
design criteria for marine vessels, and systems, subsystems,
sions are within a normal manufacturing upper or lower limit
and equipment contained therein. It provides a useful tool for
tolerance of the dimensions specified herein.
the designer to incorporate human capabilities into a design.
1.8 This practice is divided into the following sections:
1.2 The purpose of this practice is to present human
TABLE OF CONTENTS
engineeringdesigncriteria,principles,andpracticestoachieve
Section Title
mission success through integration of the human into the
1 Scope
vessel system, subsystem, and equipment with the goals of 2 Referenced Documents
3 Terminology
effectiveness, simplicity, efficiency, reliability, and safety for
4 Significance and Use
operation, training, and maintenance.
5 Control/Display Integration
1.3 This practice applies to the design of vessels, systems,
6 Visual Displays, General Information
7 Location and Arrangement of Visual Displays
subsystems, and equipment. Nothing in this practice shall be
8 Coding of Visual Displays
construed as limiting the selection of hardware, materials, or
9 Transilluminated Displays
processes to the specific items described herein. Unless other- 10 Scale Indicators
11 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Displays
wise stated in specific provisions, this practice is applicable to
12 Large-Screen Displays
design of vessel systems, subsystems, and equipment for use
13 Other Displays
by both men and women. 14 Audio Displays, General Information
15 Audio Warnings
1.4 Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and pub-
16 Characteristics of Audible Alarms
lications required by contractors in connection with specific
17 Signal Characteristics in Relation to Operational Conditions and Ob-
procurement functions should be obtained from the procuring jectives
18 Verbal Warning Signals
activity or as directed by the contracting officer.
19 Controls for Audio Warning and Caution Devices
1.5 Thispracticeisnotintendedtobeacriterionforlimiting
20 Speech Transmission Equipment
use of material already in the field in areas such as lift 21 Controls, General Information
22 Arrangement and Grouping of Controls
repetition or temperature exposure time.
23 Coding of Controls
1.6 Force Limits—If it is known that an item is to be used
24 Rotary Controls
by an already established occupational specialty, for which 25 Discrete Linear Controls
26 Continuous Adjustment Linear Controls
physical qualification requirements for entry into that specialty
27 General Requirements for Labeling
arealsoestablished,anydiscrepancybetweentheforcecriteria
28 Label Content
29 Specific Requirements by Label Type
of this practice and the physical qualification requirements
30 Anthropometry
shall be resolved in favor of the latter. In this event, the least
31 Workspace Design Requirements
stringent physical qualification requirement of all specialties
32 Environment
33 Maintainability
which may operate, maintain, transport, supply, move, lift, or
34 Accessibility
otherwisemanipulatetheitem,inthemannerbeingconsidered,
35 Cases
is selected as a maximum design force limit.
36 Lubrication
37 Fasteners
38 Unit Design for Efficient Manual Handling
1
39 Handwheel Torque
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F25 on Ships
40 Equipment Mounting
and Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.07 on
41 Conductors
General Requirements.
42 Connectors
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1995. Published April 1996. Originally
43 Electrical Wires and Cables
published as F1166–88. Last previous edition F1166–95.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F 1166 – 95a (2000)
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES
Section Title Figure Title
44 Test Points 51 Independent Symbols
45 Test Equipment 52 Label Specifications
46 Failure Indications and Fuse Requirements 53 Standing Body Dimen
...

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3.2.1 Most accidents/incidents are preceded by a chain of events, circumstances, acts, or conditions. If any of these events, circumstances, acts, or conditions had transpired another way, at another time, or had been corrected, the accident/incident may have been avoided. Reporting near-misses can play an important role in learning from mistakes, preventing accidents, and suffering from their serious consequences.  
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3.4 Barriers to Near-Miss Reporting:  
3.4.1 It is generally agreed that effective near-miss reporting can reduce hazardous conditions and situations in the workplace, resulting in a reduction in accidents, or at least provide an opportunity for hazard identification and abatement. However, there remain significant challenges and obstacles to implementing near-miss recording/reporting systems. The barriers to near-miss recording/reporting can be related to the employees and management as well as outside influences. ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides near-miss reporting criteria and terminology for maritime vessels.  
1.2 The purpose of this near-miss reporting guide is to standardize near-miss reporting, including terminology, for the maritime industry.  
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1.4 This guide is divided into the following sections and appendixes:    
Table of Contents  
Sections and Subsections  
Title  
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Scope  
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Terminology  
3  
Significance and Use  
4  
Near-Miss Standardization  
5  
Procedure  
6  
Keywords  
Appendix X1  
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Appendix X2  
Sample Near-Miss Reporting Form  
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Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The objective of this practice is to provide ergonomic design criteria for maritime vessels and structures to ensure that maritime systems and equipment are designed in compliance with requirements for human performance, human workload, health and safety, survivability, and habitability.  
4.2 Principles of Human Behavior:  
4.2.1 There are basic principles of human behavior that control or influence how each person performs in their workplace. Some of these behaviors are culturally derived, while others are general and uniform across all cultures and geographical regions of the world. These behaviors influence a person’s physical, social, and psychological approach toward the work they do and how safely they do that work. Failure to satisfy these behavioral principles in the design of a ship or maritime structure can encourage, or even coerce, maritime personnel into taking unsafe risks in their everyday activities. It is, therefore, imperative that designers of ships and maritime equipment, systems, and facilities know these principles to provide a safe and efficient workplace for maritime personnel.  
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4.2.2.1 If the design of the ship or maritime facility is considered to be unsafe or inefficient by the crew, it will be modified by the users, often solving the initial problem but introducing others that may be as bad, or worse, than the original.
4.2.2.2 Equipment design shall be such that it encourages safe use, that is, does not provide hardware and software that can be used in an unsafe manner.
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from a human-machine perspective for the design and construction of maritime vessels and structures and for equipment, systems, and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchased hardware and software.  
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1.2 The criteria contained within this practice shall be applied to the design and construction of all hardware and software within a ship or maritime structure that the human crew members come in contact in any manner for operation, habitability, and maintenance purposes.  
1.3 Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions of a ship or maritime structure design contract or specification, this practice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures, equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potential user population range of 5th % females to 95th % males.  
1.4 This practice is divided into the following sections and subsections:
TABLE OF CONTENTS  
Section
and
Subsections  
Title  
1  
Scope  
2  
Referenced Documents  
3  
Terminology  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Controls  
5.1  
Principles of Control Design  
5.2  
General Design Guidelines  
5.3  
Control Movement  
5.4  
Control Spacing  
5.5  
Coding of Controls  
5.6  
Control Use and Design  
6  
Displays  
6.1  
Visual Displays  
6.2  
Location, Orientation, Lighting, and Arrangement of Displays  
6.3  
Display Illumination  
6.4  
Display Types  
6.5  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the recommended procedures for quantitative testing, reporting, and verifying the energy absorption and reaction force of marine fenders. Marine fenders are available in a variety of basic types with several variations of each type and multiple sizes and stiffnesses for each variation. Depending on the particular design, marine fenders may also include integral components of steel, composites, plastics, or other materials. All variations shall be performance tested and reported according to this test method.  
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SCOPE
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Standard Practice for Human Systems Integration Program Requirements for Ships and Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 Intended Use—Compliance with this practice provides the procuring organization with assurance that human users will be efficient, effective, and safe in the operation and maintenance of marine systems, equipment, and facilities. Specifically, it is intended to ensure the following:  
6.1.1 System performance requirements are achieved reliably by appropriate use and accommodation of the human component of the system.  
6.1.2 Usable design of equipment, software, and environment permits the human-equipment/software combination to meet system performance goals.  
6.1.3 System features, processes, and procedures do not constitute hazards to humans.  
6.1.4 Trade-offs between automated and manual operations results in effective human performance and appropriate cost control.  
6.1.5 Manpower, personnel, and training requirements are met.  
6.1.6 Selected HSI design standards are applied that are adequate and appropriate technically.  
6.1.7 Systems and equipments are designed to facilitate required maintenance.  
6.1.8 Procedures for operating and maintaining equipment are efficient, reliable, approved for maritime use, and safe.  
6.1.9 Potential error-inducing equipment design features are eliminated, or at least, minimized, and systems are designed to be error-tolerant.  
6.1.10 Layouts and arrangements of equipment afford efficient traffic patterns, communications, and use.  
6.1.11 Habitability facilities and working spaces meet environmental control and physical environment requirements to provide the level of comfort and quality of life for the crew that is conducive to maintaining optimum personnel performance and endurance.  
6.1.12 Hazards to human health are minimized.  
6.1.13 Personnel survivability is maximized.  
6.2 Scope and Nature of Work—HSI includes, but is not limited to, active participation throughout all phases in the life cycle of a marine system, including requirements definition, design, development, production, operations and...
SCOPE
1.1 Objectives—This practice establishes and defines the processes and associated requirements for incorporating Human Systems Integration (HSI) into all phases of government and commercial ship, offshore structure, and marine system and equipment (hereafter referred to as marine system) acquisition life cycle. HSI must be integrated fully with the engineering processes applied to the design, acquisition, and operations of marine systems. This application includes the following:  
1.1.1 Ships and offshore structures.  
1.1.2 Marine systems, machinery, and equipment developed to be deployed on a ship or offshore structure where their design, once integrated into the ship or offshore structure, will potentially impact human performance, safety and health hazards, survivability, morale, quality of life, and fitness for duty.  
1.1.3 Integration of marine systems and equipment into ships and offshore structures including arrangements, facility layout, installations, communications, and data links.  
1.1.4 Modernization and retrofitting ships and offshore structures.  
1.2 Target Audience—The intended audience for this document consists of individuals with HSI training and experience representing the procuring activity, contractor or vendor personnel with HSI experience, and engineers and management personnel familiar with HSI methods, processes, and objectives. See 5.2.3 for guidance on qualifications of HSI specialists.  
1.3 Contents—This document is divided into the following sections and subsections.    
TABLE OF CONTENTS  
Section
and
Subsection  
Title  
1  
Scope  
1.1  
Objectives  
1.2  
Target Audience  
1.3  
Contents  
2  
Human Systems Integration  
2.1  
Definition of Human Systems Integration  
2.2  
HSI Integration Process  
2.3  
HSI Program Requirements  
3  
Referenced Documents  
3.1  
Introduction  
3.2  
ASTM Standards  
3.3  
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ASTM
ASTM F1878-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Escort Vessel Evaluation and Selection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide presents some methodologies to predict the forces required to bring a disabled ship under control within the available limits of the waterway, taking into account local influences of wind and sea conditions. Presented are methodologies to determine the control forces that an escort vessel can reasonably be expected to impose on a disabled ship, taking into account the design of the ship, transit speed, winds, currents, and sea conditions. In some instances, this guide presents formulae that can be used directly; in other instances, in which the interaction of various factors is more complicated, it presents analytic processes that can be used in developing computer simulations.  
4.2 Unlike the more traditional work of berthing assistance in sheltered harbors or pulling a “dead ship” on the end of a long towline, the escorting mission assumes that the disabled ship will be at transit speed at the time of failure, and that it could be in exposed waters subject to wind, current, and sea conditions.  
4.3 The navigational constraints of the channel or waterway might restrict the available maneuvering area within which the disabled ship must be brought under control before it runs aground or collides with fixed objects in the waterway (see allision).  
4.4 The escort mission requires escort vessel(s) that are capable of responding in timely fashion and that can safely apply substantial control forces to the disabled ship. This entails evaluation of the escort vessel's horsepower, steering and retarding forces at various speeds, maneuverability, stability, and outfitting (towing gear, fendering, and so forth). This guide can be used in developing escort plans for selecting suitable escort vessel(s) for specific ships in specific waterways.  
4.5 The methodologies and processes outlined in this guide are for performance-based analyses of escort scenarios. This means that the acceptability of a vessel (or combination of vessels) for escorting is based up...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation and selection of escort vessels that are to be used to escort ships transiting confined waters. The purpose of the escort vessel is to limit the uncontrolled movement of a ship disabled by loss of propulsion or steering to within the navigational constraints of the waterway. The various factors addressed in this guide also can be integrated into a plan for escorting a given ship in a given waterway. The selection of equipment also is addressed in this guide.  
1.2 This guide can be used in performance-based analyses to evaluate:  
1.2.1 The control requirement of a disabled ship,  
1.2.2 The performance capabilities of escort vessels,  
1.2.3 The navigational limits and fixed obstacles of a waterway,  
1.2.4 The ambient conditions (wind and sea) that will impact the escort response, and  
1.2.5 The maneuvering characteristics of combined disabled ship/escort vessel(s).  
1.3 This guide outlines how these various factors can be integrated to form an escort plan for a specific ship or a specific waterway. It also outlines training programs and the selection of equipment for escort-related activities.  
1.4 A flowchart of the overall process for developing and implementing an escort plan is shown in Fig. 1. The process begins with the collection of appropriate data, which are analyzed with respect to the performance criteria and in consultation with individuals having local specialized knowledge (such as pilots, waterway authorities, interest groups, or public/private organizations, and so forth). This yields escort vessel performance requirements for various transit speeds and conditions; these are embodied in the ship's escort plan. When the time comes to prepare for the actual transit, the plan is consulted in conjunction with forecast conditions and desired transit speed to select and dispatch the appropriate escort vessel (or combination of vessels). A pre-escort conference ...

  • Guide
    21 pages
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  • Guide
    21 pages
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ASTM
ASTM F1321-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Conducting a Stability Test (Lightweight Survey and Inclining Experiment) to Determine the Light Ship Displacement and Centers of Gravity of a Vessel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 From the light ship characteristics one is able to calculate the stability characteristics of the vessel for all conditions of loading and thereby determine whether the vessel satisfies the applicable stability criteria. Accurate results from a stability test may in some cases determine the future survival of the vessel and its crew, so the accuracy with which the test is conducted cannot be overemphasized. The condition of the vessel and the environment during the test is rarely ideal and consequently, the stability test is infrequently conducted exactly as planned. If the vessel is not 100 % complete and the weather is not perfect, there ends up being water or shipyard trash in a tank that was supposed to be clean and dry and so forth, then the person in charge must make immediate decisions as to the acceptability of variances from the plan. A complete understanding of the principles behind the stability test and a knowledge of the factors that affect the results is necessary.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the determination of a vessel’s light ship characteristics. In this standard, a vessel is a traditional hull-formed vessel. The stability test can be considered to be two separate tasks; the lightweight survey and the inclining experiment. The stability test is required for most vessels upon their completion and after major conversions. It is normally conducted inshore in calm weather conditions and usually requires the vessel be taken out of service to prepare for and conduct the stability test. The three light ship characteristics determined from the stability test for conventional (symmetrical) ships are displacement (“displ”), longitudinal center of gravity (“LCG”), and the vertical center of gravity (“KG”). The transverse center of gravity (“TCG”) may also be determined for mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs) and other vessels which are asymmetrical about the centerline or whose internal arrangement or outfitting is such that an inherent list may develop from off-center weight. Because of their nature, other special considerations not specifically addressed in this guide may be necessary for some MODUs. This standard is not applicable to vessels such as a tension-leg platforms, semi-submersibles, rigid hull inflatable boats, and so on.  
1.2 The limitations of 1 % trim or 4 % heel and so on apply if one is using the traditional pre-defined hydrostatic characteristics. This is due to the drastic change of waterplane area. If one is calculating hydrostatic characteristics at each move, such as utilizing a computer program, then the limitations are not applicable.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exceptions—Other units may be used for the stability test, but the test results should be reported in the same units and coordinate system as the vessel’s draft marks and Trim and Stability Book or similar stability information provided.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F906-85(2020)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Letters and Numerals for Ships

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the shape, size, spacing, and shading requirements of letters and numerals used in shipboard markings. Covered by this specification are five types of characters: plain letters and numerals (Type 1), block letters and numerals having the same width (Type 2), Type 2 characters with shading (Type 3), block letters and numerals of different widths (Type 4), and Type 4 characters with shading (Type 5). The characters shall be designed using the grid method, which will allow one to change the character size proportionately as required. Not covered in this specification are the location and size of various shipboard markings using letters and numerals.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification specifies shape, size, spacing, and shading of letters and numerals to be used aboard ship.  
1.2 Characters are of Five Types:  
1.2.1 Type 1—Plain letters and numerals (16 units).  
1.2.2 Type 2—Block letters and numerals (12 units).  
1.2.3 Type 3—Type 2 characters with shading (shading—1 unit).  
1.2.4 Type 4—Block letters (10 units) and numerals (12 units).  
1.2.5 Type 5—Type 4 characters with shading (shading—1 unit).  
1.3 This specification does not give location or size of various shipboard markings incorporating letters and numerals.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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    5 pages
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ASTM
ASTM F1808-03(2019)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Weight Control Technical Requirements for Surface Ships

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It is important to know the amount of weight and its location before the ship is built to be sure that when it is built it will have positive stability. Only through detailed weight estimating in the design stage and during construction can one be ensured that positive stability will be achieved and retained.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides recommended weight control technical requirements for surface ships and discusses different types of weight estimates, reports, and weight control procedures. It contains a weight classification that will assist in achieving uniformity by standardizing the weight-reporting system.  
1.2 This guide is applicable to ships designed and constructed in inch-pound units of measurement and to ships designed and constructed in SI units of measurement. Whenever inch-pound units are shown or referred to in the text, or in example formats included in this guide, it is to be understood that corresponding SI units may be substituted if applicable to a ship designed and constructed in SI units, provided that whichever system is used, it is consistently used in all weight control reporting documentation for the ship.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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