ASTM D6574/D6574M-13(2021)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-Plane) Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic by Radial Flow
Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-Plane) Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic by Radial Flow
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is an index test to estimate and compare the in-plane hydraulic transmissivity of one or several candidate geosynthetics under specific gradient and stress conditions.
5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2.1 are advisable.
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this procedure for acceptance of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should first confirm that the tests have been conducted using comparable test parameters including specimen conditioning, normal stress, hydraulic system gradient, etc. Comparative tests then should be conducted to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are formed from a lot of the material in question. The test specimens should be assigned randomly to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the in-plane transmissivity of geosynthetics under varying normal compressive stresses using a radial flow apparatus. The test is intended to be an index test used primarily for geotextiles, although other products composed of geotextiles and geotextile-type materials may be suitable for testing with this test method.
1.2 This test method is based on the assumption that the transmissivity of the geosynthetic is independent of orientation of the flow and is, therefore, limited to geosynthetics that have similar transmissivity in all directions and should not be used for materials with oriented flow behavior.
1.3 This test method has been developed specifically for geosynthetics that have transmissivity values on the order of or less than 2 × 10−4 m2/s. Consider using Test Method D4716/D4716M for geosynthetics with transmissivity values higher than 2 × 10−4 m2/s.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6574/D6574M − 13 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
Determining the (In-Plane) Hydraulic Transmissivity of a
Geosynthetic by Radial Flow
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6574/D6574M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining 2.1 ASTM Standards:
the in-plane transmissivity of geosynthetics under varying D4354Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
normalcompressivestressesusingaradialflowapparatus.The Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing
test is intended to be an index test used primarily for D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
geotextiles, although other products composed of geotextiles D4716/D4716MTestMethodforDeterminingthe(In-plane)
and geotextile-type materials may be suitable for testing with Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity
this test method. of a Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head
D5092/D5092MPractice for Design and Installation of
1.2 This test method is based on the assumption that the
Groundwater Monitoring Wells
transmissivityofthegeosyntheticisindependentoforientation
of the flow and is, therefore, limited to geosynthetics that have
3. Terminology
similar transmissivity in all directions and should not be used
3.1 For definitions of terms relating to geosynthetics, refer
for materials with oriented flow behavior.
to Terminology D4439.
1.3 This test method has been developed specifically for
3.2 Definitions:
geosyntheticsthathavetransmissivityvaluesontheorderofor
−4 2
3.2.1 geosynthetic, n—a planar product manufactured from
less than2×10 m /s. Consider using Test Method D4716/
polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-
D4716M for geosynthetics with transmissivity values higher
−4 2
technical engineering related material as an integral part of a
than2×10 m /s.
man-made project, structure, or system. D4439
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3.2.2 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
solely of textiles. D4439
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining 3.2.3 gravity flow, n—flow in a direction parallel to the
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance planeofageosyntheticdrivenpredominantlybyadifferencein
with the standard. elevation between the inlet and outflow points of a specimen.
D4439
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.3.1 Discussion—The pressure at the outflow is consid-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ered to be atmospheric.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- 3.2.4 head (static), n—the height above a standard datum of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. the surface of a column of water (or other liquid) that can be
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- supported by a static pressure at a given point. The static head
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- is the sum of the elevation head and the pressure head.
D5092/D5092M
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.5 hydraulic gradient, i, s (D), n—the loss of hydraulic
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
head per unit distance of flow, dH/dL. D4439
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—The gradient is not constant from point
to point in the direction of flow in the radial flow test. The
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme-
ability and Filtration. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2021. Published May 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D6574/D6574M–13. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D6574_D6574M-13R21. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6574/D6574M − 13 (2021)
gradient (mathematically) varies with the inverse of the radial 5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
distance from the center. reported test results when using this procedure for acceptance
2 −1
of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier
3.2.6 hydraulic transmissivity, θ (L T ), n—for a
should first confirm that the tests have been conducted using
geosynthetic, the volumetric flow rate per unit width of
comparable test parameters including specimen conditioning,
specimenperunitgradientinadirectionparalleltotheplaneof
normal stress, hydraulic system gradient, etc. Comparative
the specimen. D4439
tests then should be conducted to determine if there is a
3.2.6.1 Discussion—Transmissivity is technically appli-
statisticalbiasbetweentheirlaboratories.Competentstatistical
cable only to saturated laminar flow hydraulic conditions.
assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a
3.2.7 index test, n—a test procedure which may contain a
minimum, the two parties should take a group of test speci-
known bias but which may be used to establish an order for a
mens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are formed
setofspecimenswithrespecttothepropertyofinterest. D4439
from a lot of the material in question. The test specimens
3.2.8 in-plane flow, n—fluid flow confined to a direction
should be assigned randomly to each laboratory for testing.
parallel to the plane of a geosynthetic. D4439
The average results from the two laboratories should be
3.2.9 laminar flow, n—flow in which the head loss is compared using the Student’s t-test for unpaired data and an
acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before
proportional to the first power of the velocity. D4439
−2
testingisbegun.Ifbiasisfound,eitheritscausemustbefound
3.2.10 normal stress, (FL ), n—the component of applied
and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to
stress that is perpendicular to the surface on which the force
interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
acts. D4439
3.2.11 turbulent flow, n—that type of flow in which any
6. Apparatus
water particle may move in any direction with respect to any
6.1 A schematic drawing of a typical constant head assem-
other particle and in which the head loss is approximately
bly is shown in Fig. 1. The individual components and
proportional to the second power of the velocity. D4439
accessories are as follows:
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
6.1.1 Base—The bottom section of the apparatus should be
3.3.1 steady flow, n—hydraulic flow conditions that do not
constructedofasturdymetalorplasticplatewithasmooth,flat
vary with time at any given point.
contact surface. The center inlet hole shall be 50 mm [2 in].
3.3.2 uniform flow, n—hydraulic flow conditions where the
The outside dimension of the base must match or exceed the
cross-sectional area and the mean velocity in the direction of
outside diameter of the test specimen.Amanometer tap should
flow are constant from point to point.
be located in the sidewall of the inlet opening.
6.1.2 PerimeterContainment/OutletWeir—Aperimeterring
4. Summary of Test Method
concentric with the outside diameter of the test specimen with
4.1 The transmissivity is determined using a device which
sufficient height to contain the tail water, such that the
transmits the flow of water radially outward from the center of
specimen remains submerged under water at all times during
a torus-shaped test specimen. The test method is performed
the test. The containment ring should double as the overflow
with a constant head under a specific normal stress selected by
weir, with a beveled edge around the perimeter, with an outer
theuserandmayberepeatedusingseveralgradientsandunder
concentric collection trough for collection of the overflow.
increasing normal stresses.
Alternatively, the containment ring may include a rectangular
overflow weir at one location in the ring that is at least 2.5 cm
4.2 Thematerialproperty“hydraulictransmissivity”istech-
wide with a beveled overflow plate.
nically applicable only to the regions of tests where the flow
6.1.3 Loading Platen—A sturdy circular metal or plastic
rate is constant with gradient, that is, the laminar region of the
disc with a smooth, flat contact surface. The outside diameter
tests.
of the platen should be 300 mm [12 in]. The platen/specimen
4.3 In the constant head radial flow test, the flow regime is
diameterestablishestheoutsidediameter,Ro.Theupperplaten
characterized as nonuniform steady flow since the cross-
should have a spherical chamber of an outside diameter
sectional flow area and the hydraulic gradient vary from point
matching the outside diameter of the inlet opening to facilitate
to point along any radial flow line while remaining constant
collection of any air bubbles that may collect at the specimen
with time.
inlet. This chamber should be tapped at the apex to allow
venting. This tap may also be connected to a manometer for
5. Significance and Use
measurement of the inlet head.
5.1 This test method is an index test to estimate and
6.1.4 Rubber Base and Platen Surfaces—A rubber mem-
comparethein-planehydraulictransmissivityofoneorseveral
brane(sheet)materialofbuna,butyl,orneoprenerubber1.5to
candidate geosynthetics under specific gradient and stress 1 3
2.5 mm [ ⁄16 to ⁄32in.] thick with a ShoreAhardness of 50 to
conditions.
80, cut to match the base and platen surfaces. The membranes
must be adhered to the base and platen surfaces.
5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of
commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised 6.1.5 Loading Mechanism—Accurate to 61% of the ap-
since information about between-laboratory precision is in- plied loading and capable of sustaining a constant normal
complete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2.1 are advisable. compressive stress on the torus-shaped specimen within 62%
D6574/D6574M − 13 (2021)
FIG. 1 A Radial Transmissivity Constant Head Testing Device
sustainableovertheseatingandtestingperiod.Theuseofstatic 6.1.9 Die—For cutting the t
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