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ASTM A278/A278M-01(2020)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650 °F (350 °C)

Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650 °F (350 °C)

ABSTRACT
This specification covers gray iron for castings suitable for pressure-containing parts at elevated temperatures. Castings shall be stress-relieved by placing them in a suitable furnace and heating them uniformly to the temperatures and for the times specified. Castings to be used at a particular temperature range shall undergo heat treatment and cooling. Chemical analysis shall be performed on each class of castings and shall meet the maximum requirement for carbon, phosphorus and sulfur. Iron used in supplying castings shall conform to the required tensile strength. Separately cast test bars having the required dimensions shall be poured from the same lot as the castings represented. The test bars shall be cast in dried siliceous sand molds maintained at approximately room temperature. Tension test shall be performed on each lot and materials shall conform to the tensile requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers gray iron for castings suitable for pressure-containing parts for use at temperatures up to 650 °F (350 °C).  
1.2 Classes of Iron:  
1.2.1 Castings of all classes are suitable for use up to 450 °F (230 °C). For temperatures above 450 °F and up to 650 °F, only Class 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 castings are suitable.  
1.2.2 Castings of all classes are suitable for use up to 230 °C. For temperatures above 230 °C and up to 350 °C, only Class 275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings are suitable.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2020
ICS
77.140.80 - Iron and steel castings
Technical Committee
A04 - Iron Castings
Drafting Committee
A04.01 - Grey and White Iron Castings
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A278/A278M-01(2015) - Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650°F (350°C)
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Refers
ASTM E8/E8M-24 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-2024
Refers
ASTM A644-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2017
Refers
ASTM E8/E8M-16 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
15-Jul-2016
Refers
ASTM E8/E8M-15 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
01-Feb-2015
Refers
ASTM A644-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Refers
ASTM E8/E8M-13 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
01-Jun-2013
Refers
ASTM A644-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
Effective Date
01-May-2013
Refers
ASTM E8/E8M-11 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
01-Dec-2011
Refers
ASTM A644-09a - Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
Effective Date
01-Jul-2009
Refers
ASTM A644-09 - Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Refers
ASTM A644-05 - Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Refers
ASTM A644-98(2003) - Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
Effective Date
10-Dec-1998
Referred By
ASTM E2598/E2598M-21 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Cast Iron Yankee and Steam Heated Paper Dryers
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Referred By
ASTM A748/A748M-87(2022) - Standard Specification for Statically Cast Chilled White Iron-Gray Iron Dual Metal Rolls for Pressure Vessel Use
Effective Date
01-May-2020

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ASTM A278/A278M-01(2020) - Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650 °F (350 °C)ASTM A278/A278M-01(2020) - Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650 °F (350 °C)
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ASTM A278/A278M-01(2020) - Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650 °F (350 °C)
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Standards Content (Sample)


This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:A278/A278M −01 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Specification for
Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for
Temperatures Up to 650°F (350°C)
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA278/A278M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This specification covers gray iron for castings suitable 3.1 Definitions of many terms common to gray iron castings
for pressure-containing parts for use at temperatures up to may be found in Terminology A644.
650 °F (350 °C).
4. Classification
1.2 Classes of Iron:
4.1 Classification by tensile strength.
1.2.1 Castings of all classes are suitable for use up to 450 °F
4.1.1 Castings ordered to this specification are classified
(230 °C). For temperatures above 450 °F and up to 650 °F,
based upon the minimum tensile strength of the iron in ksi, in
only Class 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 castings are suitable.
English units. Class 25 has a minimum specified tensile
1.2.2 Castings of all classes are suitable for use up to
strength of 25 ksi.
230 °C. For temperatures above 230 °C and up to 350 °C, only
4.1.2 Castings ordered to this specification are classified
Class 275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings are suitable.
based upon the minimum tensile strength of the iron in MPa, in
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Metric units. Class 150 has a minimum specified tensile
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
strength of 150 MPa.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
5. Ordering Information
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
5.1 Orders for material in this specification should include
with the standard.
the following information:
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
5.1.1 ASTM designation and year date,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
5.1.2 Class of iron required and service temperature,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5.1.3 Quantity,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
5.1.4 Heat Treatment:
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
5.1.4.1 Whether or not heat treatment is required for Class
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 castings to be used at temperatures at
450 °F or less (see 6.2),
2. Referenced Documents
5.1.4.2 Whether or not heat treatment is required for Class
2.1 ASTM Standards:
275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings to be used at
A644 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
temperatures at 230 °C or less (see 6.2),
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
5.1.5 The size of separately cast test bar to be poured (see
terials
Section 9 and Table 1),
5.1.6 The size of test specimen to be machined from test
barsCorS,and
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
5.1.7 Special requirements.
CastingsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeA04.01onGreyandWhite
Iron Castings.
6. Materials and Manufacture
Current edition approved May 1, 2020. Published May 2020. Originally
approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as A278/
6.1 Castings intended for use above 450 °F (230 °C) shall
A278M – 01 (2015). DOI: 10.1520/A0278_A0278M-01R20.
be stress-relieved by placing them in a suitable furnace at a
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specifi-
cation SA-278 in Section II of that Code.
temperature not exceeding 400 °F (200 °C) and heating them
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
uniformly to the temperatures and for the times specified in
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Table 2. The heating and cooling rates shall be uniform and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. shallnotbemorethan400 °F⁄h(250 °C⁄h)forcastingsof1-in.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A278/A278M−01 (2020)
TABLE 1 Diameters and Lengths of Cast Test Bars
8. Tensile Requirements
As-Cast Diameter, in. (mm) Length, in. (mm)
8.1 Iron used in supplying castings to this specification shall
Test
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Bar
conform to the tensile requirements prescribed in Tables 3 and
(Bottom) (Top) (Specified) (Recommended)
4.
A 0.88 (23) 0.85 (22) 0.96 (25) 5.0 (125) 6.0 (1.50)
B 1.20 (33) 1.14 (32) 1.32 (36) 7.0 (150) 9.0 (230)
C 2.00 (54) 1.90 (53) 2.10 (58) 6.0 (175) 10.0 (255)
9. Test Bars
A
S
9.1 Separatelycasttestbarshavingthedimensionsshownin
A
All dimensions of Test Bar S shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the
Table 1 shall be poured from the same lot as the castings
purchaser.
represented. The size of the test bar to be poured shall be
selected by the purchaser using Table 5. In the event no choice
TABLE 2 Stress-Relieving Requirements
is made, the selection will be made by the manufacturer.
A
Class Metal Temperature, °F Holding Time, h
9.2 Separately cast test bars shall be heat treated in the same
(°C)
furnace together with the castings represented.
40, 45, 50, 55, 60 1050 to 1200 2 12
B B
(275, 300, 325, 350, (565 to 650) (2 min) (12 max)
9.3 At the option of the manufacturer, test coupons may be
380, 415)
removed from the casting at a location agreed upon between
A
In no case shall the holding time be less than 1 h/in. of maximum metal section,
the manufacturer and purchaser.
or in excess of 12 h max, dependent upon which governs.
B
In no case shall the holding time be less than1hfor every 25-mm metal section,
9.4 Castings weighing in excess of 2000 lb may be repre-
or in excess of 12 h max, depending upon which governs.
sented either by separately cast test bars (9.1) or by integrally
cast test bars having a cooling rate closely approximating that
of the controlling section of the casting.
9.5 For castings weighing in excess of 10 000 lb or having
(25-mm) maximum section. For heavier sections, the maxi-
a controlling section greater than 2 in., test bars may be
mum heating and cooling rates in degrees Fahrenheit per hour
removed from the casting or integral projections having a cross
shall be 400 divided by the maximum section thickness.
section no less than the controlling section. The minimum
6.2 Heat Treatment and Cooling Rate: tensile strength requirement for tension tests performed on
either of these test bars shall be 80 % of the specified class.
6.2.1 CastingsofClassNos.45,50,55,and60,whichareto
be used at temperatures below 450 °F, may be heat treated in
accordance with 6.1 or they shall be cooled in the mold to 10. Molding and Pouring Test Bars
500 °F at an average rate of not more than 100 °F⁄h for
10.1 The test bars shall be cast in dried siliceous sand molds
castings up to 1 in. in section. For heavier sections, the
maintained at approximately room temperature. A suitable
maximum cooling rate in degrees Fahrenheit per hour shall be
design for a mold is shown in Fig. 1.
100 divided by the maximum section thickness.
6.2.2 Castings of Class Nos. 275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and
11. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
415, which are to be used at temperatures below 230 °C, may
11.1 All castings shall be made in a workmanlike manner
be heat treated in accordance with 6.1 or they shall be cooled
and shall conform to the dimensions on drawings furnished by
in the mold to 250 °C at an average rate of not more than
the purchaser. If the pattern is supplied by the purchaser
50 °C⁄h for castings up to 25 mm in section.
...

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1.2 This specification covers three grades as shown in Table 1. Selection of grade depends on the corrosive service to be experienced by the casting. All three grades are suited for application in severe corrosive environments. However, Grade 2 is particularly suited for application in strong chloride environments, and Grade 3 is recommended for impressed current anodes.    
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A748/A748M-87(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Statically Cast Chilled White Iron-Gray Iron Dual Metal Rolls for Pressure Vessel Use

ABSTRACT
This specification covers statically cast dual metal rolls with the outer layer of the roll body being chilled white iron of different chemical composition than the core and journals of the roll which is gray cast iron. The castings are suitable for pressure containing parts such as pressure vessels, the design strength of which is based on the gray iron portion of the cylinder, and for service at the specified temperatures. The melting procedure shall be optional with the foundry and the casting process shall be controlled to produce a metallurgical bond between the chilled white iron exterior and gray iron interior. The chilled white iron exterior shall be made to the specified minimum hardness and the gray iron portion of the roll shall conform to the applicable class as determined by design requirements. The roll shall conform to the tensile strength requirement to be determined by tensile test and shall meet the required thickness. All surfaces shall be machined or ground, or both, prior to the rolls being placed into service.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers statically cast dual metal rolls with the outer layer of the roll body being chilled white iron of different chemical composition than the core and journals of the roll which is gray cast iron. The castings are suitable for pressure-containing parts, the design strength of which is based on the gray iron portion of the cylinder. The castings are suitable for service at temperatures up to 450 °F [232 °C].  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazards statement pertains only to the test method portion, Section 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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